Combustion and emission characteristics of BD20 reformed by ultrasonic energy for different injection delay and EGR rate in a diesel engine

The purpose of this study is to understand the operational characteristics of a diesel engine that uses BD20 reformed by ultrasonic energy irradiation. In particular we study the effects of tuning injection delay and EGR rate. BD containing about 10% oxygen has attracted attention due to soaring crude oil prices and environmental pollution. This oxygen decreases soot by promoting combustion, but it also increases NOx. To solve this problem, injection timing may be delayed or an EGR system may be applied. These adjustments normally lower engine power and increase exhaust emission but, in using fuel reformed by ultrasonic energy irradiation (which is changed physically and chemically to promote combustion), we may hope to circumvent this problem. To control the duration of the ultrasonic energy irradiation, the capacity of the chamber in an ultrasonic energy fuel supply system was tested at 550cc and 1100cc capacities. As for the results of the experiment, we could identify the optimum EGR rate by investigating the engine performance and the characteristics of exhaust emissions according to the injection timing and the EGR rate while ultrasonically irradiated BD20 was fed to a commercial diesel engine. With UBD20 (at an injection timing of BTDC 16°), the optimum EGR rate, giving satisfactory engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics, was in the range of 15∼20%.     

Reaction characteristics of the diesel oxidation catalyst of particulate matters from the diffusion flame of a oiler burner

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the characteristics of the size distribution and the number concentration of PM (particulate matters) emitted from the diffusion flame of a boiler burner, which has the same type of combustion as a diesel engine. This study is performed to investigate the emission characteristics of nanoparticles generated from diffusion combustion in diesel fuel, and it considered fuel factors and the reaction characteristics of the nanoparticles on the DOC (Diesel oxidation catalyst). The factors examined in this experiment included the sulfur content in the fuel, the blend of the diesel fuel containing biodiesel and bio-ethanol, and the concentration of engine oil (0.1% and 1.0%) blended with diesel fuel. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles exhausted from the boiler burner was measured by an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer). The number concentration of PM that were smaller than 70 nm in diameter greatly increased in the rear of the DOC when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used. The experiment also suggested that the particle number concentration in both the front and rear of the DOC was lower when ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel blended with biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which are oxygenated fuels, was used than when only ULSD fuel was used. The higher the content of engine oil in the fuel, the higher the particle number concentration was in the front and rear of the catalyst. When the first dilution air temperature is increased from 30°C to 180°C, the nanoparticle number concentration dramatically dropped in the rear of the catalyst when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used, while the particle size distribution remained almost the same when the fuel with engine oil was used.     

生物柴油—柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸数目分布的理论预测

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律导出的喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对柴油、生物柴油—柴油混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,索特平均直径增大,计算数据与试验数据吻合很好。     

柴油机在高原地区燃用混合燃料的试验研究

在高原地区对1台4100QB—2柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油不同掺混比的混合燃料进行了台架试验。分析了混合燃料的物性,根据其物性和掺混比计算出当量燃油消耗率。对比分析了柴油机燃用混合燃料的有效热效率、机械效率和负荷特性。试验结果表明,在高原地区,柴油中加入体积比为10%~30%的生物柴油,柴油机的经济性有明显改善。     

重型柴油机燃用不同柴油替代燃料的性能研究

对乖型柴油机燃用纯柴油、体积混合比例为1:9的天然气合成油(GTL柴油)与柴油混合燃料(G10)、体积混合比例为1:9的生物柴油与柴油混合燃料(BD10)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及纯牛物柴油(BD100)5种燃料的动力性、经济性及燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,BD10、G10与纯柴油有相似的燃烧特性,额定转速F G100的缸内工作压力增大,BD100的缸内工作压力显著降低;G10油耗较之BD10降低2.43%,功率较之BD10平均高2.78%;与燃用纯柴油的油耗相比,G100平均降低2.62%,BD100平均高出13%;除NOx排放外,生物柴油在降低CO、HC、PM的排放上均有所改善.     

