海洋平台结构系统疲劳可靠性分析方法

本文研究了海洋平台结构系统疲劳可靠性评估方法。文中对平台结构简生管节点疲劳可靠性分析模型进行了简单的评述，在该模型的基础上，建立了用S－N曲线模型与断裂力学模型分别计算平台完好管节点及有初始裂纹管节点疲劳寿命的平告结构系统疲劳可靠性分析模型。作为一个算例，文中运用作者开发的程序系统，对一固定式导管架平台进行了疲劳可靠性计算。     

A probabilistic damage tolerance concept for welded joints Part 2: a supplement to the rule based S–N approach

The first part of this paper presented the required statistics and stochastic models for reliability analysis of the fatigue fracture of welded plate joints. This present Part 2 suggests a probabilistic damage tolerance supplement to the design S–N curves for welded joints. The goal is to provide the practising engineer with simple tools that predict the reliability against fatigue fracture during service life. The impact of the chosen fatigue design factors (FDF) and the uncertainty in the applied stresses is revealed. The effect of an in-service inspection programme is also predicted. The results are presented as dimensionless matrices and suggested for use in support of decision-making at the design stage, without any advanced fracture mechanics modelling and stochastic simulation. One important advantage of this format is that the probability levels are presented regardless of actual weld class and target service life (TSL). This is obtained by introducing the FDF as a key parameter to the results. This parameter is defined as the ratio of predicted fatigue life over TSL. FDF is always calculated in the S–N approach which is mandatory in fatigue life prediction. Various welded details (classes) will have the same reliability level for the same FDF. This is true at the end of TSL and at earlier stages, i.e. fractions of TSL. The absolute value of TSL is immaterial for a given FDF. In the case of in-service inspection, the inspection interval is also given without dimensions as a fraction of TSL.

Only the influence of future scheduled inspections is treated. Updating based on actual inspection results is not included as the scope of work is inspection planning at the design stage. Results for some frequent cases occurring in practice are readily derived and presented.     

考虑小裂纹和保载时间效应的疲劳可靠性分析

大深度载人潜水器的载人舱材质是高强度金属,不可避免地会受到疲劳损害现象的挑战。实际的载人舱结构中存在着由外部因素和内部因素引起的不确定性,其疲劳寿命将受到这些不确定性的影响。在前期的研究中,课题组基于统一的疲劳裂纹扩展率模型进行了疲劳可靠性分析方法的探讨,可作为进一步进行载人舱疲劳寿命预报的基础。但是,该模型无法反映小裂纹和保载时间的影响,而这正是载人舱结构和所受载荷的重要特征,应进行深入研究。所以,课题组提出了一个小裂纹扩展率模型和两个反映保载时间效应的裂纹扩展率模型,以更好地解释载人舱用钛合金金属的蠕变疲劳特性。文中基于这三个模型,结合不同的理论方法,进行了疲劳可靠性分析,考察了可靠度分析方法之间的不同、输入参数以及不同的裂纹扩展理论模型对结构的疲劳可靠性的影响。     

4500米级载人深潜器耐压球壳疲劳可靠性分析

采用能计及裂纹闭合以及裂纹前缘的三维约束效应的裂纹扩展预报模型对我国研制中的4500米载人深潜器钛合金耐压球壳的疲劳寿命研究。参考国外同级别深潜器下潜统计数据建立了疲劳载荷概率模型,基于响应面法开展了疲劳可靠性分析,得到了失效概率及各随机变量参数敏感性结果,对载人球壳抗疲劳设计及结构安全性评估具有一定的参考意义。     

