环渤海地区LNG码头布局关键问题和选址研究

通过系统分析环渤海地区天然气运输及储备体系发展和建设特点,提出该区域LNG码头布局关键问题。首次提出环渤海地区LNG码头布局应将冬季4个月需求指标作为码头能力供给的主要依据,并提出区域LNG泊位布局规模等指标。在此基础上,围绕“十四五”期环渤海地区天然气供应迫切需要,提出区域LNG码头布局和选址思路,结合港址条件推荐重点发展的港址。     

环渤海地区港口LNG运输特点及泊位合理通过能力研究

基于对环渤海地区天然气消费现状和供应格局的分析,指出环渤海地区海运进口液化天然气(LNG)在冬季需求集中、LNG泊位淡旺季利用不均衡等运输特点。根据区域LNG运输特点和现状泊位利用率情况,进一步分淡、旺季对LNG泊位利用率进行了细化研究。结合沿海LNG船型发展现状及发展趋势,对LNG泊位通过能力计算参数进行设计。在此基础上测算出近中期环渤海地区LNG接收站泊位通过能力达500万～550万t较为合理,并提出未来泊位能力挖潜方向。研究结论可对区域LNG相关港口规划和设计工作提供参考依据。     

营口港仙人岛港区LNG码头选址规划方案

仙人岛港区是环渤海地区重要的大型综合性港区,属于双堤环抱空间格局,规划大型泊位多,船舶流量密集。LNG码头具有一定的特殊性和排他性。针对在环抱式港池内LNG码头选址和规划存在的问题,以仙人岛港区为例,集成利用多项模型技术研究通航安全、通航影响、陆域安全、泊位布置和空间利用等,提出LNG码头选址、码头泊位及水域布置方案,对仙人岛港区建设LNG码头起到了关键技术支撑。     

LNG接收站中各类型气化器的比较与选择

气化器是LNG接收站中的关键设备，选择合适的气化器将对接收站的成本及性能有着重要的影响。比较了各种类型的气化器，对两种常用气化器的结构、工艺流程进行了具体说明，对接收站中如何选择气化器进行了研究，并结合大连LNG接收站、浙江LNG接收站的具体项目进行了阐述。     

LNG运输船气试与首次装卸操作的程序

对液化天然气接收站配合液化天然气运输薄膜船进行气试操作的操作步骤进行了重点描述.对液化天然气运输船到达LNG接收站前的低温测试项目中的安全栅氮气充填、液货舱与管线干燥、惰化、物料管线与冷工作程序和应注意的事项进行了介绍,重点描述了液化天然气运输船到达LNG接收站后的物料处理系统测试,为气体测试的关键内容,包括液化天然气运输船与LNG接收站的连接以及紧急关停系统的测试程序具体内容及操作步骤,对净化环节的LNG蒸汽温度、货舱的压力,典型操作程序,应注意的检查项目进行了描述;对冷却阶段的温度指标、操作程序及注意事项进行了描述,对冷却后的装载、海上净化、海上冷却、LNG转移和泵操作、卸载、升温以及最后的惰化和通风操作步骤进行了描述.     

单航道多泊位的液化天然气码头建设规模仿真研究

液化天然气(LNG)船舶进出港时通航排他性强,有必要进一步研究LNG码头适宜规模,以科学引导大型LNG接收站建设.基于多智能体信息交互的港口运营系统仿真方法,建立单个LNG港址单向专用航道模型,研究高负荷状态下2～6个LNG泊位时的船舶进出港及接卸作业全过程,评估LNG船舶相互影响状况下的进出港效率.结果表明,基于目前一般通航规则,单个港址LNG泊位数量2个较优,3个相对平衡,不宜超过4个.当达到4个泊位时,船舶进出港效率明显下降,潜在运营风险较高;且随着泊位数量进一步增多,效率会持续下降.     

LNG码头危险和有害因素辨识与分析

为确保LNG码头的安全,有必要辨识LNG码头在运营过程中存在的主要危险因素和主要有害因素。提出LNG码头危险有害因素分析的依据,分别从LNG的理化特性、危险特性和毒理特性进行分析。总结LNG码头可能发生的事故类别,并对事故进行致因分析。     

Evaluation of consequence assessment methods for pool fires on water involving large spills from liquefied natural gas carriers

This article concerns thermal radiation hazards associated with unconfined liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills on water. Consequence assessment methods were compared to clarify their model characteristics in large-scale LNG spills from an LNG carrier (LNGC). The consequences of LNG release, pool spread, and pool fire hazards were estimated using the following practical methods: the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) method, the Sandia National Laboratories’ method, and the Fay method. The sensitivity of consequence analysis results to the breach size of a tank was examined under the assumption that LNG is released from a common type LNGC of 125000 m³ cargo capacity. Consequently, it was found that the FERC method is useful from the practical viewpoint of being applicable to any breach size. Finally, thermal radiation hazards from pool fires involving spills from one of the latest and largest LNGCs (250 000 m³ cargo capacity), which are currently considered for construction, were investigated using the recommended FERC method, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for common type LNGCs. As a result, it was found that the maximum thermal hazard distance is longer by only about 24% compared with the common type LNGC, whereas the spill volume is twice as much.     

