长江航道疏浚土潜在的健康风险

采集长江中游荆江太平口航道河段疏浚土或底泥,检测铬(Cr)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)元素的含量,利用健康风险评价法进行潜在健康风险评价,分析长江航道疏浚土污染状况及潜在健康风险。结果表明,各采集点Cu含量在151.11~253.21μg/g,工程河段下游毗邻排污口处底泥As、Cd含量分别为28.01、0.84μg/g,均超过土壤环境质量二级标准;以皮肤接触为污染暴露途径,施工区下游毗邻排污口底泥Cd的非致癌风险危害商(HQ)1,存在一定风险,其余元素非致癌风险在可接受范围;致癌物Cr、Cd的致癌风险集中在10~(-7)~10~(-6),在可接受范围,太平口航道疏浚点、整治工程点,以及施工区域毗邻排污口疏浚土(底泥)As致癌风险水平较高,分别为1.52×10~(-5)/a、1.44×10~(-5)/a、4.04×10~(-5)/a,存在一定风险,但未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10~(-5)/a)。鉴于荆江航道太平口河段底泥已受As、Cd污染,应加强监测评价。     

水产品中痕量汞的快速直接检测研究

在痕量汞分析仪与固体进样技术联用的基础上,提出了一种快速直接检测水产品中痕量汞的方法。通过样品高温热解使汞释放,经催化室将样品中的汞还原为原子态汞,再载入汞分析仪中,进行汞浓度的测定。采用该方法对标准土壤物质和鳕鱼进行痕量汞检测,标准土壤测试结果为147.637±4.817(n=8)(μg/kg)(标准值为150.0±30.0(μg/kg)),重复性(RSD)为1.524%;鳕鱼汞含量31.431±2.718(n=5)(μg/kg),RSD为7.128%,低于国家限定鱼体内总汞含量标准。该方法拓宽了水产品中汞元素的检测手段,为相关的食品安全评估提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

原子吸收光谱法测定底栖动物重金属元素的含量

测定了3种底栖动物中汞、铅、铬、铜、钡和锰的含量,将底栖动物经烘干研磨制成粉,经硝酸-高氯酸消解后,用原子吸收光谱法测定其中重金属元素的含量.实验发现：无需分离,即可用原子吸收法对重金属进行分析;经测定3种底栖动物中汞、铅、铬、铜、钡和锰的含量多数超过国标.结果表明该方法简便、快速、测试灵敏度高、线性关系良好、分析准确,加标回收率达94.00%～106.00%.     

大连太平湾近岸海域环境承载力综合评价研究

海域水环境质量与承载力是生态环境保护与区域经济发展的重要前提条件。针对大连太平湾近岸海域,文章采用集对分析方法、人工神经网络方法和云理论方法,以研究海域32个站位的COD、无机氮、磷酸盐和石油类4个污染因子为承载力评价指标,重点分析太平湾近岸海域的水环境质量和承载力状况;并以不同时期实测资料,分析了太平湾港区工程建设与环境质量间的相互关系,以期为区域经济社会发展和生态环境保护提供基础支撑。     

锌铝药芯钎焊丝钎焊铝/铜接头性能及组织

采用5种不同成分的锌铝药芯钎焊丝钎焊铝/铜接头,研究钎料成分对接头剪切强度和耐蚀性的影响.研究结果表明：对于同成分的锌铝药芯钎焊丝,采用火焰钎焊的铝/铜接头抗剪强度比炉中钎焊高,Zn80Al20药芯钎焊丝钎焊的铝/铜接头强度最高;随钎料中Al含量降低,铝/铜接头的耐蚀性变差,Zn72Al28药芯钎焊丝钎焊的铝/铜接头耐腐蚀性最好.相同条件下,火焰钎焊铝/铜接头的耐蚀性明显好于炉中钎焊的接头;Zn80Al20药芯钎焊丝钎焊的铝/铜接头钎缝组织呈块状.锌铝药芯钎焊丝中适中的Zn,Al含量有利于使铝/铜接头铜侧界面得到固溶体组织,并避免铝侧母材的过度熔蚀.     

