燃料电池客车镍氢蓄电池性能匹配

基于燃料电池客车行驶特性和其能量流控制策略对镍氢蓄电池组的功能需求,依据试验数据分析了镍氢蓄电池脉冲功率容量、可用能量与放电深度的关系特性,从脉冲功率容量、充放电能量和放电深度等方面对燃料电池客车进行蓄电池组性能匹配。装车实践表明,该匹配方法高效可行,不仅极大地提高了车辆的机动性和制动能量回馈吸收,而且避免了以往蓄电池频繁处于过充过放状态的缺陷,提高了蓄电池性能并延长了其使用寿命。     

考虑燃料电池衰退的FCHEV反馈优化控制策略

为了提高插电式燃料电池混合动力汽车的经济性和燃料电池耐久性，在构建燃料电池衰退模型的基础上，制定等效氢气消耗最小（ECMS）的反馈优化控制策略。ECMS反馈优化控制策略中目标价值函数的等效氢气消耗除包括燃料电池氢气消耗和动力电池等效氢气消耗外，还将燃料电池开路电压衰退转化成等效的氢气消耗加入到目标价值函数之中，以电机需求功率P_m、动力电池SOC值为状态变量，动力电池目标功率为控制变量，取使目标价值函数最小的动力电池目标功率作为参考动力电池目标功率输出，并根据反馈的燃料电池电压衰退速率对燃料电池系统输出功率限制变化值ΔP_f进行动态调整，最终得到燃料电池目标功率。通过MATLAB/Simulink建立插电式燃料电池汽车前向仿真模型，采用城市道路循环（UDDS）工况进行验证。研究结果表明：相比基于规则的能量管理策略，电量保持（CS）阶段采用ECMS反馈优化控制策略，氢气消耗量降低2.6%，同时燃料电池的开路电压衰退降低4.1%，基于ECMS的反馈优化控制策略相比基于规则的能量管理策略在高效区间的工作点占比更高；与ΔP_f分别为1，2，3 kW时相比，采用燃料电池系统电压衰退速率反馈调节ΔP_f策略的氢气消耗量为0.105 3 kg，相比ΔP_f为1，2 kW的氢气消耗量（0.121 3，0.110 2 kg）有明显优化，接近ΔP_f为3 kW的氢气消耗量（0.102 9 kg），同时燃料电池电压衰退速率有明显的减小，整车经济性与燃料电池耐久性都得到了改善。     

电动客车动力系统研究

电动汽车动力系统主要包括动力电池、驱动系统和变速系统。对水平铅酸电池的试验研究显示该电池完全满足电动汽车行驶需要。对新型稀土变磁通电机的驱动特性及其控制原理、线控两挡变速器原理进行了研究,并进行了一体化设计。试验结果表明,装有该动力系统的电动客车动力性和经济性均达到较高的水平。     

Modeling and control strategy development for fuel cell hybrid vehicles

Using MATLAB/Simulink, we constructed a comprehensive simulation model for the fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) power train in parallel with a power control strategy that uses a logic threshold approach implemented with a hybrid control unit (HCU). The simulation implements power flow and power distribution under different vehicle operating modes using the accelerator and decelerator pedal positions deduced from the driving schedule as primary inputs. The HCU control strategy also incorporates regenerative braking and recharging for recovery of battery capacity. Using the D-optimality method for selection of the optimal experiment values, three control threshold variables for the HCU are selected to maximize the hydrogen fuel economy under certain driving cycles. The proposed method provides the optimal configuration of the FCHV model, which has the capability of achieving the requested drive power while also meeting the vehicle driving schedule and recovery needs of the state of charge (SOC) battery, with lower fuel consumption levels.     

New Optimal Power Management Strategy for Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Recently Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have gained increasing attention due to their ability to reduce the fuel consumption and emissions. In this paper a new efficient power management strategy is proposed for a series PHEV. According to the battery state of charge (SOC) and vehicle power requirement, a new rule-based optimal power controller with four different operating modes is designed to improve the fuel economy of the vehicle. Furthermore, the teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) method is employed to find the optimal engine power and battery power under the specified driving cycle while the fuel consumption is considered as the fitness function. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, four different driving cycles with various numbers of driving distances for each driving cycle are selected for the simulation study. The performance of the proposed optimal power management strategy is compared with the rule-based power management method. The results verify that the proposed power management method could significantly improve the fuel economy of the series PHEV for different driving conditions.     

