Influencing Factor of Hydrodynamic Pressure on Tire in Wet Weather Based on Fluent

动水压强是影响汽车雨天滑水的直接因素.通过建立纵横向花纹轮胎有限元模型,利用Fluent软件模拟不同行驶条件下轮胎所受的动水压强大小以及轮胎不同部位水流速度的分布规律,并根据数据结果回归得出了行车速度、水膜厚度和轮胎花纹深度与动水压强的关系式.结果表明:轮胎所受到的动水压强取决于水膜厚度、胎纹深度及行车速度；随着水膜厚度的增加,动水压强与车速的关系逐渐由非线性向线性转变；行车速度对动水压强的影响最为明显,仅改变轮胎花纹深度不能完全避免车辆滑水.     

不均匀积水条件对路面行车安全的影响

采用Fluent有限元仿真分析软件,建立轮胎-路面-流体三维有限元模型,模拟不同水膜厚度和汽车行驶速度条件下汽车轮胎所受动水压力的理论变化值,定量地分析了水膜厚度和车速对积水路面车辆侧转角的影响以及积水段路面上车辆的横向稳定性能.研究结果表明:当水膜厚度大于胎面花纹深度时,动水压强随车速的增大而增加较快,且动水高压区由轮胎中间向轮胎边缘呈近似三角分布.在无驾驶员操控情况下,当汽车左右轮分别高速(＞ 90 km/h)行驶在干燥和积水路面,水膜厚度介于9～12 mm时,1 s后汽车的相对侧转角差超过最佳控制角度(25.),此时汽车操纵性开始下降;2 s后汽车的相对侧转角差已超过90.,车辆发生侧滑,易产生交通事故.     

轮胎/路表间水膜受力和排出特征及其受刻槽参数的影响分析

为研究轮胎作用下水泥混凝土路表水膜受力特征及其受刻槽的影响,采用SolidWorks和Ansys WorkBench,构建了轮胎-水膜-路表有限元模型,基于CFD控制方程和流固耦合理论,分析轮胎作用下路表水膜流动规律以及水膜厚度、行车速度、刻槽宽度、间距和方向对轮胎所受动水升力的影响。结果表明：轮胎迎水面所受动水升力随水膜厚度的增加而增大;当水膜厚度超过轮胎花纹深度后,动水升力增幅明显变大;增加路面刻槽宽度或减小刻槽间距,能够有效地降低轮胎所受的动水升力;在相同的刻槽参数下,路面横向刻槽的排水性能和对动水升力的降低幅度要优于纵向刻槽。     

基于“移动水坝”的高速公路雨天行车安全性研究

为了减少雨天交通安全隐患,保障高速公路行车安全,根据雨天高速公路实际行车状态、路面径流特点和车辆水膜相互作用探究雨天安全行车速度。首先,提出“移动水坝”概念,并分析“移动水坝”现象出现的原因和形成机理;依据水力学基本理论探究“移动水坝”现象中水膜厚度和车辆滑水限速值的变化规律;然后,利用Fluent软件仿真车辆对水流的阻挡作用,依据外侧车道大车行车间距的水压力探究连续“移动水坝”形成的条件,并确定外侧车道大车在不同行驶速度下相应的临界车头时距;最后,应用流体力学原理仿真分析车辆行驶速度和水膜厚度与轮胎受到的动水压力之间的关系,确定不同降雨强度下内侧车道小客车的滑水限速值。研究结果表明：雨天在高速公路外侧车道行驶的大车会对路面径流产生阻挡作用,出现“移动水坝”现象;“移动水坝”作用下水膜厚度较正常排水状态下增加,导致内侧车道行驶的小客车滑水限速值降低;设定试验条件下外侧车道大车间距40 m时,两车的水坝作用连续,增加大车车头时距可以减弱连续“移动水坝”作用;车辆行驶过程中轮胎受到的动水压力随水膜厚度及行驶速度的增加而增大,小客车在“移动水坝”作用下发生滑水的概率增加,根据轮胎动水压力值和滑水值确定不同降雨强度对应的临界滑水速度,可相应作为雨天高速公路小客车行驶速度限值。     