动水条件下泥沙吸附砷污染物规律研究

黄河水少沙多,是典型的高含沙河流。实验模拟黄河自然流动状态下泥沙对砷污染物的吸附,利用环形水槽开展动水条件下泥沙吸附砷污染物规律研究,考察了含沙量、初始浓度和吸附时间等影响因素。结果表明:(1)泥沙对砷的吸附很快。当初始浓度为0.05mg/L、0.5mg/L时,吸附平衡分别为300s、60s,去除率分别为83%、90%;(2)含沙量越小,单位质量泥沙对砷的吸附量越大;初始浓度越高,单位质量泥沙吸附量越高。(4)水体中的砷含量随时间呈幂函数下降。     

海洋石油降解菌Halomonas sp.DH1产生物表面活性剂的性能

溢油对海洋环境和人类健康危害极大,利用低温菌降解石油污泥物是治理低温下溢油污泥的一种有效方法。为了获得更好的生物修复效果,需要考察菌株的性能。对菌株Halomonas sp. DH1产生物表面活性剂的性能进行研究。试验结果表明:在低温下菌株Halomonas sp. DH1可利用多种碳源产生表面活性剂,其中以正十六烷为唯一碳源时发酵液的表面张力可降低到28. 4 m N/m,以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时发酵液的E24可达60. 1%。菌株Halomonas sp. DH1产生的生物表面活性剂可显著促进石油烃的降解和洗脱。在菌液接种量5%(体积分数)、柴油含量1%(体积分数)、120 r/min、10℃的条件下降解20 d后,与未加表活的对照组相比,添加表面活性剂可将柴油降解率提高22. 3%。添加了表面活性剂的水溶液可将黏附了原油的沙子上82. 1%的原油洗脱。     

渤海湾底质重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

基于渤海湾22个监测点3年的监测数据,应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,分析了渤海湾天津段表层沉积物中5种重金属的含量与分布,并进行生态风险评价。结果表明:渤海湾为轻微生态危害,其中镉的污染程度最大,锌的污染程度最小,5种重金属危害系数顺序为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn。     

荆江航道疏浚土优先控制污染物筛选研究*

以美国EPA优先控制污染物和中国优先控制污染物为基础,以文献报道长江水质污染物检测数据为依据,利用综合评分法结合德尔菲法筛选荆江航道疏浚土优先控制污染物。结果表明,荆江航道疏浚土优先控制污染物为农药、金属、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、酚类、苯类、挥发性卤代烃、酞酸酯类、全氟类等9大类污染物,主要集中在DDT、镉、铅和汞等10种污染物。鉴于以上优先控制污染物具有较强的环境持久性,在航道疏浚过程中应加强污染物的监测和评估。     

LNG动力船舶大气污染物排放特征实船测试

为获取以液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)为燃料动力的船舶(拖船)大气污染物实船瞬时排放特征,通过在船舶烟囱尾排处安装在线监测设备,实时在线监测气态污染物(CO、NO_x、SO_2、TVOC)和颗粒物(PM),初步获得LNG动力船舶尾气污染物排放因数,并探索以LNG为燃料的动力船舶尾气排放规律。结果表明,LNG动力船舶废气的瞬时排放质量浓度均较低,其中:TVOC和PM的排放质量浓度最低,瞬时排放质量浓度分别为0.123～1.184 mg/m~3、0.102～0.226 mg/m~3;SO_2和NO_x的瞬时排放质量浓度分别为5.040～103.700 mg/m~3和23.500～68.900 mg/m~3;CO的排放质量浓度为69.880～1 513.000 mg/m~3。从船舶尾气污染物的排放因数来看,LNG燃料是减少船舶尾气排放的有效能源之一。     

Trace element levels in some commercially valuable fish species from coastal waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt

Concentrations of 5 trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn) were determined in muscle of fishes collected from two coastal areas of the Egyptian coast of the Mediterranean Sea west of Alexandria (El-Mex Bay and Eastern Harbour). Sardinella aurita, Alepes djedaba, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Sphyraena chrysotoenia, and Scomberomorus commerson were collected from El-Mex Bay. While Boops boops, Lithognathus mormyrus, Sparisoma cretense, Serranus cabrilla and Synodus saurus were collected from the E.H. In all fishes zinc was highest (up to 57 mg/kg) followed by Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd. The concentrations of several metals in fishes were significantly different among the species in each area. For all trace element examined, the concentrations decreased significantly with body weight of some fishes. In contrast, a positive correlation with body weight was found especially for Zn and Cu concentrations in 5 fish species and for Pb in 4 fish species. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were higher in fishes from El-Mex Bay (3.76, 6.49 and 57.21 mg/kg) than those from Eastern Harbour, whereas the opposite trend was observed for Cu and Cr, revealing the direct sources of trace metal pollution present in El-Mex coastal area. Levels of Cr surpassed the Maximum Permissible Concentration in most fish tissues, followed by Pb and Cd in some species. Cu and Zn presented concentrations below the maximum permissible levels in fish tissues.     