船舶典型节点疲劳强度试验及S-N曲线拟合方法研究

疲劳评估的关键问题是S-N曲线的选取,对于某些结构复杂的大型船舶特有的结构形式,现有规范没有合适的S-N曲线.为了更合理准确地进行结构疲劳强度研究,本文选取某型具有复杂结构的船舶,用实尺度模型试验的方法研究几种典型节点的S-N曲线特性.通过全船有限元谱分析疲劳强度计算,筛选出疲劳问题重点关注区域,确定模型试验部位;根据疲劳问题严重区域的实船结构,设计加工典型节点实尺度疲劳试验模型;确定多个加载工况,进行典型节点疲劳强度试验,获取典型节点多种载荷工况下的疲劳寿命值,在此基础上,研究得到各节点S-N曲线及P-S-N曲线;应用试验所得P-S-N曲线,对船体典型节点部位进行疲劳强度评估,并与规范S-N曲线结果进行了对比,指出了它们的差异.     

关于在役舰艇非概率可靠性模型的安全性评估

文章基于非概率可靠性理论和概率统计理论,结合描述抽样的蒙特卡洛数值模拟法,建立了腐蚀损伤下的现役舰艇船体结构非概率可靠性和概率可靠性分析模型。然后,以某大型舰艇为例,采用两种可靠性分析模型对该舰腐蚀损伤后船体结构的可靠性进行了分析,最后,对两种可靠性分析模型的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:非概率可靠性理论既凸显不确定性变量的客观随机性又兼具计算量小、效率高、结果保守等优势,在工程应用中具有较强的适用性和实用性。     

金属疲劳裂纹扩展率曲线与S-N曲线之间的关系

目前有两种不同的理论用于预报金属结构的疲劳寿命。一种是基于S－N曲线的累积疲劳损伤理论，另一种是基于裂纹扩展率曲线的疲劳裂纹扩展理论，如果都把一个构件的最终断裂作为疲劳破坏的定义，则S－N曲线和裂纹扩展率曲线均是反映金属在疲劳载荷作用下的基本材料特性。尽管在过去这两种曲线是分别测试的，但它们之间应该存在一些相互关系。本文的主要目的就是讨论它们之间的关系。基于S－N曲线的一个一般表达式和裂纹扩展率曲线的一个有代表性的表达式，本文建立了两种曲线之间的一个正式关系，这表明只需要测试一种曲线，而另一种曲线就可以根据已有的试验结果导出。文章以一个中央裂纹平板作为例子，演示了如何根据一种曲线推导另一种曲线。     

船用汽轮机转子疲劳裂纹扩展寿命分析

分析汽轮机转子疲劳裂纹扩展寿命各种随机变量的统计分布规律和参数估计,给出计算裂纹扩展寿命的Monte-Carlo模拟仿真过程,运用Miner法则分析循环载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命评估方法,以某型转子的计算实例证明概率断裂力学方法的有效性。     

钛合金载人球壳的疲劳寿命可靠性分析

本文通过引入一种改进的裂纹扩展率表达式,首先给出了深海钛合金载人球壳的疲劳可靠性模型,在对模型中各随机变量的统计特征进行分析的基础上,采用ISPUD软件中的重要样本法,计算了载人球壳的疲劳可靠性指标,证明载人球壳的疲劳强度是符合设计要求的.然后,通过对各参数的灵敏度进行分析发现,随机变量m、A、Deepth、αre对最终疲劳可靠性有显著影响,必须在设计加工阶段给予足够重视,而随机变量m与A、αre与α的相关系数对最终疲劳可靠性影响不大,在实际计算中可以忽略.     

基于结构疲劳动态可靠性分析的船舶结构概率损伤容限设计

本文根据结构可靠性理论，提出了一种基于结构疲劳动态可靠性分析的损伤容限分析方法，给出结构疲劳裂纹随机扩展过程中疲劳寿命分布和结构疲劳可靠性的表达式。在给定与疲劳寿命有关的各参数条件下求得动态可靠性曲线，从而在结构设计中根据可靠性要求确定或选择设计参数。     

Fatigue crack growth behaviour of A5083 series aluminium alloys and their welded joints

