Mixed Harmonic Runnable Scheduling for Automotive Software on Multi-Core Processors

The performance of automotive electronic control units (ECUs) has improved following the development of multi-core processors. These processors facilitate fast computing performance without increasing clock speed. System developers partition automotive application runnables to have parallelizability and avoid interference between various software modules. To improve the performance of such systems, an efficient scheduler is necessary. In this regard, for multi-core ECUs, the automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR) suggests partitioned static priority scheduling for parallelized software. In the AUTOSAR approach, clustering and partitioning of runnables for specific cores becomes difficult, but there is no exact criterion followed for partitioning the runnables. Consequently, cores are not balanced against loads, and under contingency conditions, there is a chance that tasks will miss deadlines. In this study, we address this problem by exploring a mixed harmonic runnable scheduling algorithm that includes partitioned scheduling. We tested this algorithm using high load conditions under contingency consequences, and we evaluated it using models of periodic runnables, periodic interrupts, and event-triggered interrupts. The performance parameters considered in this paper are balancing performance and the deadline missing rate. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm can contribute toward improving the functional safety of vehicles.     

Traffic-balancing algorithm for can systems with dual communication channels to enhance the network capacity

The controller area network (CAN) is the dominant protocol for in-vehicle network (IVN) systems because it provides bounded transmission delay among electronic control units (ECUs) at data rates between 100 Kbps and 1 Mbps. Many automotive companies have chosen the CAN protocol for their chassis network system of intelligent vehicles. However, the increasing number of ECUs in intelligent vehicles and the need for more intelligent functions require a network system with more network capacity and real-time capability. As one approach to enhance the network capacity of a CAN system, this paper introduces a CAN system with dual communication channels. This paper also presents a traffic-balancing algorithm that predicts the traffic of each channel and allocates frames to the most appropriate channel. An experimental testbed using commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers with two CAN controllers was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the traffic-balancing algorithm.     

基于AUTOSAR的汽车电子控制系统嵌入式软件开发

阐述汽车开放式系统架构AUTOSAR的体系结构,基于AUTOSAR的嵌入式软件开发流程以及符合AUTOSAR嵌入式代码的开发成果;介绍应用AUTOSAR标准开发汽车电子控制单元软件的优点,以及对我国汽车行业研发该项技术的建议。     

Heuristic resource allocation and scheduling method for distributed automotive control systems

This paper presents a heuristic resource allocation and scheduling method, which is based on an integrated architecture that enables multiple missions to be embedded in a single electronic control unit (ECU) and a single mission to be distributed over multiple ECUs. The proposed design method is composed of resource(e.g. task and message) allocation, scheduling, and attribute assignments. From a given target application’s task graph, the method generates a scheduling table specifying the release, start, and completion timings of tasks and messages. After that, all relevant attributes(e.g. priority of tasks and messages) are automatically assigned. In order to guarantee the functional and temporal requirements of target applications, design constraints such as the worst case response time, deadline, precedence relations, and physical limitations are concurrently considered. A chassis control system consisting of electronic stability control, an electro-mechanical brake, continuous damping control, and electronic air suspension is employed for evaluating the proposed method. The conventional chassis control system which is composed of seven ECUs was redesigned by only four ECUs without the degradation of control performance. Consequently, it is expected that the development time and production cost of distributed automotive control systems can be significantly reduced by the proposed design method.     

基于AUTOSAR标准的网络管理协议的设计

汽车开放架构标准AUTOSAR为不同的汽车解决方案提供了统一的平台,降低了汽车制造商整合的成本。AUTOSAR平台中的网络管理标准,为汽车车载总线网络管理管理协议的开发提供了标准与规范。本文设计了一套符合AUTOSAR网络管理标准的基于CAN总线网络管理协议。并将其应用于实际的车载网络中,实现了各节点同步休眠与状态检测。经过仿真分析,验证了该协议具有较高的实时性,可以保证车载总线可靠、安全地通信。相较于OSEK网络管理机制AUTOSAR网络管理控制算法简单,软硬件开销小,同时实时性较高,可以满足CAN总线以及FlexRay总线在内的多种车载总线的需求。     

Expanding transmission capacity of can systems using dual communication channels with kalman prediction

The controller area network (CAN) protocol is widely used for in-vehicle network (IVN) systems, and many automotive companies also use the CAN in chassis network systems. However, the increasing number of electronic control units (ECUs) dictated by the need for more intelligent and fuel-efficient functions requires an IVN system with a greater transmission capacity and less network delay. Automotive companies have tried several approaches such as segmenting CAN systems and developing time-triggered protocols. This paper presents a practical method for increasing the transmission capacity and reducing the network delay in CAN systems using dual communication channels with a traffic-balancing algorithm based on Kalman prediction to forecast the traffic on each channel and allocate frames to the one that is most appropriate. An experimental testbed using commercial microcontrollers with two or more CAN protocol controllers was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the Kalman traffic-balancing algorithm. Experimental results show that the traffic-balancing CAN system with Kalman prediction reduced the transmission delay of all priority messages compared to that of a simple method, such as a channel-switching CAN, without sacrificing the performance for high-priority messages.     

