分道通航制水域船舶航行与管理方法探究

分道通航制的建立为航行在环境复杂水域的船舶提供了安全的保障,各类船舶事故因此而大幅度减少,但由于种种原因,分道通航制水域的船舶事故尤其是碰撞事故仍时有发生。本文从船舶、船员、船公司和安全主管机关四个方面出发,综合分析船舶在分道通航制水域的事故原因,并相应的提出分道通航制水域船舶安全与管理的对策,以求船舶在分道通航制水域航行更安全,水域更清洁。     

我国沿海关键水域设定分道的认识和探讨

我国沿海船舶活动频繁且通航密度大、航线设计交汇叠加、会遇局面频繁发生、船舶交通事故及险情多发,在这样的航路上,规划和设立分道是目前最有效的方式。文中就沿海关键水域设定分道通航进行了探讨,以期优化我国沿岸航行船舶航路,努力减少我国沿海的航行风险。     

重视分道通行制区域的安全航行

众所周知，多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡、马六甲和新加坡海峡、西班牙和葡萄牙海岸、苏伊士运河南端以及中国的老铁山水道、成山头水域等等，都是航行的复杂航段。上述区域具有船舶密度大、交通情况复杂、航道和自然环境不尽人意、回旋余地小的特点。为此，IMO采纳分道通航制，旨在隔开相反的通航船舶流向以避免发生对遇，从而避免碰撞事故的发生。然而，船长和驾驶员切不可因为实行了分道通行制而放松应有的戒备。我们经常会遇到诸如客轮高速穿越分道，捕鱼船在分道内捕鱼；船舶在分道内滞航等待引航或者上物料；高速船从后面赶上贴近被追越船追越；船舶任意穿越分道进入沿岸锚地；或者船速相差无几的二条或三条船占据整个分道齐头并进。凡此种种都给在分道内按船舶总流向行驶的船舶带来麻烦，有时甚至险象环生。因此，在分道通航制区域内航行，仍应引起船长和驾驶人员的高度重视。     

船舶定线制对航海资料体例的变革

定线制又称定线通航制，是在船舶航线汇合区域和通航密度大或船舶行动受限制的区域，规定或推荐航行路线供过境船舶使用的海上安全措施。它包括分道通航制、双向航路、推荐航线、避航区、沿岸通航带、环行道、警戒区和深水航路。在人类漫长的航海实践中，海上航行似乎畅行无阻，随着近代航海技术的发展和船舶数量的急剧增多，海上航行也进入了交通秩序的时代。     

珠江口船舶定线制修订研究

本文通过对珠江口现有船舶定线制及通航环境的调查和统计分析,提出了设立进出广州港的大型船舶推荐航路作为该海域现存定线制的修订方案,该方案符合该海域大型船舶的习惯航路。通过使用推荐航路起到分隔大小船舶交通流的作用,同时又能减少担杆水道分道通航的压力,不会对不使用船舶定线制的船舶造成严重影响;该方案实施后将有利于降低交通流交汇区水上事故和第四通航分道西行分道大型船舶搁浅事故的发生率。将进一步提高和发挥珠江口船舶定线制保障船舶航行安全,提高船舶航行效率的作用。     

长山水道分道通航可行性分析

船舶定线制,作为国际上被广泛采用的船舶交通管理措施,在规范船舶交通流,保障航行安全,提高交通效率方面起着非常重要的作用。随着经济发展,长山水道内的通航密度越来越大,交通流模式越来越复杂,长山水道存在航行秩序比较混乱、船舶间会遇频繁、事故隐患多的问题。为了从根本上治理长山水道通航秩序,规范并简化船舶交通流,提高通航效率,减少水上交通事故,制定并实施船舶分道通航措施显得非常迫切。     

