船舶交通服务系统雷达网误差配准算法

在船舶交通服务系统(Vessel Traffic Services,VTS)利用多台雷达组成的雷达网中,如果雷达的系统误差未经配准就进行多雷达数据融合,则会使融合结果不可信而严重影响其航迹跟踪质量.平方根无味卡尔曼滤波 (Square-root Unscented Kalman Filter,SRUKF)是一种改进的无味卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)算法,它借鉴了平方根卡尔曼滤波(Square-root Kalman Filter,SRKF)能克服滤波发散的思想来设计滤波器,不仅具备无味卡尔曼滤波的全部优点,而且克服了无味卡尔曼滤波由于滤波数值计算中舍入误差的积累而容易导致协方差矩阵失去非负定性的缺点,具有更好的数值稳定性.利用平方根无味卡尔曼滤波实现船舶交通服务系统中的雷达网系统误差配准,并通过Matlab仿真对该方法和无味卡尔曼滤波的滤波性能进行了比较,仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

潜用平台惯导陀螺漂移估计的新方法

为保证潜艇隐蔽性,满足高精度导航要求,设计了一种针对潜用平台惯导的陀螺漂移估计新方法。简要分析了陀螺漂移对惯导系统误差的影响;基于舒拉振荡周期,利用间断获得的外测信息建立惯导系统短时速度、位置误差模型并进行不确定度评估;采用Kalman滤波对陀螺漂移作了事后估计。仿真验证结果表明,建立的速度、位置误差模型可信度高。尽管该方法无法满足实时性要求,但可较为准确地估计出北向陀螺常值漂移以及水平误差失调角,有效抑制后续经度误差发散现象,提高了导航精度。     

机动对SINS对准中惯性仪表误差估计的影响

为了尽可能估计出捷联惯导系统中惯性仪表的误差,建立捷联惯导系统误差方程和量测方程,运用传递对准技术,构建了速度匹配方式下的Kalman滤波器模型,研究了线加速和拐弯机动下对惯性仪表误差估计的影响,并对计算机仿真结果进行比较分析,仿真结果表明:线加速情况下可以提高陀螺漂移误差的估计精度,拐弯情况下可以提高加速度计偏置误差的估计精度。     

基于自适应分数阶Kalman滤波的船舶视觉跟踪

为提高Kalman滤波算法的准确性和鲁棒性,提出一种基于自适应分数阶系统的Kalman滤波算法,设计状态噪声协方差选择的自适应机制,推导其数学过程。将该算法应用到船舶视觉跟踪中,选取不同河流的CCTV(Closed Circnit Television)船舶监控视频(包括不同情况下的内河船舶运动监控),针对不同船舶大小、复杂光照、不同明暗度、多船会遇和多船追越等情况进行船舶视觉跟踪。对不同分数阶下的跟踪误差和准确度进行分析,并将分数阶Kalman滤波器与整数阶滤波器相比,说明其具有更宽的参数选择范围和更高的跟踪精度。研究结果表明:与分数Kalman滤波和Kalman滤波相比,该自适应分数Kalman算法具有更小的中心位置误差和更好的跟踪精度,能很好地避免跟踪器的漂移效应,具有较强的鲁棒性和准确性。     

微机械陀螺随机误差补偿研究

为了提高微机械陀螺使用精度,研究了随机漂移误差补偿方法。对静态陀螺输出数据进行预处理,提取出随机漂移数据,采用时序分析方法对其建立AR模型。基于模型设计Kalman滤波器,进行静态和动态仿真。结果表明：静态条件下滤波效果显著;动态条件下,滤波效果变差。针对此问题设计了标量因子时变的自适应Kalman滤波器,试验表明,此算法能够有效降低微机械陀螺的随机漂移。     

基于双轴位置转台的捷联惯导系统级标定技术

本文研究一种基于双轴位置转台的激光陀螺捷联惯导系统的系统级标定方法。建立了附加约束条件的陀螺和加速度计标定模型,从捷联惯导系统的误差方程出发,建立30维Kalman滤波标定模型,以速度和位置作为观测量,并设计双轴位置旋转路径,对惯性仪表标定参数进行激励与辨识。仿真实验结果表明,该方法能够准确估计出陀螺和加速度计的15个标定误差参数,具有一定的参考价值。     

基于一阶差分滤波器的水下目标纯方位角跟踪

在水下目标纯方位角跟踪研究中,针对传统扩展Kalman滤波(EKF)方法需要通过Taylor 展开实现非线性项的线性化而导致计算过程繁琐且存在奇点的问题,本文提出一种基于一阶差分滤波器(DDF1)的纯方位角跟踪算法,建立了目标的运动学模型及无源声纳的测量模型;利用 Stirling插值法实现非线性项的线性化,进而通过DDF1滤波方法实现对目标位置及速度的跟踪。仿真结果与一致性分析表明,与基于EKF的目标纯方位角跟踪方法相比,论文所提出的算法具有较高的跟踪精度和较好的跟踪性能。     