汽车底盘控制技术的现状和发展趋势

电子控制系统在汽车底盘技术中的广泛应用极大地改善了汽车的主动安全性。常见的底盘控制系统可分为制动控制、牵引控制、转向控制和悬挂控制。介绍通过高速网络将各控制系统联成一体形成的全方位底盘控制(GCC),汽车开放性系统构架工程(AUTOSAR)和底盘的线控技术(X-by-w ire)。     

汽车控制单元类电气设备CAN连接的优化

对汽车中“控制单元类电气设备”的网络连接进行了分析,提出对其进行“四大整合”的优化措施：即对传感器的整合、对执行器的整合、对ECU的整合及对电源的整合。     

A Modular Computer Model for the Design of Vehicle Dynamics Control Systems1

SUMMARY

This paper describes a multiport approach to computer-aided modeling of vehicle dynamics. The modeling approach produces models that are suitable for the interactive design and evaluation of complex control strategies. The vehicle model which can be used for ride and handling analysis, is built from modular components. The components are programmed using the syntax of the computer aided control system design (CACSD) program EASYS. Seven modeling components are used to create a three-dimensional vehicle dvnamics model. The model is flexible enoug-h to simulate any suspension design with revolute joints.

Each component of the model consists of a FORTRAN subroutine and a main calling module called a macro. To simplify the process of model building, the modeling components in the car model are designed to represent physical elements, such as the spring, damper, link or tire. To create a model, the components, which are represented by blocks, are interconnected through points, located on the blocks, called pons. These ports have been designed to simulate the location of the connection points between the physical elements, as observed in real systems. The construction of multibody models within a CACSD program offers the flexibility of simultaneous interactive simulation of the three-dimensional dvnamics and evaluation of the desien of the controls.

Although modeling of multibody systems using FORTRAN components has been pioneered by Chace, Haug and Orlandea; and bond graph modeling of multibody systems has been investigated by Bos, this approach is novel because:-

The model is included in the control system design program (EASYS). This arrangement allows the designer to exploit the advanced control design tools available in the program. Furthermore, this approach significantly reduces the computation time required for running the model after parameters modification.

The model is built from components that are interconnected by ports which represent the actual physical location of the connection points between the elements. The multiport approach simplifies the model building process for multibody systems. This simplification is achieved by reducing the model of a multibody system to a block diagram form.     

A Modular Computer Model for the Design of Vehicle Dynamics Control Systems1

This paper describes a multiport approach to computer-aided modeling of vehicle dynamics. The modeling approach produces models that are suitable for the interactive design and evaluation of complex control strategies. The vehicle model which can be used for ride and handling analysis, is built from modular components. The components are programmed using the syntax of the computer aided control system design (CACSD) program EASYS. Seven modeling components are used to create a three-dimensional vehicle dvnamics model. The model is flexible enoug-h to simulate any suspension design with revolute joints.

Each component of the model consists of a FORTRAN subroutine and a main calling module called a macro. To simplify the process of model building, the modeling components in the car model are designed to represent physical elements, such as the spring, damper, link or tire. To create a model, the components, which are represented by blocks, are interconnected through points, located on the blocks, called pons. These ports have been designed to simulate the location of the connection points between the physical elements, as observed in real systems. The construction of multibody models within a CACSD program offers the flexibility of simultaneous interactive simulation of the three-dimensional dvnamics and evaluation of the desien of the controls.

Although modeling of multibody systems using FORTRAN components has been pioneered by Chace, Haug and Orlandea; and bond graph modeling of multibody systems has been investigated by Bos, this approach is novel because:-

The model is included in the control system design program (EASYS). This arrangement allows the designer to exploit the advanced control design tools available in the program. Furthermore, this approach significantly reduces the computation time required for running the model after parameters modification.

The model is built from components that are interconnected by ports which represent the actual physical location of the connection points between the elements. The multiport approach simplifies the model building process for multibody systems. This simplification is achieved by reducing the model of a multibody system to a block diagram form.     

HFC1061汽车驾驶室内空调系统的设计

空气调节系统的设计目标就是要使室内空气的温度，湿度和流速等项指标保持在一定的范围内。详细介绍了ＨＦＣ１０６１汽车驾驶室内空调系统的结构和工作原理，通过冷，热负荷的计算，成功地设计了该车的空调系统。     

基于场景识别的电动汽车唤醒、休眠策略设计

为合理应用车载低压电能,文章设计了基于应用场景识别的一体化分层唤醒、休眠控制的策略。根据KL30下整车有效唤醒状态按需唤醒电控单元,并引入用车场景预测、提前唤醒电控单元,解决电控单元按需唤醒下用车场景快速切换带来的响应延迟问题;同时,通过场景识别进一步排查无法休眠的电控单元,进行防低压亏电控制。文章应用CANOE?工具仿真了用户遥控解充电枪锁操作及充电口单元无法休眠工况,结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够提高解充电枪锁响应速度,并能够识别出无法休眠电控单元进行防亏电控制。     

Requirement-based testing of an automotive ECU considering the behavior of the vehicle

HILS (Hardware In the Loop Simulation) and RBT (Requirement-Based Testing) are widely used to evaluate the performance and reliability of automotive ECUs (Electronic Control Units). The HILS method is used to predict the behavior of ECU-installed vehicles and to evaluate the performance of ECU controllers. RBT evaluates whether the embedded system satisfies the pre-defined requirements. In this study, the behavior of a vehicle is regarded as a system requirement, and an embedded system test procedure that evaluates the system requirement is proposed. In particular, a new method is introduced, which integrates HILS with RBT. Using the proposed method, the behavior of an articulated vehicle equipped with an AWS (All Wheel Steering) ECU is evaluated with RBT software.     