正丁醇-柴油对柴油机燃烧及排放影响的试验研究

通过配制不同正丁醇掺混比例的正丁醇-柴油混合油,在不改变供油提前角和燃油系统的条件下,测量了柴油机燃用正丁醇-柴油混合油的气缸压力、放热率以及NOx、炭烟等排放污染物,探讨了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧过程的影响规律,分析了正丁醇对排放污染物的作用过程。结果表明:正丁醇掺混比例为0%,5%,10%时,低转速、低负荷工况下,缸内最大燃烧压力分别为6.2MPa,5.9MPa和5.8MPa,与燃烧柴油相比略有降低;高转速、高负荷工况时,缸内最大燃烧压力分别为7.5 MPa,7.6 MPa,7.7 MPa,与燃烧柴油相比稍有增加;随着正丁醇掺混比例增加,柴油机的CO和HC排放升高,在中低负荷下NOx排放有所降低,高负荷时升高明显,平均增加了6.4%,炭烟排放降低明显,燃用正丁醇添加比例为5%和10%时,在高负荷下炭烟分别下降了25%和36%。     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的燃烧特性

针对1台6缸增压中冷电控高压共轨柴油机,在不改变原柴油机结构和喷油参数的条件下,研究了生物柴油的掺混比例对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:小负荷时发动机有预喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的滞燃期缩短、缸内最高燃烧压力下降,预喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值减小,且对应的相位提前;主喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值增大,且对应的相位后移。随着负荷的增大,发动机喷油策略改为单次喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,燃烧持续期缩短,压力升高率峰值略有增大,瞬时燃烧放热率峰值逐渐减小且对应的相位前移。两种不同负荷条件下,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,混合燃料的指示热效率逐渐下降。     

天然抗氧化剂对生物柴油燃烧特性的影响研究

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差的特点,在调和油B20中添加天然抗氧化剂,改善生物柴油的氧化安定性.通过发动机台架试验,测量了标定转速、不同负荷时,分别添加迷迭香与茶多酚两种抗氧化剂的生物柴油K1B20和K2B20的示功图,并与燃用柴油B0、生物柴油B100以及调和油B20进行对比,探讨了抗氧化剂对柴油机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:低负荷时,与燃用B0相比,燃用B100的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率升高,瞬时放热率峰值降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长;与燃用B20相比,燃用K1B20和K2B20的压力曲线与瞬时放热率曲线形状以及燃烧特性参数基本相同.全负荷时,随生物柴油掺混比的增加,最高燃烧压力降低;燃用K1B20和K2B20的最高燃烧压力升高,对应的曲轴转角略有延迟,最大压力升高率峰值基本相同,对应曲轴转角延迟.燃用K1B20和K2B20对柴油机的输出功率影响不大,与B20相比,滞燃期与燃烧持续期略有缩短,排气温度有所降低.     

柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性试验研究

采用高分辨率数码照相机对柴油与柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,Sauter平均直径增大。与MB24相比,柴油的相对尺寸范围和发散边界较大,因此其Sauter平均直径比MB24混合燃料的略大。由于乙醇的稀释作用,改制油MB24的Sauter平均直径最小,雾化质量明显改善。从喷雾液滴尺寸的数目分布可以看出,所有燃料的曲线峰值均位于14μm处,小颗粒液滴较多。随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,曲线峰值下降,下降趋势均匀平缓,说明燃料黏度的增大将使雾化油滴的尺寸分布渐趋均匀。从液滴尺寸的累积体积分布可以看出,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,达到某一累积体积的油滴直径增大,说明大颗粒油滴增多。     

Comprehensive experimental study on the effect of biodiesel/diesel blended fuel on common-rail di diesel engine technology

This research work aims to study the aspects of using biodiesel or FAME as a component blended in diesel fuel for common-rail DI engine technology. The specific engine experiments were designed for LD commercial engine [Toyota 2KD-FTV] to understand engine combustion process, engine performance and thermal efficiency when applying FAME blended fuel. In addition, the exhaust emission in HD diesel engine [HINO J08E] was evaluated by standard HD engine emission ESC and ELR test cycles. Furthermore, the severe 400-hour of HD engine durability tests for determining the limitation on using FAME blended fuel, have been conducted with B0, B10, B20 and B50. The result shows that using of FAME blended fuel in the HD common-rail DI engine, can be applied with some guidelines experimentally discovered by this research such as filter plugging that may occur when the content of biodiesel is up to 20 % or higher, and the critical fuel injector surface polishing wear, can be observed from B50 sample. In general, the higher biodiesel content will contribute to lower power output as well, thus too high biodiesel content will cause low engine power output.     