宏观形貌对沥青路面黏性滑水的影响分析

为研究宏观构造对潮湿沥青路面抗滑性能的影响,引入宏观形貌概率正态分布模型,构建潮湿路面-车轮相互作用下的动水压力解析方程及数值解算方法;并将分布模型与现行的路面抗滑指标MTD相联系。在此基础上,以黏性动水压力为基本指标,分析潮湿工况下, AC-13、SMA-13及OGFC-13这3类路型的路面抗滑性能。计算表明,潮湿路面薄层水膜条件下的黏性滑水不完全等同于积水路面条件下的惯性滑水,其胎下动水压分布沿行驶方向显现出非线性变化的特征,且在胎面临近完全接触区边界附近达到峰值后迅速衰减;同时,黏性滑水产生的承载力随行驶速度呈线性增长。另一方面,黏性滑水产生的动水压力与水膜厚度和路面构造深度的比值相关:当路面水膜厚度h在0～3σ之间,动水压力明显随水膜增厚而减小、随构造深度的增加而减小;当路面水膜厚度大于3σ或构造深度足够大时,水膜厚度和构造深度的影响将随之减弱。     

高速公路改扩建的几何设计与路面排水

通过分析粘滞滑水与动水压强滑水的作用机理及影响因素,明确合理的几何设计可改善路面排水性能,避免车辆行驶产生滑水情况;在既有研究成果的基础上,确定动水压强计算方法及参数取值、水膜厚度和径流长度计算方法,建立高速公路完全滑水条件检验模型;以该模型为基础,对高速公路改扩建工程的常见工况进行完全滑水分析。结果表明,一般路段发生完全滑水的可能性小,超高过渡段为最不利工况;加大纵坡对改善超高过渡段的排水条件有限,增设路拱线是改善改扩建工程路面排水条件的有效方法。     

湿滑路面车辆防滑预警

湿滑路面是一种常见的行车环境,由于这种行车环境的特殊性,导致交通事故的发生率大为提高。针对湿滑路面轮胎临界滑水车速的研究,是一种帮助驾驶员降低发生交通事故的有效行径。影响湿滑路面临界滑水车速的条件有水膜厚度、行驶车速、轮胎状况等。为了更好保证驾驶员的生命和财产安全,通过对车辆进行防滑预警研究可以更为高效明了的为驾驶员安全驾驶提供保障。     

混凝土搅拌运输车行驶稳定性分析

针对混凝土搅拌运输车在行驶过程中,由混凝土偏心力矩引起整车重心位置变化,从而对车辆的行驶稳定性、车辆两侧轮胎所受载荷及拐弯行驶侧翻临界速度造成的影响进行分析,得到车辆在各种行驶状况下左右轮的承载百分比、车辆在拐弯状况下的侧翻临界速度和安全车速。结果表明：在行驶过程中,右旋搅拌车左右轮胎负荷较均匀;在拐弯半径一定的条件下,左旋车左拐弯最易翻车,右旋车右拐弯次之,拐弯时应在安全车速范围内行驶。     

水泥混凝土路面板底脱空区动水压力特性研究

为研究车辆荷载作用下水泥混凝土路面板底脱空区内动水压力、水流速度的分布规律及其影响因素,推导了三维状态下脱空区中截面动水压力、水流速度解析式。应用有限元软件ANSYS和CFX建立了双向流固耦合模型,分析了车辆轴重、车速与脱空尺寸等对动水压力及水流速度的影响。结果表明:固定点的水压力及水流速度随时间成正弦函数变化,且水压力随时间的变化趋势与最大水流速度随时间变化趋势有一定的相位差。沿着脱空区出口的方向,动水压力呈减小趋势,其最大值发生在脱空区尖端;水流速度沿着脱空区出口的方向呈增大趋势,其最大值发生在板边缘;动水压力与水流速度峰值随轴重增大而增大,与轴重近似呈二次方关系;动水压力峰值随车速增大而增大,水压力随车速变化的增幅大约为每10 km/h增加1 kPa,与车速成线性关系,而水流速度峰值受车速影响较小;动水压力与水流速度峰值随脱空区开口量增大而减小,与脱空区开口量成反比关系;当脱空区开口高度扩展到一定程度时(论文模型中为4 mm),动水压力变化幅值较小,此时脱空区继续发展可能归因于水流的冲刷作用。数值模拟结果与理论推导结果基本一致。     

水泥路面板底动应变的影响因素分析

从国际平整度公式入手,通过试验,研究了路面板底动应变与路面平整度、车辆荷载的大小及车速的关系。结果表明,静载作用时,路面板底动应变与平整度没有关系,但随着车辆荷载的增大而增大;在同一车速和同一车辆荷载下,板底动应变随路面不平整度的增加而增大,且车辆荷载和车速越大,增幅越明显;在同一平整度下,水泥路面的板底动应变随车辆荷载大小和车速的增加而增大,但其增幅都有随速度的增加而降低的趋势。     