Heavy metals in edible seaweeds commercialised for human consumption

Though seaweed consumption is growing steadily across Europe, relatively few studies have reported on the quantities of heavy metals they contain and/or their potential effects on the population's health. This study focuses on the first topic and analyses the concentrations of six typical heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, total As and inorganic As) in 52 samples from 11 algae-based products commercialised in Spain for direct human consumption (Gelidium spp.; Eisenia bicyclis; Himanthalia elongata; Hizikia fusiforme; Laminaria spp.; Ulva rigida; Chondrus crispus; Porphyra umbilicales and Undaria pinnatifida).Samples were ground, homogenised and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry (Cu and Zn by flame AAS; Cd, Pb and total As by electrothermal AAS; total mercury by the cold vapour technique; and inorganic As by flame-hydride generation). Accuracy was assessed by participation in periodic QUASIMEME (Quality Assurance of Information in Marine Environmental Monitoring in Europe) and IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) intercalibration exercises. To detect any objective differences existing between the seaweeds' metal concentrations, univariate and multivariate studies (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis) were performed. It is concluded that the Hizikia fusiforme samples contained the highest values of total and inorganic As and that most Cd concentrations exceeded the French Legislation. The two harvesting areas (Atlantic and Pacific oceans) were differentiated using both univariate studies (for Cu, total As, Hg and Zn) and a multivariate discriminant function (which includes Zn, Cu and Pb).     

Statistical comparison of trace metal concentrations in wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in selected sites of Galicia and Gulf of Biscay (Spain)

Concentrations of five trace metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn) in wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Galician and Gulf of Biscay areas in Spain were monitored from 2000 to 2004. A pool of mussel soft tissue was prepared using 50 or more individuals representing the available size range (35–60 mm) present at the sampling points (A Coruña, Pontevedra and Vigo–Galicia, NW of Spain—and Avilés, Bilbao and Santander–Gulf of Biscay). Metals were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS, (flame–AAS: Cu and Zn; graphite furnace–AAS: Cd and Pb; flow injection-cold vapour–AAS: total Hg). Quality of the chemical analyses was assessed by participation in periodic QUASIMEME intercalibration exercises carried out from 2000 to 2004, while the present study was developed . Univariate statistical studies, Anova (Analysis of the Variance) and Principal Component Analysis (autoscaled data, Varimax rotation) were carried out. Differences between the two areas as well as certain temporal trends were found and, in general, the Gulf of Biscay samples showed higher metallic contents, mainly close to Avilés, where iron and steel factories thrown residues for years into a nearby coastal area.     

Marine molluscs as biomonitors for heavy metal levels in the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea

Levels of the heavy metals Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) were determined in coastal water, sediments and soft tissues of the gastropod limpet, Patella caerulea, and the bivalve, Barbatus barbatus, from seven different stations in the western coast of the Gulf of Suez. The concentrations of heavy metals in water ranged between 3.37–4.78, 18.83–21.46, 2.75–3.17, 0.22–0.27, 0.99–1.21, 2.69–3.65, 3.75–4.56 μg L^− 1 and 23.82–32.78 mg g^− 1 for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe, respectively. The corresponding concentration values in the sediments were 8.65–12.16, 51.78–58.06, 36.52–42.15, 3.23–3.98, 9.03–12.75, 34.31–49.63, 3.28–4.56 and 64.20–70.22 μg g^− 1 for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe, respectively. The highest accumulated metals were Fe, Zn and Mn in both P. caerulea and B. barbatus, while the lowest one was Cd. The accumulation of metals was more pronounced in P. caerulea than B. barbatus. The highest concentrations of all metals in water, sediments and mollusca were recorded at Adabiya harbour north of the Gulf, while the lowest concentrations were recorded at Gabal El-Zeit and Hurghada. Land based activities and ships awaiting berth are the main source of metal pollution in the northern part of the Gulf.     

Trace metals in water, sediments and marine organisms from the northern part of the Gulf of Suez, Red Sea

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were determined in water, sediments, gastropod (Bulla umpulla) and green algae (Ulva lactuca) collected from five stations in the western side of the northern part of the Gulf of Suez during the period February 1993–January 1994. Sediments recorded the highest concentrations of Cd (2.26–4.40 μg/g) and Pb (13.90–28.34 μg/g), While the highest concentrations of the essential metals Cu and Zn were found in B. umpulla (28.19–72.04 and 60.24–108.74 μg/g, respectively). Water and sediments showed similar spatial distribution patterns for the highest mean values of the different metals. Highest values of the studied metals were found at stations influenced by various pollution sources such as harbours, and sewage and industrial drains. In contrast, the lowest concentrations were observed faraway from any pollution source. Calculations of concentration factors (C.F.) for gastropod and algae showed highest C.F. of Cd (4312.5–8705.9) and Pb (2103.3–8317.9) in algae, and highest C.F. of Cu (5288.9–42376.5) and Zn (3686.7–9631.5) in gastropod.     