并联式混合动力电动汽车电池参数优选

通过研究双轴并联混合动力电动汽车控制策略,分析电池参数和整车油耗的关系,确定电池电压、容量和最大充放电功率的变化范围。基于CRUISE的仿真平台,以整车循环工况油耗最省为目的,优选电池的各个参数。并将选定的电池参数代入模型中,进行动力性分析计算。计算结果表明,在满足整车动力性的要求下,通过对电池参数的优化,可提高混合动力电动汽车的燃油经济性和动力电池组的性价比。     

Fuel economy evaluation of fuel cell hybrid vehicles based on optimal control

The fuel economy of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) depends on its power management strategy because the strategy determines the power split between the power sources. Several types of power management strategies have been developed to improve the fuel economy of FCHVs. This paper proposes an optimal control scheme based on the Minimum Principle. This optimal control provides the necessary optimality conditions that minimize the fuel consumption and optimize the power distribution between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the battery during driving. In this optimal control, the final battery state of charge (SOC) and the fuel consumption have an approximately proportional relationship. This relationship is expressed by a linear line, and this line is defined as the optimal line in this research. The optimal lines for different vehicle masses and different driving cycles are obtained and compared. This research presents a new method of fuel economy evaluation. The fuel economy of other power management strategies can be evaluated based on the optimal lines. A rule-based power management strategy is introduced, and its fuel economy is evaluated by the optimal line.     

燃料电池重型货车整车开发主要矛盾辨析与应对研究

在我国,中重型货车是温室气体及污染物排放的主要贡献者,加快以柴油为主的中重型货车向电动化转型十分迫切,纯电动与燃料电池是当下最受重视的两条技术路线。纯电动路线在十多年的中短途运输和公共领域中的发展被证明是成功的;燃料电池路线在能量补给、能量密度等方面的优势比纯电动路线更适宜于长途重型货车的应用,目前正处于迅猛发展阶段。然而,以柴油牵引汽车为例,车辆可通过采用大油箱轻松达到 3 000 km的续驶里程,而当前的燃料电池牵引汽车的续驶里程正努力向500 km迈进,远不能与柴油汽车相比较。鉴于此,基于客户需求视角考虑,当下燃料电池重型货 车整车开发的主要矛盾,是过低的车载储氢量带来的续驶里程过低问题,这主要是由氢过低的体积存储密度决定的。提高燃料电池堆和燃料电池系统的能量转化效率虽然有助于提升续驶里程,但其前提是关键材料的技术突破。在当前整车开发中,最大限度地提升车载储氢量,降低辅助系统能耗,提高机械传动与电力电子系统效率,降低车辆行驶消耗更具有现实意义和可操作性。重点介绍在提升车载储氢量和降低车辆空气阻力系数方面的措施,以及对提升续驶里程的影响。按照《节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0》的愿景,能够实现燃料电池重型货车到2030年达到800 km的续驶里程的目标。     

燃料电池混合动力汽车动力系统匹配与优化研究

首先,基于中国客车典型循环工况对燃料电池混合动力系统进行匹配计算,确定了电动机、燃料电池发动机和蓄电池的基本参数;然后基于中国客车典型循环工况,建立燃料电池混合动力系统的优化模型,采用序列二次规划算法进行优化,分析了各种参数对整车燃料经济性的影响,包括燃料电池发动机与动力蓄电池之间的功率分配比、SOC的初始值与目标值、变速器传动比及传动比间隔以及主减速比等,为燃料电池混合动力汽车的构型提供指导。     