OCS development: A community's acceptance of risk

Abstract

Port O'Connor, Texas, a small unincorporated community on the Gulf Coast, was studied to assess the residents’ attitudes toward the potential growth related to Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) development. In contrast to attitudes of residents in many East Coast communities, residents of Port O'Connor do not feel threatened by OCS‐related growth. Rather, the risks they perceive result from increased tourism. They are well familiar with the social costs of tourism. They are less familiar with the social risks involved in increased OCS activities.

In terms of coastal zone management policy, this study highlights the importance of attending to the concerns of local residents for their social structure and way of life. The social risks imposed by increased OCS activity must be considered important factors in plans for OCS development.     

海陆交界处取水口深基坑支护施工分析

取水口作为LNG码头用于汽化加工的主要结构设施,在整个LNG码头的建设中占据极为重要的地位。由于取水口需联通海域与陆域,且结构所处水位较深,在建设过程中不可避免地需进行深基坑支护与开挖。较通常的深基坑支护而言,波浪及海流对取水口基坑支护的不利影响不容忽视。文章就如何安全、有效地对海陆交界处取水口深基坑进行支护加固进行分析,可供类似工程借鉴。     

巴基斯坦某浮式液化天然气(LNG)码头控制系统的解决方案

为系统研究巴基斯坦某浮式LNG码头工程的控制系统设计方法,针对浮式LNG码头特殊的系泊、靠泊和作业要求,绘出适合浮式LNG码头的控制系统框架;详细阐述船岸连接系统、消防控制系统、靠泊及辅助控制系统等各子系统之间的相互关系以及各控制子系统的具体配置;根据巴基斯坦某浮式LNG码头平面布置条件,通过研究各国规范相关规定、并结合现行国内控制系统设计标准,总结出一套区别于常规LNG码头控制系统的设计思路和解决方案。结果表明,浮式LNG码头在常规LNG码头搭建控制系统框架的基础上,在数据传输通道、线缆合理布局以及主控对象选择等方面,有进一步优化提升的空间。     

多智能体仿真在LNG码头选址及港口规划中的应用

液化天然气(LNG)船舶进出港进行的严格交通管制会影响港口的运营,因此在港口规划阶段须审慎决策LNG码头选址及布局问题。应用自主开发的《基于多智能体信息交互的港口运营系统仿真软件(简称:APSS)V1.0》,建立可模拟涵盖LNG船舶通航影响机制的港口运营系统仿真模型;以实际工程为例,系统探讨LNG船舶通航对近、远期港口运营影响问题的思路和方法;结合水域通航环境特点提出远期优化措施。研究结果可辅助港口规划制定。     

OCS development: A new law and a new beginning

Abstract

This article reviews the conflicts that led to the establishment of a special Congressional Committee on offshore oil and gas exploration, development, and production and the attempted resolution of various issues by that Committee and the Congress in the 1978 Amendments to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953. A short review is provided of the history of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) development, of the conflict between the federal government and other interested entities and persons, and of the Congressional mechanism to respond to these conflicts. A more detailed analysis is provided of the most significant OCS issues. The article describes the various risks and benefits of offshore activity and the various benefits and risks of proposed changes in the law concerning such development. A review of the Congressional mechanism to assess these risks and benefits and balance them is included in a discussion of the various issues and legislated solutions. Finally, the article notes the need for continuing oversight and review of the benefits and risks and how effective the 1978 Amendments are in balancing them.     

A simulation model for gate operations in multi-purpose cargo terminals

ABSTRACT

A multi-purpose cargo terminal in a seaport contains necessary infrastructure to handle different types of cargo, such as container, dry bulk, general bulk, and Ro-Ro. Since such terminals generally have dedicated areas and equipment for different types of cargo, berth, and yard operations for each type of cargo can be considered separate. On the other hand, trucks that carry all types of cargo use the same gate structure to enter and leave the terminal. Therefore, a method to superimpose the traffic that is caused by different types of cargo is needed for the planning of gate investments and operations. Consequently, this paper has developed a simulation model for a multi-purpose terminal to estimate the gate traffic and determine the necessary gate infrastructure, so that it can be used as a decision support tool for terminal planners and operational managers.     