湿滑条件下基于真实纹理道面的机轮着陆滑水行为解析

湿滑条件下的着陆滑跑是航空事故的高发区。为较为真实地反映湿滑条件下机轮的滑跑行为，需要建立包含真实道面纹理特征的滑跑模型。在提取真实道面形貌特征的基础上，通过解析湿滑条件下的机轮滑跑行为进一步反算其遵循的摩擦关系，以获得更加接近真实条件的摩擦模型；然后运用欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）算法建立基于真实纹理形貌特征的道面-水膜-轮组的流固耦合模型，以摩擦因数、动水压力为分析指标来探讨速度、滑移率、水膜厚度以及道面类型对机轮滑水行为的作用规律，进而为提高飞机着陆的安全性提供理论参考。研究结果表明：A320型飞机着陆可能滑漂的危险区段为刚刚着陆阶段，随着速度的降低，道面支撑力会逐渐增大，而动水压力将逐渐减小；随着滑移率的增加，动水压力呈现出先减小后增大的趋势，当滑移率为0.15时，动水压力达到最小；关于水膜厚度的影响，水膜厚度小于3 mm时不会发生滑漂，而水膜厚度大于10 mm时极可能发生滑漂；当水膜厚度为7 mm时动水压力与飞机滑行速度、滑移率的相关性较大，可视为机轮发生滑漂的临界状态；最后，在其他条件一致的情况下，各道面类型的抗滑性排序为SMA > OGFC > AC > 平滑道面。因此，湿滑条件下，控制飞机着陆的初始速度和滑移率是减小航空事故、提高机场安全运行的有力保障。     

Hydroplaning simulations for tires using FEM,FVM and an asymptotic method

Hydroplaning tires have been frequently simulated using commercial explicit FEM (Finite Element Method) codes. However, these simulations are slow, and the result of the lift force is so oscillatory that the hydroplaning speed cannot be accurately determined. Thus, in the author’s previous study, a new methodology using FDM (Finite Difference Method) code and an FE tire model iteratively was proposed. However, this full iteration method still required a long computation time, especially for patterned tires. Thus, in this study, the full iteration methodology was modified such that no iteration or only one additional iteration was needed at each speed. Then, by applying the full iteration method, no iteration method and one iteration method, the hydroplaning speeds of a straight-grooved tire were determined, and it was noted that the hydroplaning speed obtained from the one iteration method was almost the same as that obtained from the full iteration method. Moreover, the hydroplaning speeds of two patterned tires were determined using the one iteration method, and they were compared with the hydroplaning speeds obtained experimentally.     

Full drive-by-wire dynamic control for four-wheel-steer all-wheel-drive vehicles

Most of the controllers introduced for four-wheel-steer (4WS) vehicles are derived with the assumption that the longitudinal speed of the vehicle is constant. However, in real applications, the longitudinal speed varies, and the longitudinal, lateral, and yaw dynamics are coupled. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle as well as its lateral and yaw motions are controlled simultaneously. This way, the effect of driving/braking forces of the tires on the lateral and yaw motions of the vehicle are automatically included in the control laws. To address the dynamic parameter uncertainty of the vehicle, a chatter-free variable structure controller is introduced. Elimination of chatter is achieved by introducing a dynamically adaptive boundary layer thickness. It is shown via simulations that the proposed control approach performs more robustly than the controllers developed based on dynamic models, in which longitudinal speed is assumed to be constant, and only lateral speed and yaw rate are used as system states. Furthermore, this approach supports all-wheel-drive vehicles. Front-wheel-drive or rear-wheel-drive vehicles are also supported as special cases of an all-wheel-drive vehicle.     