船舶在定线制区域内航行的方法与要点

<正>船舶定线制概述1.船舶定线制的概念船舶定线制是指由主管机关或技术性组织用法律规定或推荐形式指定船舶在海上某些区域航行时所应遵循或采用的航线、航路或通航分道。旨在减少海难事故的单航路或多航路的定线措施,一般有分道通航制、双向航路、推荐航线、推荐航路、避航区、沿岸通航带、双行道、警戒区和深水航路等9种定线措施。     

对“宁波-舟山港核心港区定线制”的思考

船舶定线(ships’ routeing)是船舶交通管理系统的一个重要组成部分,它是由岸基部门用法规或推荐的形式制定船舶在海上某些区域航行时应遵循或采用的航线、航路或通航分道,以增进船舶的航行安全。     

《长江江苏段船舶定线制规定》水域延伸的理论与实践

定线制的历史沿革现代航海定线制（ship＇sRouting）即分道通航制始于1956年,其倡导者是西班牙海军少将Garcia&#183;Frias,他在1956年提出在船舶交通繁忙的直布罗陀海峡及其附近建立由单向通航分道和分隔带组成的现代通航分隔制。在多佛尔海峡1967年6月1日正式完成第一个现代的分道通航制,并以航行通告方式通知船舶公司在海图上标明。     

国际海事组织航行安全分委会(NAV57)会议概况

国际海事组织(IMO)航行安全分委会第57次会议(NAV57)日前在伦敦IMO总部召开。一、审议并通过的船舶定线制、报告制(一)会议审议并批准的分道通航制和定线措施:1.芬兰和瑞典水域在Norra Kvarken设立新的分道通航制;2.英国修     

海水源空调热泵船舶应用前景研究

通过对冬季的渤海、黄海、东海海域水温状况分析以及空调热泵设备的初投资和运行费用的比较,对海水源空调热泵在船舶上的适用性作出了一个初步的研究结论,并提出了扩大空调热泵应用海域的初步方法,对扩大空调热泵在船舶上的应用、降低能源消耗具有指导意义.     

浅谈滚装客船风浪中大角度避碰

滚装客船易受风浪影响,大角度避让会产生更大的横倾,导致汽车倾翻、失火、沉船等事故。根据《国际海上避碰规则》的要求,结合本类船舶的特点,值班驾驶员应及早地小舵角避让,确保安全航行。     

桥梁主通航孔施工期通航方案及保障措施

我国内河水域新建桥梁在对主墩进行施工过程中,为了确保船舶正常通航,海事部门要求实行单向通航。因此,主墩施工期间桥区水域可能出现船舶排队等候过桥的现象,船舶等候过桥势必增加桥区水域复杂的通航环境,目前海事部门规定桥区水域(单向通航)航行的船舶之间应保持足够的安全距离。通过建立数学计算模型对桥区水域(单向通航)通航船舶之间安全距离进行量化研究,探讨出桥区水域船舶之间安全距离计算方法。为海事部门制定桥区水域通航安全管理规定、维护桥区水域良好的通航秩序和船舶过桥安全提供科学的理论依据。     

“数字海事”集成信息系统探讨

探讨如何利用当今先进技术手段建设一个“数字海事”集成信息系统，以实现各相关单位共享海事信息，实现对航行船舶的动态监控，保障航行安全、保证船岸信息交流，从而保障海运交通安全通畅。     

An Overview of Spatial Management and Marine Protected Areas in the East China Sea

Marine ecosystems of the East China Sea are rich in biodiversity, with 12,933 species of which approximately 47.7% are endemic. As anthropogenic impacts are intensifying, fishery resources and biodiversity in the East China Sea are under threat from overfishing, habitat loss, pollution, and biological invasions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) and other spatial management measures are believed useful tools to protect and restore biological resources. Seventeen nature reserves, seven special marine reserves, and three fishery resource conservation zones covering a combined area of 102,156 km² have so far been established in the Chinese East China Sea in order to protect fishery resources, biodiversity, and marine landscapes. This article provides a review and inventory of MPAs in the Chinese East China Sea as implemented by the People's Republic of China.     