LNG加注船的技术发展动态

天然气由于其热值高、不含硫、燃烧清洁而成为绿色环保型船舶的首选燃料。随着LNG燃料的广泛应用,不仅仅是车客渡船、拖轮、平台供应船等近海或短途海运船舶采用LNG动力,而且豪华邮轮和大型集装箱船等远洋船舶也逐步迈入了LNG燃料行列。本文介绍了LNG燃料动力船及LNG加注船的发展现状,总结了LNG加注船具有机动性好、加注效率高、加注范围广等优点,并重点分析了未来LNG加注船的技术发展方向： LNG燃料舱容量的大型化发展,未来B型舱和薄膜型LNG燃料舱将成为优选方案；LNG加注船在加注平台设计、加注对接方式、LNG燃料舱操作服务方面的灵活性将得到极大提升；LNG加注船还将具备更高机动性和操纵性,能够实现无需拖轮协助的一人操作而自主安全靠泊。随着全球LNG作为船用燃料的推广,LNG加注船作为LNG产业链上的战略新兴产品,是保障我国能源战略安全、实施“绿水青山”生态发展必不可少的重大装备,其应用和发展空间将十分广阔。     

Federal consistency and state expectations

Abstract

The requirement in the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 that federal projects be consistent with approved state coastal zone management programs is an important incentive for states to complete their programs. As a condition of program approval, states must first consult with the federal agencies concerned and provide opportunities for comment, with the hope of avoiding conflicts. The consistency requirement is also subject to various exceptions whose scope remains to be determined. One such exception of uncertain extent is the exclusion from the coastal zone of federal lands “the use of which is subject solely to the sole discretion ... of the Federal Government....”; Despite these uncertainties, however, the consistency provision represents a major change in federal policy, which has traditionally allowed federal agencies to operate largely without concern for state land or water use requirements.     

Fisheries Governance Affecting Conservation Outcomes in the United States and European Union

Abstract

Fisheries management in the USA, as governed by the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA), has been decidedly more successful at meeting its conservation goals than has fisheries management in the EU, as governed by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). In an effort to explain the different outcomes in these two systems that share many management attributes, we evaluated them against a list of effective governance attributes gleaned from the literature. We also examined the distribution of rights and responsibilities within each system, and the resulting stewardship incentives. Five effective governance attributes are fully realized under the MSA but have historically been absent from the CFP system: adequate regulatory authority, effective enforcement mechanisms, science-based decision-making, conservation-oriented goals and clear objectives, and directives. These governance system gaps, along with uneven distributions of rights, responsibilities, and incentives, may be responsible for the observed difference in conservation outcomes.     

LNG深冷绝热技术应用研究

LNG液化天然气深冷绝热技术是LNG项目工程中的关键技术之一。通过LNG深冷绝热技术特点的分析和研究,设计出LNG深冷绝热层典型结构,对LNG深冷绝热材料进行了选材研究。这项国产化LNG深冷绝热技术在中原油田LNG地面处理厂工程中获得成功应用。     

The dredging dilemma: Economic development and environmental protection in Oakland Harbor

Abstract

Seaport expansion often generates tensions between the national interest in efficient transport and local interests in water quality and habitat preservation. The governing American permitting system, however, establishes an extraordinarily cumbersome, legalistic, and costly method for balancing environmental and economic considerations. A case study of the Port of Oakland illustrates the tendency. For four years, plans to find an environmentally acceptable site for dredged material have been stymied by a sequence of inconclusive regulatory and judicial proceedings. Meanwhile, large container ships can enter and leave Oakland harbor only at high tide, and not fully loaded. Despite the absence of any authoritative determination concerning environmental risks, the port was compelled to accede to progressively more expensive disposal methods. Such “adversarial legalism”; is not unique to the Oakland harbor case, but recurs in other policy spheres. It stems from a governmental structure that fragments decision‐making power among many agencies, that constrains regulatory discretion with legal demands for scientific certainty, and that by allowing agency decisions to be challenged readily in court, encourages legalistic defensiveness and extortion rather than compromise. The article concludes with a discussion of the conditions under which regional planning bodies might overcome these centrifugal tendencies.     

粤东LNG码头工程通航安全评估

介绍粤东液化气(LNG)码头工程概况、海上运输危险特性以及LNG船舶操纵特性。从船舶通航环境和安全角度,对码头选址、总平面布置、港池、航道、锚地等进行论证。在拖轮、码头安全管理、海事监督等方面进行了安全保障需求分析。