Intra-annual variability of distribution patterns and fluxes of dissolved trace metals in a subtropical estuary (Danshuei River,Taiwan)

Water samples were collected along salinity gradients and dissolved trace metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were determined in a macro-tidal, mountainous estuary (Danshuei River Estuary) in northern Taiwan. Bi-monthly surveys were conducted between March 2001 and June 2002, during both wet and dry seasons. This study investigated intra-annual variability, fluxes, and the extent of addition or removal of dissolved trace metals in the estuary, which is characterized by the fluctuation of redox interface according to river flow conditions. In sub-oxic and anoxic waters, the presence of reduced sulfur species led to the formation of metal-sulfide minerals that sequester metals out of the water column. Therefore, trace metal fluxes and removal/addition rates are seasonally variable, largely by the extent of estuarine hypoxia. In the 9 sampling expeditions over the 16-month period, fluxes of dissolved trace metals out of the Danshuei River Estuary were estimated as follows: Cd, ? 0.33–4.46 mol/day; Cu, ? 48–1112 mol/day; Ni, 1836–6586 mol/day; Pb, 2.47–11.59 mol/day; and Zn, 361–2656 mol/day. For elements such as Cd and Cu, the removal in the Danshuei River Estuary during dry seasons was so dramatic that there were net fluxes from the coast to the estuary (negative fluxes). Ni behaved near conservatively in this estuary, thus its river endmember concentrations directly determined Ni fluxes out of the estuary. Removal of Pb was effectively enhanced by the presence of higher suspended particulate matter concentrations in the upper estuary and the formation of Fe- and Mn-oxides and oxyhydroxides that precipitate out of the water column in mid-estuary, which generally leaves low effective river endmember Pb concentrations, thus low fluxes out of the estuary.     

A numerical transport model for predicting the distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea: the sensitivity of model results to the uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs

A new transport model for metals (named NOSTRADAMUS) has been developed to predict concentrations and distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the southern North Sea. NOSTRADAMUS is comprised of components for water, inorganic and organic suspended particulate matter transport; a primary production module contributes to the latter component. Metal exchange between dissolved (water) and total suspended particulate matter (inorganic + organic) phases is driven by distribution coefficients. Transport is based on an existent 2-D vertically integrated model, incorporating a 35 × 35 km grid. NOSTRADAMUS is largely driven by data obtained during the Natural Environment Research Council North Sea Project (NERC NSP). The sensitivity of model predictions to uncertainties in the magnitudes of metal inputs has been tested. Results are reported for a winter period (January 1989) when plankton production was low. Simulated ranges in concentrations in regions influenced by the largest inflows, i.e. the NE English coast and the Southern Bight, are similar to the ranges in the errors of the concentrations estimated at the northern and southern open sea boundaries of the model. Inclusion of uncertainties with respect to atmospheric (up to ± 54%) and riverine (± 30%) inputs makes little difference to the calculated concentrations of both dissolved and particulate fractions within the southern North Sea. When all the errors associated with the inputs are included there is good agreement between computed and observed concentrations, and that for dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu and Zn, and dissolved Ni and Pb, many of the observations fall within, or are close to, the range of values generated by the model. For particulate Pb, model simulations predict concentrations of the right order, but do not reproduce the large scatter in actual concentrations, with simulated concentrations showing a bias towards lower values compared to those observed. A factor which could have contributed to observed concentrations, and which is not included in the model, is considered to be a substantial benthic input of dissolved lead during this winter period, coupled to a rapid and extensive scavenging of the dissolved lead to particles. Significant reductions in riverine and aeolian inputs of total Cd and Cu of 70% and 50%, respectively, consistent with aims of North Sea Conferences, are predicted to lead to minor decreases (~ 10%) in water column concentrations of dissolved and particulate Cd and Cu, except near river sources, where maximum reductions of ~ 30–40% may occur.     