含氧燃料与进气氧浓度对柴油机燃烧与排放的影响

在1台4缸高压共轨柴油机上,通过向柴油中掺混0%,10%,20%正丁醇(质量分数),研究了在不同进气氧浓度条件下,掺混燃料含氧量对柴油机燃烧特性与排放的影响规律。研究结果表明:进气氧体积分数处于20%~21%之间时,燃用3种燃料的滞燃期均不随氧浓度的变化而变化;随着掺混比例的增加,燃料中含氧量增加,这导致了滞燃期的增加,且随着进气氧浓度的降低,滞燃期受燃料性质的影响作用不断增强;随着燃料中含氧量增加,炭烟(Soot)排放逐渐减小;掺混燃料的含氧量对NO_x排放的影响不明显,而对指示热效率的提升有积极作用,在进气氧体积分数小于15%时,燃料含氧量对指示热效率的促进作用减弱。     

二甲醚—柴油混合燃料应用研究

分析了二甲醚物理化学特性,并在增压中冷多缸柴油机上进行了低比例二甲醚与高比例柴油混合燃烧试验研究。结果表明,通过优化供油系统参数,在柴油机上掺烧D30(二甲醚柴油质量分数比3∶7),动力性与原柴油机相当,燃油经济性有所改善,PM排放大幅度下降,NOx在整个负荷范围内得到控制。     

生物柴油改善柴油机炭烟和噪声的试验研究

在高原环境(81 kPa)下,4100QBZL增压中冷柴油机分别燃用生物柴油体积分数为0％,10％,30％,100％的4种生物柴油—柴油混合燃料,进行了动力性、炭烟排放和表面辐射噪声的试验研究.结果表明:随着掺烧生物柴油比例的增大,发动机的动力性略有下降,炭烟排放明显降低,排气温度有所下降,表面辐射噪声略有降低.     

甲醇-生物柴油对发动机循环变动的影响

在单缸柴油机上通过测量得到了燃用不同掺混比甲醇-生物柴油时的燃烧示功图,对不同柴油机工况下甲醇-生物柴油燃烧的循环变动进行了研究,分析了最大压力升高率循环变动系数(COV_((dp/dφ)max))、平均指示压力循环变动系数(COV_(pmi))、最高燃烧压力的变动系数(COV_(pmax))、最高燃烧压力对应曲轴转角的标准偏差(SD_(φpmax))等循环变动的评价参数。研究结果表明:工况一定时,随着甲醇掺混比增加,COV_((dp/dφ)max),COV_(pmi)等循环变动系数均有所增大;与生物柴油相比,甲醇掺混比为10%和20%时循环变动系数变化较小,当甲醇掺混比为30%时,COV_((dp/dφ)max)增加了6.2%,COV_(pmi)增加了24.2%,COV_(φpmax)增加了8.4%;当甲醇掺混比不变时,随着转速的增加,COV_((dp/dφ)max)降低,COV_(pmi)以及COV_(pmax)先降低后增高;负荷增加时,各压力参数的循环变动系数均降低,SD_(φpmax)略微上升。     

铈基 FB C添加剂对柴油机颗粒物组分及热重特性的影响

选取环烷酸铈溶液作为燃油催化再生添加剂（FBC）进行发动机台架试验,铈（Ce）元素按质量分数150 mg／kg的比例添加到纯柴油中,配制出 F150燃油。研究了铈基 FBC对柴油机排气烟度和颗粒组分的影响。结果表明,在标定转速25％,50％,75％和100％负荷下,燃用 F150燃油时的滤纸烟度相对于纯柴油分别降低了34．9％,44．2％,50．4％和30．2％。采用X‐射线能量色谱仪（EDS ）对F150燃油颗粒物样品进行元素分析,Ce元素在颗粒物中的质量分数为1．23％。采用气相色谱质谱（GC‐M S ）联用技术研究了铈基FBC对颗粒物中可溶性有机组分（SOF）的影响,同时运用热重分析法（TGA）研究铈基FBC添加剂对颗粒物中SOF含量以及炭烟氧化特性的影响。与纯柴油相比,F150颗粒物的SOF组分中各类烷烃和多环芳香烃的质量分数分别减小至40．2％和1．73％,有机酸酯的质量分数增大至51．6％。在热重试验中,F150颗粒物样品中SOF所占比重相对于柴油增加4．7％;F150燃油燃烧炭烟样品的起始燃烧温度降低,其燃烧炭烟峰值失重率所对应的温度降低。     