Autumn net copepod abundance and assemblages in relation to water masses on the continental shelf of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Copepod species diversity, abundance and assemblages in relation to water masses over the continental shelf of the Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) were studied extensively based on the net plankton samples in autumn 2000. Multivariate analysis based on copepod assemblage resulted in recognition of five groups (Groups 1−5) corresponding to the water masses. Groups 1 and 2 delineated from inshore stations with low salinity YS Surface Water, and offshore stations with YS Cold Water in the YS. Group 3 located in the joint area of YS and ECS mainly with Mixed Water. Groups 4 and 5 in the ECS delineated two assemblages mainly from inshore and shallow stations with ECS Mixed Water in the southeastern ECS, and offshore stations along the ECS shelf edge controlled by saline Kuroshio Water. Salinity and temperature were more important in characterizing copepod assemblage of the continental shelf than chlorophyll a.     

Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976–2000

The changes in the environmental features of the Yellow Sea during the last 25 years of the 20th century were studied using a set of seasonally monitored data along a transect (at 36°N) maintained by the State Oceanic Administration of China. The data included the ocean temperature (T), salinity (S) and biogenic elements, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphorus (PO₄-P), silicon (SiO₃-Si) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN).The seasonal (summer and winter) values and the annual mean of these elements showed significant changes during the monitored period. Time series of T, S, DIN and N:P ratios exhibited positive trends, while those of DO, P and Si exhibited negative trends. During this period, the annual mean of T and DIN in the Yellow Sea increased by 1.7 °C and 2.95 μmol L⁻¹, respectively, while those of DO, P and Si decreased by 59.1, 0.1 and 3.93 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. In the 1980s, particularly in between 1985 and 1989, concentrations of P and Si dropped to near the ecological threshold for growth of diatoms. The N:P ratio increased from 4 in 1984 to over 16 in 2000. The climate trend coefficients, R_xt, for these time series are all above 0.43 with significance levels of 95%, except for salinity. The increases in T were consistent with the recent climate warming in northern China and the adjacent seas, i.e. the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. The reduction of DO was probably attributable to the increase in T and decrease in primary production in these regions. The positive trend of DIN was mainly attributable to precipitation and partly to Changjiang River discharge. The negative concentration trends of P and Si were due to the decreases in their concentrations in seawater that flowed to the Yellow Sea from the Bohai Sea. As a result, N:P ratios greatly increased in the seawater of the Yellow Sea.Moreover, some important responses of the Yellow Sea ecosystems to the changes in physical variables and chemical biogenic elements were obviously displayed. These responses include strengthening nutrient limitation, decreasing chlorophyll a, primary production and phytoplankton abundance, succession of dominant phytoplankton species from diatoms to non-diatoms, changes in fish community structure and species diversity.     

控制河段船舶违规航行检测方法

长江上游控制河段狭窄、弯曲,为确保航道畅通和行轮安全,行轮必须根据信号台的通行指挥信号,单向、有序通过。一旦行轮未遵守通行指挥信号违规航行,极易发生船舶碰撞甚至搁浅等海事事故。基于AIS、视频监控和通行指挥信号提出一种控制河段船舶违规航行的检测方法,通过消除船舶倒影和拖尾水纹等噪声干扰,对船舶目标进行检测,通过多个摄像头轮流采集图像,实现多视场下跟踪船舶航迹;最后结合控制河段的通行规则,对违规航行行为进行判别。结果表明,该方法可对控制河段中违规航行船舶进行准确判别。     

计算机编程在船舶交管系统中的应用

目前,随着航海技术和世界贸易的飞速发展,大型船舶和高速船舶日益增多,使得繁忙水域的船舶交通流管理越来越复杂,难度也越来越大,这一切迫使越来越多的人们试图运用计算机的高速计算功能来开发各种各样的船舶运动分析应用程序,以提高船舶交管系统的工作效率,改善船舶通航环境,确保船舶安全航行。笔者尝试用VB语言开发"船舶交通管理中船舶流分析程序"来探索计算机编程在船舶交通流控制与管理中的辅助应用问题。