氢燃料电池混合动力汽车能量管理系统建模与仿真分析

为了合理分配燃料电池/动力电池混合动力汽车(FCHV)行驶过程中双电源的能量投入比例,更好地保护电池,本文讨论了“FC+B”汽车混合动力系统,设计了一种能量管理控制方法,利用Matlab/Simulink建立了能量管理系统模型,并对该能量管理系统进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明,制定的能量管理控制方法,可有效判断并计算需求功率,准确分配燃料电池和动力电池的功率,使FCHV具有良好经济性和安全性。     

Development of route information based driving control algorithm for a range-extended electric vehicle

A route information based driving control algorithm was developed for an RE-EV which consists of two motorgenerators, MG1 and MG2. A threshold power which controls the engine on/off to charge the battery was obtained by an optimization process using route information, such as the vehicle velocity and altitude. The threshold power allows the vehicle to travel to the final destination while making the final battery SOC close to SOC _low. Using the threshold power, route based control (RBC) was proposed by considering the driver’s characteristics and traffic conditions using the driving data base. In addition, a relationship between the threshold power and various initial battery SOC was obtained by off-line optimization. The performance of the RBC was evaluated by simulation and human-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) for city driving. It was found from the simulation and HILS results that the RBC achieved approximately 4 % to 12 % reduction in fuel consumption compared to the existing charge depleting/charge sustaining (CD/CS) driving control.     

基于小波变换的燃料电池混合动力系统多能源管理策略研究

设计了一种由燃料电池、超级电容和锂离子电池组成的新型混合动力系统;提出了一种基于小波变换的燃料电池混合动力能量管理策略,实现了按功率需求的变化频率对燃料电池、超级电容和锂离子电池进行能量分配,从而改善了系统的性能,延长了部件寿命;进行了该系统的建模和仿真,结果表明该方法可以很好地实现功率分配,满足设计要求。     

Fuel consumption of fuel cell hybrid vehicles considering battery SOC differences

Fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) have become one of the most promising candidates for future transportation due to current energy supply problem and environmental problem. Fuel economy is an important factor in FCHVs. In order to properly evaluate the fuel economy of an FCHV, the initial battery state of charge (SOC) and the final battery SOC have to be identical so that the effect of the battery energy usage on the fuel economy is neglected. In the simulation or in the real driving, however, the final battery SOC is usually different from the initial battery SOC, and the final battery SOC often depends on the power management strategy. To consider the difference between the two battery SOC values, the concept of equivalent fuel consumption is presented by two methods. One is based on the relationship between delta SOC and delta fuel consumption, and the other is based on the optimal control theory. Two rule-based power management strategies for an FCHV are presented, and for each strategy, the fuel economy is evaluated based on the two methods. The characteristics of the two methods are discussed and compared, and the superior one is selected based on the comparison.     

燃料电池电动车的混合度分析

通过软件ADVISOR对燃料电池电动车和各子系统进行了建模并对整车性能进行了仿真。仿真结果显示,在某种混合度下整车燃料经济性较高。通过仿真过程分析,描述了不同行驶循环的动力性要求、两供能部件效率以及混合度三者之间的相互影响和复杂关系,并给出了结论。     

Effects of Test Conditions on Fuel Economy of Gasoline-Powered Vehicle

In this study, the influence on fuel economy testing of gasoline-powered vehicles is evaluated for various test conditions (e.g., laboratory temperature, soaking time, cooling fan, battery charge state, and driving mode tracking). It showed a difference in fuel economy results of approximately 3 % between low (88 %) and high (99 %) battery state of charge conditions because the alternator saving function has a positive effect on fuel economy. Fuel economy testing with laboratory temperature changes gave a slight reduction at 21 °C and slight increase at 29 °C. The cooling fan changes had an almost negligible effect on fuel consumption. The largest fuel economy result varied by 5.2 % in the soft, standard, and rough driving conditions.     