Injection Characteristics of Palm Methyl Ester Blended with Diesel Using Zuech’s Chamber

This research attempts to characterize the injection of palm biodiesel blended with diesel in a Zuech’s chamber. Thailand conventional diesel (mandated blend of biodiesel at 5 % or B5), palm biodiesel (B100) and four other biodiesel blends ratios (B20, B40, B60 and B80) were investigated with single hole injector of 140 and 200 μm diameters, injection pressure of 40 MPa to 160 MPa, constant back pressure of 4.5 MPa and energize time of 2.5 ms. The results show that increasing biodiesel blending ratios leads to longer injection delay, larger injection pressure drop, smaller injection quantity discharge coefficient (C_d) and shorter injection duration. With increasing biodiesel blending ratio, high Cavitation number from biodiesel viscosity decreases Reynolds number. Increasing injector diameter from 140 μm to 200 μm has reduced injection delay, increased fuel injection quantity, discharge coefficient and remaining injection duration. The increasing of injection pressure were improve, injection delay, injection duration, injection quantity and discharge coefficient until injection pressure 120 MPa. In addition at injection pressure over 120 MPa are decrease injection quantity and discharge coefficient, it effect form the cavitation phenomena. Increasing of viscosity, density, Bulk modulus and sound velocity were effect to increase injection delay, with reduce injection quantity, injection duration and pressure drop during injection process.     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

柴油机燃用甲醇——生物柴油混合燃料的性能与排放研究

在186FA柴油机上,进行了燃用柴油、生物柴油和甲醇--生物柴油混合燃料的性能试验,分析了生物柴油掺烧甲醇对柴油机性能的影响规律.试验结果表明:与燃用生物柴油相比,生物柴油掺烧5%和10%(质量比)的甲醇时,柴油机的标定功率分别降低7.4%和17.8%,标定工况时能量消耗率增加5.7%和15.0%,CO排放升高40.0...     

烃类添加剂改善M100甲醇发动机冷起动的试验研究

针对M 100甲醇发动机在低温环境下起动困难的问题,在M 100甲醇中添加烃类添加剂,改善甲醇发动机的低温起动性能.按体积比在M 100甲醇中分别添加15%汽油、8.5%异戊烷、10%石油醚作为添加剂,采用试验的方法测量了-20℃,-10℃,0℃三种环境温度下,甲醇发动机的起动性能.结果表明:甲醇中添加15%的汽油、8.5%的异戊烷、10%的石油醚,-20℃时M 100甲醇发动机可以正常起动,起动时间小于3.5 s,在-10℃时起动时间小于2.5s,在0℃时起动时间小于1.5s;环境温度为-10℃时,增大首循环喷射脉宽有利于缩短起动时间,首循环喷射脉宽从110 m s增大到130 m s,添加上述比例添加剂后,M 100甲醇发动机的起动时间分别缩短0.2s,0.2s,0.05s.     

柴油机掺烧生物柴油NO_x和Soot排放控制研究

对柴油机燃用生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行了仿真研究。在柴油机参数不作任何改变的情况下燃用体积分数分别为10%,20%,30%,40%和50%的生物柴油混合燃料,与原机的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行对比。研究表明:随着混合燃料中生物柴油体积分数的增加,柴油机Soot排放降低,NO_x排放增大。EGR的引入使柴油机NO_x排放降低,同时也使Soot排放增加。在1 800r/min中低负荷工况下,大比例生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料应用于柴油机时,可通过调节EGR率使得柴油机NO_x和Soot排放都控制到与原机相当。