汽车线控制动技术及发展

现代汽车制动控制技术止朝着线控制动控制方向发展，线控制动系统将取代以液压或气压为主的传统制动控制系统。介绍了汽车线控制动技术的研究现状，对电子液压式制动系统和电子机械式制动系统的结构及工作原理进行了介绍和比较，并对电子机械式制动系统的关键部件及其性能特点进行了分析，论述了线控制动系统的关键技术及发展。     

Review of Secure Communication Approaches for In-Vehicle Network

In the connected vehicles, connecting interfaces bring threats to the vehicles and they can be hacked to impact the vehicles and drivers. Compared with traditional vehicles, connected vehicles require more information transfer. Sensor signals and critical data must be protected to ensure the cyber security of connected vehicles. The communications among ECUs, sensors, and gateways are connected by in-vehicle networks. This paper discussed the state-of-art techniques about secure communication for in-vehicle networks. First, the related concepts in automotive secure communication have been provided. Then we have compared and contrasted existing approaches for secure communication. We have analyzed the advantages/disadvantages of MAC and digital signatures for message authentication and compared the performance and limitations of different cryptographic algorithms. Firewall and intrusion detection system are introduced to protect the networks. The constraints and features of different intrusion detection approaches are presented. After that, the technical requirements for cryptographic mechanism and intrusion detection policy are concluded. Based on the review of current researches, the future development directions of the automotive network security have been discussed. The purpose of this paper is to review current techniques on automotive secure communication and suggest suitable secure approaches to implement on the in-vehicle networks.     

汽车噪声法规标准及主要控制技术

自20世纪70年代初,汽车噪声法规在世界范围内被纷纷引入各国,主要形成了3个有代表性的法规体系:欧盟、日本和美国法规。这3大体系都是基于ISO362标准建立的,但又有各自的不同点。文章概述了上述3个代表性的法规体系,分析了它们之间的联系和不同点;同时简述了汽车降噪技术随各阶段噪声限值的发展变化。最后,介绍了我国汽车噪声法规和标准的现状以及未来汽车噪声排放法规和标准的5种发展趋势。     

基于EMD和AR模型的汽车变速器齿轮故障诊断方法

提出了基于EMD和AR模型的汽车变速器齿轮故障诊断方法。该方法采用EMD将齿轮振动信号分解成若干个平稳的IMF分量,对每一个IMF分量建立AR模型,以模型的自回归参数和残差的方差作为特征向量建立Mahalanobis。距离判别函数,进而识别齿轮的工作状态。实验分析表明,该方法能有效地应用于变速器齿轮的故障诊断。     

基于 B/S 架构的汽车工程数据云平台的设计与实现

汽车产品开发愈发需要海量且高质量的基础数据作为支撑，汽车工程数据体系非常庞杂且彼此间关联度强，因此，针对汽车工程数据库开发，需站在汽车产品开发者和项目管理者角度为其提供更柔性化、可视化、深度化的数据服务。开发了高压缩比的图形引擎，并设计了一种基于 B/S 架构的汽车工程数据管理平台，以轻量化的三维模型为载体实现工程数据的强关联，较大程度地解决了汽车工程数据管理分散易丢失、完整性和一致性差、不易检索和无法进行数据挖掘等痛点问题，为汽车工程数据管理和重用提供了一个新的思路。     

一种适用不同通信方式基于XCP协议的ECU标定工具的开发

针对汽车ECU的多样性,设计了基于XCP协议的集成多种通信方式的标定平台.开发了主、从节点的XCP驱动程序.在相同的协议层下,构建了基于CAN总线和串口的两种传输层结构,使标定系统同时适用于两种不同的通信方式,并对系统的实时性进行了测试和分析.具体的应用实例说明了该系统使用方便,工作灵活,为车载ECU的高效开发提供了有效工具.     

HMES在集成式汽车线束总装设计应用

随着汽车技术的快速发展,汽车的舒适性、安全性、智能化程度不断提升,导致车载功能电器不断增多,为提高车载各功能电器的可靠性,连接各功能电器的汽车线束多采用集成式设计,将发动机线束、机舱线束、仪表线束、车身线束及其它功能线束集合设计成一条线束;直接导致集成式线束的导线数量、单根导线长度大幅增加,线束的可制造性大幅降低,装配过程控制也愈加困难。为解决集成式线束生产制造及过程控制的难点和问题,我公司在现有HMES系统的基础上,设计和开发了适合集成式大型汽车线束流水线装配管理模块。本文将以HMES装配模块的开发设计和应用方案,与各位共同探讨和交流。