一种时间-传感器系统误差估计算法

由于时间的不一致和传感器系统误差直接影响目标探测信息的精度,假设卫星导航的精度足够高,不考虑导航误差的影响,在时间-传感器系统误差传递模型的基础上,利用对空中平台的实时观测和平台的导航信息,获取观测数据的新息相关函数序列,对未知的系统模型参数和噪声统计参数进行在线辨识,构建自适应滤波,实现对多平台时间-传感器系统误差的实时估计和配准。通过对比仿真实验表明,该算法收敛速度快,估计精度较高。     

船舶动力定位系统最优控制器的仿真设计

根据动力定位船舶运动模型进行仿真建模，给出一种基于Kalman滤波的LQG控制器的仿真设计，并进行系统仿真实验。结果表明滤波器和控制器性能良好，仿真设计切实可行。     

Kalman滤波器虚拟噪声补偿技术在陀螺随机常值漂移标定中的应用

采用Kalman滤波器对船用捷联惯性导航系统中的陀螺随机常值漂移进行标定，面临的一个重要问题是由于模型不准确，包括噪声统计特性不准确，导致估计值精度下降甚至发散。针对这一问题，本文运用自适应Kalman滤波的虚拟噪声补偿技术对陀螺随机常值漂移进行标定，收到较好的效果。     

改进UKF算法在双基阵纯方位目标跟踪中的应用

传统算法在解决纯方位目标跟踪时存在有偏、收敛速度慢或发散等不足,无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）虽然改善了系统线性化误差,但并没有明显改善卡尔曼滤波器容易发散的问题。文章在扩展卡尔曼滤波和UKF算法的基础上,提出一种衰减记忆UKF算法（MAUKF）,引进衰减因子加强对当前测量数据的利用,减小历史数据对滤波的影响。理论分析和仿真结果表明,MAUKF算法在纯方位目标跟踪中的滤波精度、稳定性和收敛时间都优于EKF、UKF算法。     

扩张状态观测器在惯导系统初始对准中的应用研究

根据平台式惯导系统初始对准的误差模型,首先介绍了初始对准的卡尔曼滤波方法,而后研究了把扩张状态观测器与卡尔曼滤波器相结合用于惯导系统的初始对准方法,最后对系统在受干扰和未受干扰2种情况下,分别进行了仿真研究.仿真结果表明,该方法与卡尔曼滤波方法相比,在保证对准精度的条件下,系统姿态角对准时间大大缩短;在系统受到干扰时,该方法仍具有很强的适应性和稳定性.     

一种船用燃气轮机强跟踪扩展卡尔曼滤波器健康参数估计方法（英文）

Monitoring and evaluating the health parameters of marine gas turbine engine help in developing predictive control techniques and maintenance schedules. Because the health parameters are unmeasurable, researchers estimate them only based on the available measurement parameters. Kalman filter-based approaches are the most commonly used estimation approaches; however, the conventional Kalman filter-based approaches have a poor robustness to the model uncertainty, and their ability to track the mutation condition is influenced by historical data. Therefore, in this paper, an improved Kalman filter-based algorithm called the strong tracking extended Kalman filter(STEKF) approach is proposed to estimate the gas turbine health parameters. The analytical expressions of Jacobian matrixes are deduced by non-equilibrium point analytical linearization to address the problem of the conventional approaches. The proposed approach was used to estimate the health parameters of a two-shaft marine gas turbine engine in the simulation environment and was compared with the extended Kalman filter(EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter(UKF). The results show that the STEKF approach not only has a computation cost similar to that of the EKF approach but also outperforms the EKF approach when the health parameters change abruptly and the noise mean value is not zero.     

Data assimilation with the Ensemble Kalman Filter and the SEIK filter applied to a finite element model of the North Atlantic

Currently there are different approaches to filter algorithms based on the Kalman filter. One of the most used filter algorithms is the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). It uses a Monte Carlo approach to the filtering problem. Another approach is given by the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman (SEEK) and Singular Evolutive Interpolated Kalman (SEIK) filters. These filters operate explicitly on a low-dimensional error space which is represented by an ensemble of model states. The EnKF and the SEIK filter have been implemented within a parallel data assimilation framework in the Finite Element Ocean Model FEOM. In order to compare the filter performances of the algorithms, several data assimilation experiments are performed. The filter algorithms have been applied with a model configuration of FEOM for the North Atlantic to assimilate the sea surface height in twin experiments. The dependence of the filter estimates on the represented error subspace is discussed. In the experiments the SEIK algorithm provides better estimates than the EnKF. Furthermore, the SEIK filter is much cheaper in terms of computing time.     