We investigated the difference in fatigue behaviour between the aluminium alloys A5083-O and A5083-H321, which are used as structural components in ships and high speed craft. We obtained S–N curves for the base materials and the welded joints made of A5083-O. The relationships between the fatigue crack propagation rates and the stress intensity factor ranges ΔK, ΔK _eff and ΔK _RPG (Toyosada et al. in Int J Fatigue 26(9):983–992, 2004) were determined. Additionally, the evolution of fatigue crack growth for the base materials and the welded joints made of A5083-O was measured. We also carried out numerical simulations of fatigue crack growth for both base metals and their welded joints made of A5083-O. The difference in fatigue crack growth behaviour for each alloy and the validity of the numerical simulations of fatigue crack growth based on the RPG stress criterion (Toyosada et al. 2004) in the base materials and their welded joints was investigated.     

Numerical simulations of fatigue crack initiation and propagation based on re-tensile plastic zone generating load criterion for in-plane gusset welded joints

Many accidents are caused by fatigue in welded built-up steel structures, and so it is important to estimate the fatigue lives of such structures quantitatively for safety reasons. By assuming that fatigue cracks cannot grow without an accumulation of alternating tensile/compressional plastic strain, one of the authors identified an improved effective stress intensity factor range ΔK _RPG based on the re-tensile plastic zone generating (RPG) load, which represents the driving force for fatigue cracks, and suggested that ΔK _RPG should be used as the parameter to describe fatigue crack growth behavior. The “FLARP” numerical simulation code in which ΔK _RPG is implemented as the fatigue crack growth parameter, was developed in order to predict fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior. In this paper, it is demonstrated that FLARP gives accurate estimates for fatigue life by comparing the estimated fatigue crack growth curves and S–N curves with the experimental results for in-plane gusset welded joints, which are used in many welded steel structures. Moreover, the effect of induced bending moment due to the linear misalignment in the out of plane direction on the fatigue strength of in-plane gusset welded joints is investigated through numerical simulations.     

潜艇结构锥柱结合壳损伤容限研究

损伤容限与耐久性的结合体现了现代潜艇结构延长寿命、提高可靠性和降低维修成本的综合要求.损伤容限分析的关键问题是正确估算剩余寿命.本文以断裂力学为理论基础,通过对带有初始裂纹的潜艇典型焊接节点模型的剩余寿命有限元分析,将计算结果和试验结果相比较,考核剩余寿命有限元分析方法的可靠性,从而对有初始缺陷或裂纹的疲劳热点区域--潜艇锥柱结合壳进行剩余寿命有限元估算,在此基础上进行潜艇锥柱结合壳损伤容限研究.并对具有不同尺寸的初始裂纹结构的剩余寿命进行有限元分析,确定潜艇在交付使用和检修时的损伤容限尺寸.     

船舶焊接钛合金拉伸疲劳断裂机理的研究

通过对TC4钛合金焊接试样拉伸疲劳断裂试验结果及其断口和卸载表面观察分析,发现试样断口上有明显的河流花纹走向和起裂源,并伴有韧窝和韧性条带特征。起裂源常位于断口表面角落附近。其断裂机理是疲劳拉伸载荷作用下,在应力值比较高的时候一些沿层裂纹开始出现并扩展,当疲劳裂纹的长度达到与疲劳外加力所匹配的临界裂纹长度时,突然发生准解理断裂。试样断口呈现出准解理与韧窝断裂的混合特征。     

钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验及预报方法

本文针对深海载人潜水器耐压壳用钛合金,开展疲劳性能试验研究,得到该类型钛合金的室温断裂韧性,载荷比R=0.1下的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值及疲劳裂纹扩展速率,基于选用的疲劳裂纹扩展预报模型,对载荷比R=0.1下的钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了预报研究。结果表明:在载荷比不变的前提下,应力强度因子范围是疲劳裂纹扩展速率的主要影响因素,应力强度因子范围的增加会导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率增加;考虑小裂纹效应的疲劳裂纹扩展预报模型可对钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行准确预报。     