A trace metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) balance for surface waters in the eastern Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea

Trace metal inventories and transboundary fluxes were estimated for the surface waters of the eastern Gotland Basin, and a mass balance for this water body was derived.The study area was delineated by a box which bordered vertically by the sea surface and the halocline and horizontally by the coast of Gotland and the coast of Latvia/Lithuania. For the calculation of the trace metal inventories in the box, a high-resolution sampling was carried out during different seasons. Additional sediment trap studies were performed to calculate the vertical particulate trace metal fluxes through the halocline.The following transboundary fluxes have been estimated: (a) atmospheric input of trace metals; (b) lateral transport from adjacent bodies of surface water; (c) diapycnal fluxes of dissolved trace metals at the halocline; (d) sinking of trace metals, associated with particles, through the halocline, (e) vertical advection through the halocline.The lateral transport into and out of the surface box is important for the metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) with “nutrient-like” behaviour. For particle reactive elements like lead, vertical sedimentation and lateral transport out of the box as much as atmospheric input and lateral input into the box are in the same order of magnitude. Turbulent diapycnal mixing plays a minor role compared to the advective fluxes.The estimated range for the residence times for the region under investigation are  0.5–1.3 years for Pb;  2–11 years for Zn,  7–36 years for Cd and 42–89 years for Cu. This demonstrates that the system reacts very fast for particle reactive elements like Pb, while for copper sedimentation processes are not the preferential sink and can be neglected.     

Synoptic transects on the distribution of trace elements (Hg,Pb, Cd,Cu, Ni,Zn, Co,Mn, Fe,and Al) in surface waters of the Northern- and Southern East Atlantic

Surface seawater samples were taken in the framework of the GEOTRACES program on “POLARSTERN” expedition ANT XXIII/1 in the Eastern Atlantic in 2005 to study the distribution of the trace elements Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), Zn (zinc), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), and Al (aluminium). With the exception of Hg, results were compared to earlier datasets from 1989 to 1990. The particulate fraction averaged over the transect was calculated to be 49% for Cd, 23% for Mn and 50% for Fe indicating a release of these TEI's (trace elements and their isotopes) from a leachable SPM fraction in the stored and acidified samples.Total Pb concentrations ranged between 5 and 20 pmol kg^? 1 in 2005 with highest values in the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone). In 1989 Pb concentrations were twice as high in the region of the ITCZ, while by a factor of 10–15 higher values were obtained in the North Atlantic.Total Cd and Co are dominated, by different seasonal upwelling regimes (Equatorial upwelling, Guinea Dome, Angola Dome).Total Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Al show nearly identical concentrations in 1990 and 2005. For total manganese and aluminium strong maxima (3–4 nmol kg^? 1 and 55 nmol kg^? 1 respectively) are observed between 23°N and 0°, while the Fe maximum (6–9 nmol kg^? 1) is located at 7°N. Total Hg concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 4.5 pmol kg^? 1.     

Mass balance of trace metals in the Adriatic Sea

A first order mass balance of six different trace metals (Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni) was presented for a 1-year period for the different compartments of the Adriatic Sea: compartment 1 (northern Adriatic Sea), compartment 2 (central Adriatic Sea and surface layer of the southern Adriatic Sea) and compartment 3 (deep water of the southern Adriatic Sea). The Adriatic Sea appeared to be a source of dissolved Cu, Mn and Fe for the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Otranto whereas for dissolved Zn and Pb the Adriatic Sea appeared to be a net sink. For dissolved Ni, inputs and outputs through the Strait of Otranto balanced each other. The residence times of all metals in compartment 1 were significantly shorter than that of water indicating significant removal. In compartments 2 and 3, residence times of Mn and Fe were relatively short suggesting removal from the water column whereas for the other metals their residence times were similar to that of water. Calculations of turnover times of metals with respect to different processes showed that in compartments 1 and 2, sedimentation was the main process that affected the content of the reservoirs whereas in compartment 3, the water flux exchanges played an important role for Zn, Cu and Ni.Most of the metals clearly undergo a very dynamic cycle of sedimentation/remobilization particularly in the Northern Adriatic Sea. In the northern Adriatic Sea, most of the Mn and Fe in deposited sediment were remobilized. This was related to diagenetic processes involving the utilisation and solubilisation of Mn and Fe oxides, which occur in the surface of the sediment in the northern Adriatic Sea. In the central Adriatic Sea, remobilization of Mn and Fe was less than in the northern Adriatic Sea, suggesting that diagenesis processes appear deeper in the sediment. Advective transport of sediment was a major source of metals for the deep basin. As much as 80% of the sediments in the South Adriatic Pit might be advected from the shelf. Remobilization fluxes in the South Adriatic Pit were significantly less than in the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea reflecting hemi-pelagic sediments.