水下机器人航位推算导航系统及误差分析

构建了基于GPS/航位推算的智能水下机器人(AUV)组合导航系统,阐述了水下机器人导航系统体系结构,详细介绍了基于强跟踪卡尔曼滤波和辛格模型的航位推算导航算法,解决了水下机器人难以建立精确数学模型的问题,最后结合海上实验数据深入地分析了产生航位推算误差的原因,并有针对性地提出了降低水下机器人航位推算导航系统误差的方案。     

Assimilation of altimetric data in the mid-latitude oceans using the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman filter with an eddy-resolving, primitive equation model

A new data assimilation scheme has been elaborated for ocean circulation models based on the concept of an evolutive, reduced-order Kalman filter. The dimension of the assimilation problem is reduced by expressing the initial error covariance matrix as a truncated series of orthogonal perturbations. This error sub-space evolves during the assimilation so as to capture the growing modes of the estimation error. The algorithm has been formulated in quite a general fashion to make it tractable with a large variety of ocean models and measurement types. In the present paper, we have examined three possible strategies to compute the evolution of the error subspace in the so-called Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman (SEEK) filter: the steady filter considers a time-independent error sub-space, the apprentice filter progressively enriches the error sub-space with the information learned from the innovation vector after each analysis step, and the dynamical filter updates the error sub-space according to the model dynamics. The SEEK filter has been implemented to assimilate synthetic observations of the surface topography in a non-linear, primitive equation model that uses density as vertical coordinate. A simplified box configuration has been adopted to simulate a Gulf Stream-like current and its associated eddies and gyres with a resolution of 20 km in the horizontal, and 4 levels in the vertical. The concept of twin experiments is used to demonstrate that the conventional SEEK filter must be complemented by a learning mechanism in order to model the misrepresented tail of the error covariance matrix. An approach based on the vertical physics of the isopycnal model, is shown particularly robust to control the velocity field in deep layers with surface observations only. The cost of the method makes it a suitable candidate for large-size assimilation problems and operational applications.     

Wave data assimilation with the Kalman filter

A new data assimilation method for ocean waves is presented, based on an efficient low-rank approximation to the Kalman filter. Both the extended Kalman filter and a truncated second-order filter are implemented. In order to explicitly estimate past wind corrections based on current wave measurements, the filter is extended to a fixed-lag Kalman smoother for the wind fields. The filter is tested in a number of synthetic experiments with simple geometries. Propagation experiments with errors in the boundary condition showed that the KF was able to accurately propagate forecast errors, resulting in spatially varying error correlations, which would be impossible to model with time-independent assimilation methods like OI. An explicit comparison with an OI assimilation scheme showed that the KF also is superior in estimating the sea state at some distance from the observations. In experiments with errors in the driving wind, the modeled error estimates were also in agreement with the actual forecast errors. The bias in the state estimate, which is introduced through the nonlinear dependence of the waves on the driving wind field, was largely removed by the second-order filter, even without actually assimilating data. Assimilation of wave observations resulted in an improved wave analysis and in correction of past wind fields. The accuracy of this wind correction depends strongly on the actual place and time of wave generation, which is correctly modeled by the error estimate supplied by the Kalman filter. In summary, the KF approach is shown to be a reliable assimilation scheme in these simple experiments, and has the advantage over other assimilation methods that it supplies explicit dynamical error estimates.     

纯距离条件下的UKF目标参数估计方法

在多站测角的被动目标跟踪中,目标的状态与角度量测值之间存在非线性关系,现有的方法主要是对其进行线性化,但线性化过程会带来滤波精度的下降,甚至会产生滤波发散而丢失目标.无迹变换卡尔曼滤波器（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）通过产生采样sigma点对系统状态进行逼近,可以较好地解决这一问题.将UKF应用到多站测角被动目标跟踪问题中,并通过仿真试验证实了算法的有效性.     

基于模型预测扩展卡尔曼滤波的动力定位状态估计

针对传统扩展卡尔曼滤波由于动力定位系统过程噪声不能自适应更新,导致滤波精度下降的问题,提出了一种模型预测扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。该算法通过比较一段时间内的量测值和预测值,估计系统噪声参数,从而实时修正系统过程噪声方差。仿真结果表明,当系统的过程噪声未知的情况下,模型预测扩展卡尔曼滤波的滤波性能明显优于传统扩展卡尔曼滤波。     

捷联惯性姿态测量系统的扩展遗忘因子递推最小二乘算法研究

在实际大型动态测量船动态变形测量应用中准确确定捷联惯性姿态测量系统噪声模型和相关性比较困难,采用常规卡尔曼滤波(KF)会导致较大的状态估计误差,甚至使滤波器发散.针对这一问题,在分析扩展遗忘因子递推最小二乘(EFRLS)算法的稳定性基础上将EFRLS估计误差与带系统相关噪声的卡尔曼滤波器估计误差进行了比较,并针对大型测量船动态环境采用EFRLS算法对变形参数进行了估计,仿真结果验证了EFRLS算法在噪声信息未知情况下的有效性.