Lateral Stability of Towed Flexible Vehicles

The highway transport of mobile homes is a matter of concern for the increasingly safety-minded driving public. The low speeds of towed vehicles necessary to maintain stability, together with the requirements for excessive lane widths due to clearance for the lateral motion, result in increased likelihood of traffic accidents, impeded traffic flow, and reduced highway capacity. A safe increase in the stable cruising speed, coupled with a decreased amplitude in the pendular motion helps alleviate all three of the aforementioned problems. Energy input at hitch point and lateral forces between the road and tires permit lateral vehicular motions, which occur above a critical speed, to increase in amplitude until possibly a limit cycle or instability is reached. One would expect that structural dynamics could have a pronounced influence on the lateral response of towed vehicles with large and relatively flexible chassis, such as mobile homes. The objective of this research is to determine the influence of chassis structural parameters on the lateral stability of towed flexible bodies during transport. The mass of the towing vehicle is assumed infinitely large, thus eliminating any dynamic interconnection between the towing and towed vehicles. The assumed modes method is used to describe the lateral deflection of the flexible towed vehicle. Results of the study of this model indicate that increase in structural rigidity of towed vehicle increases the critical towing speed whereas increase in the tire cornering coefficient reduces the safe towing speed, which is true only for this simplified model where the dynamic interaction with the towing vehicle is not included.     

带复杂花纹的轮胎滑水显式动力学分析

以205/55R16型半钢子午线轮胎为参考轮胎,利用组合类保角映射簇建模法构建了3种不同胎面花纹的轮胎有限元分析模型.利用该模型进行载荷一下沉量及流体压力一行驶速度分析结果表明.轮胎有限元模型和骨架材料的等效简化方法以及滑水求解策略有效.在此基础上,考察了胎面花纹形态对轮胎滑水性能的影响.结果表明.S型轮胎和V型轮胎由于横向花纹沟的存在,滑水性能优于纵沟胎.     

柴油发动机/蓄电池混合动力汽车控制策略设计及仿真

针对采用柴油发动机和蓄电池作为动力源的并联式混合动力汽车,建立了基于Matlab/Simulink的车辆纵向动力学和驾驶员模型,并设计了功率跟随式控制策略。该控制策略将车速、负载和蓄电池SOC作为控制变量,以降低颗粒物与氮氧化物排放、提高燃油经济性为目标,采用Stateflow实现。基于新欧洲行驶循环的仿真结果表明,采用该混合动力驱动系统能较好的满足整车动力性要求,在降低燃油消耗的同时显著提高排放性能。     

A Versatile Flat Track Tire Testing Machine

Summary A flat track tire testing machine developed by the IMMa group is described. It permits the simulation and study of the dynamic behavior of a great variety of tires under controllable and repetitive highly dynamic realistic working conditions in the laboratory for a diversity of vehicles, from motorcycles to light trucks. The machine incorporates: – a hydraulically operated tire support and loading system with wide operating ranges; – a computer controlled brake system to simulate braking maneuvers with ABS systems; – a complete sensorial system; – a data acquisition and control system continually monitoring and acting on the experimental variables, i.e., tire and belt speed, longitudinal slip, slip and camber angles, tire pressure, tire normal force, etc. As an application example, results are presented that adjust the parameter of the magic formula for a standard 175/70 R14 passenger vehicle tire. Accurate mathematical tire models are recognized as essential for the prediction of vehicle dynamic performances using simulation tools.     

A Versatile Flat Track Tire Testing Machine

Summary A flat track tire testing machine developed by the IMMa group is described. It permits the simulation and study of the dynamic behavior of a great variety of tires under controllable and repetitive highly dynamic realistic working conditions in the laboratory for a diversity of vehicles, from motorcycles to light trucks. The machine incorporates: - a hydraulically operated tire support and loading system with wide operating ranges; - a computer controlled brake system to simulate braking maneuvers with ABS systems; - a complete sensorial system; - a data acquisition and control system continually monitoring and acting on the experimental variables, i.e., tire and belt speed, longitudinal slip, slip and camber angles, tire pressure, tire normal force, etc. As an application example, results are presented that adjust the parameter of the magic formula for a standard 175/70 R14 passenger vehicle tire. Accurate mathematical tire models are recognized as essential for the prediction of vehicle dynamic performances using simulation tools.     

考虑动压与路面粗糙度时轮胎湿牵引性能研究

根据流体动力润滑理论,将轮胎黏性滑水问题模拟为胎面单元与路面之间的动压、挤压膜问题,同时考虑了路面粗糙度的影响,建立了轮胎胎面单元黏性滑水问题的数学模型,并进行数值求解。以矩形胎面单元为例分析了胎面单元对轮胎黏性滑水性能的影响。结果表明,轮胎的薄膜湿牵引性能与滑动速度成反比;在考虑路面粗糙度的情况下,引入了膜厚比作为轮胎的薄膜湿牵引性能衡量标准,得出湿牵引性能与路面粗糙度成正比的结论。