混合动力电动汽车结构分析

混合动力电动汽车（HEV）是指以蓄电池与辅助动力单元（APU）共同作为动力源的汽车。由于混合动力电动汽车在节能和降低排放污染方面的明显优势，因而受到很大的重视，研制开发和产业化的进程相当快，目前混合动力电动汽车主要有两种混合驱动结构，串联式和并联式，对这两种混合动力系统结构和特点进行了分析，并重点对并联式结构中的不同结构进行了分析介绍。     

并联式混合动力汽车传动系参数优化

为了充分发挥混合动力汽车的优越性,文章以整车燃油经济性的评价为基础,通过分析混合动力汽车动力系统的组成,建立了燃油经济性最佳的数学模型;依据考虑汽车的动力性和动力电池的荷电系数要求,使用复合形优化方法对目标函数进行了优化：并利用具体车型对优化方法进行了验证。结果表明,100km油耗降低21％,经济性得到较大提高,动力性仍然保持设计要求？指出采用逆向求解的手段来获得汽车的燃油经济性,并以其为目标函数开发的优化设计系统,能较好地改善汽车的燃油经济性,此优化方法对普通汽车的传动系统优化也具有参考作用。     

基于遗传算法系统效率优化的PHEV电量保持模式控制策略

为了提高插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）在电量保持下的燃油经济性,并解决插电式混合动力汽车在运行过程中动力元件效率对系统能量利用率影响的问题,制定了系统效率最优的控制策略。以PHEV关键动力部件的测试数据为基础,建立发动机、驱动电机、无级变速器（CVT）以及动力电池等关键部件的效率数值模型,并考虑了温度及荷电状态（SOC）对动力电池充放电功率的影响。设计以混合动力系统效率最优为适应度评价函数,将CVT速比、发动机转矩作为优化变量,以车速、加速度和SOC为状态变量,在动力性指标的约束下,运用遗传算法进行迭代寻优,PHEV的系统效率在第20代左右收敛于全局最优值。同时发动机转矩和CVT速比通过多代遗传进化,较快收敛于最佳值。将相关优化结果与车速、加速度拟合成相应的三维控制数表,综合数值建模和试验测试数据建模的方法,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建插电式混合动力汽车整车控制策略仿真模型,采用新欧洲行驶循环工况进行仿真验证。结果表明：插电式混合动力汽车在电量保持模式下,利用遗传算法优化的系统效率最优控制策略相比优化前,动力电池SOC运行更为平稳,CVT效率有所提升,驱动电机及发动机转矩分配更为合理;百公里燃油消耗量从优化前的5.2 L降至4.5 L,燃油经济性提升了13.5%。     

燃料电池汽车混合动力系统参数匹配与优化

首先分析燃料电池的特性得出了动力总成结构配置的优化解决方案,并且根据设计性能要求进行动力总成主要部件基本参数设计;最后基于典型的客车循环工况,建立燃料电池混合动力系统的优化模型,采用序列二次规划算法对混合动力系统的两种能量管理策略进行优化仿真,其结果符合设计要求。     

增程式电动车动力电池组低温行车预热策略

为了提高动力电池组低温环境下的放电效率,针对增程式电动车低温行车条件,考虑电池组预热过程中单体温度的不一致及单体排布等因素的影响,进行增程式电动车动力电池组低温行车预热策略研究。采用Chrom_17011充放电测试机及高低温恒温箱对26650磷酸铁锂电池单体进行低温试验与AMESim模型仿真对比的方法验证预热模型的精度,分析发动机怠速为电池组进行预热时,水泵转速、串行通风鼓风量、串行通道单体数量及单体与单体之间的间隙对电池包内入、出口单体温差的影响。通过整车仿真,分析行车预热策略与传统CDCS策略在不同环境温度下对等价燃油消耗量的影响。研究结果表明：在单体排布间距固定和水泵转速为800 r·min^-1的条件下,电池包串行通风风量越大,串行通道入、出口单体温差越小,单体预热时间相对较长,且在串行通风风量不小于3 g·s^-1的条件下,能满足电池包串行通道最大温差小于5℃的要求;环境温度在-20℃时,行车预热策略比CDCS策略等价燃油消耗率降低16.25%,纯电动续驶里程增加9.95 km;其影响等价燃油消耗率的因素有制动能量回收量和内阻消耗量,内阻消耗量是影响等价燃油消耗率升高的主要因素。