复杂载荷作用下潜艇结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

统一疲劳裂纹扩展模型是课题组在McEvily模型基础上提出来的,它将疲劳裂纹扩展的3个扩展区域统一起来,并能解释更多的疲劳试验现象.本文介绍了统一疲劳裂纹扩展模型的基本表达式.将此模型与焊缝焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨复杂载荷作用下潜艇结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法.将服从Weibull分布的随机载荷系列编排为升序、降序载荷谱及随机载荷谱,预报潜艇锥柱结合壳焊缝焊趾处表面裂纹在3种载荷谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展情况,并分析随机载荷谱下载荷次序效应及初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响.结果表明,载荷次序效应对潜艇结构疲劳寿命的影响很明显,且合理的确定初始裂纹尺寸对潜艇结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的.     

Review of empirical and semi-empirical Y factor solutions for cracked welded tubular joints

The practical use of fracture mechanics has been established for use on large turbine and electric generator rotor components used in the atomic power generation and the aircraft industry. Application areas in the offshore industry have also been identified. Fracture mechanics is currently used at the design stage of offshore facilities. It provides the basis for fatigue life prediction, steel selection and tolerance setting on allowable weld imperfections. Fracture mechanics is also used during the operational stage of a structure to make important decisions on inspection scheduling and repair strategies and as a tool for establishing limits on operational conditions. Linear elastic fracture mechanics relies on the use of the stress intensity factor concept. The stress intensity factor is a very important fracture mechanics parameter. Therefore, the accuracy of any fracture mechanics model for the prediction of fatigue crack growth in offshore structures for example will depend very much on the accuracy of the stress intensity factor solution used. Several empirical and semi-empirical solutions have been developed over the years with varying degrees of accuracy. This paper presents a review of some of these methods and attempts to assess their accuracy in predicting Y factors for welded tubular joints by comparing predicted results with experimental data obtained from fatigue tests conducted on large scale welded tubular joints. The experimental results were conducted under simulated service conditions, using a jack-up offshore standard load history (JOSH). A comparison between the experimental and predicted results shows that there may be other factors, which influence fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude conditions. Some of these factors have been identified and discussed in this paper.     

板厚对14MnNbq钢焊接件疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

为研究厚板的原始焊接板厚及取样位置对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律,完成了14MnNbq钢5种原始焊接板厚(40 mm、50 mm、60 mm、80 mm和100 mm),共计30个疲劳试件的裂纹扩展试验。运用数理统计方法回归处理试验数据,得到了在给定置信水平下的5组da/dN-ΔK曲线以及Paris公式的拟合值参量,同时还得到了100 mm厚板不同取样部位的da/dN-ΔK曲线。结果表明:随着原始焊接板厚的增加,疲劳裂纹扩展速率也在加大;受取样位置的影响,表面试件比中部试件的疲劳裂纹扩展速率快。     

深海超高压环境模拟容器裂纹评定

深海超高压环境模拟容器用于模拟水下压力环境,其容器壁上承受反复载荷,容易产生疲劳裂纹.疲劳裂纹扩展是影响其断裂的主要因素.本文旨在分析半椭圆裂纹在老化的深海超高压环境模拟容器中的扩展行为,评估容器的安全性,因此对材料20MnMoNb钢的裂纹扩展特性进行了试验研究,首先考虑三角形和梯形加载情况,通过比较两组实验结果,考察了其材料对保载时间的敏感性.采用基于统一的裂纹扩展率模型的三维有限元方法进行了疲劳裂纹扩展计算,并通过CT试样的一组数值和实验结果进行了验证,最后建立了不同初始尺寸、展弦比和倾角的裂纹有限元模型,并根据裂纹在容器内壁的容许深度准则,计算了容器的剩余寿命.其分析结果可为深海超高压环境模拟容器可靠性评估提供参考.