五轴转向重型汽车转向性能的研究

以多体系统动力学理论为基础,利用ADAMS建立了五轴转向重型汽车的整车虚拟样机模型,对该模型进行了仿真分析.由分析结果可知,转向轮转角越大,轮胎磨损越严重.为提高重型汽车的灵活性,延长轮胎的使用寿命,对该模型进行了优化.通过仿真分析可知,优化后的转向性能明显提高.同时分析比较了五轴转向重型汽车与前两轴转向重型汽车的转向性能,结果表明,五轴转向重型汽车转弯半径小,轮胎磨损小.     

电动客车稳态转向特性仿真研究

利用虚拟样机分析软件ADAMS建立了整车多体动力学模型,并进行了仿真分析。研究了由电池布置带来的前后轴载荷变化(整车质心位置变化)和横向稳定杆对转向性能的影响。结果显示,整车在空载和满载时均为不足转向;后轴载荷比例增加对稳态转向不利;加装横向稳定杆可以大大改善车厢侧倾,对稳态转向有一定改善。     

Modelling and control of a new differential steering concept

This paper presents a new steer-by-wire concept using an all-wheel drive vehicle layout with in-wheel motors while completely omitting the application of any dedicated steering device. Steering is based on the so-called differential steering principle which generates the necessary steering moment about the kingpins by a traction force difference between left and right sides of the vehicle. In order to investigate the behaviour of the vehicle and to design the underlying control algorithms, a planar vehicle model is presented, where the vehicle is described as constrained non-holonomic system requiring a special treatment. A state feedback linear controller for controlling of the lateral dynamics of the vehicle at higher speeds and a simple PI angle controller for low-speed manoeuvring are developed. The resulting behaviour of the system is investigated by various simulation experiments demonstrating a comparable steering performance of the new steering concept as that of conventional passenger cars.     

四轮转向车辆多体仿真与试验研究

以四轮转向原理样车为对象,运用多体动力学理论对四轮转向车辆的转向特性进行了计算机仿真研究和试验验证。对建立整车多体模型的方法进行了论述。通过对仿真数据与样车试验结果的对比分析,证明了四轮转向多体模型各类参数和控制方法的正确性和适用性。最后利用建立的整车多体模型,仿真分析了前后悬架刚度对操纵稳定性的影响,以及制动转向时的转向响应特性。     

关于通过悬架改进设计优化汽车转向特性的研究

对某SUV车建立了刚柔耦合整车系统虚拟样机模型,进行了稳态转向特性仿真分析,发现该车具有先不足转向后过多转向的问题,并且中性转向点的侧向加速度值an偏小.通过对悬架刚度、稳定杆刚度的优化设计,解决了该车的过多转向问题,使之具有了适度的不足转向特性,并且使an达到了设计要求.最后对改进前后的方案进行了对比分析及试验验证,说明优化的效果是非常明显的.     

Steady-state steering of a tilting three-wheeled vehicle

The design of a narrow-track enclosed vehicle for urban transport was the subject of the CLEVER project. Due to its narrow track and requirement for car-like controls, an actively controlled tilting system was integrated into the chassis to allow for high lateral accelerations without rolling over. The cornering behaviour of this unique vehicle concept is investigated and compared with the ideal Ackermann response. The steer kinematics of this 1F1T (one front wheel, one wheel tilting) configuration are assessed through the use of a steady-state steering model, with attention focused on how steer parameters such as tilt axis height and inclination can be tuned to provide the required response. A prototype vehicle was designed and built and the results of experimental testing are presented to illustrate the real balancing performance of the combined steering and tilting approach used for the CLEVER vehicle. The experimental results follow the trends demonstrated in the model.     

New approaches to enhance active steering system functionalities: preliminary results

An important development of the steering systems in general is active steering systems like active front steering and steer-by-wire systems. In this paper the current functional possibilities in application of active steering systems are explored. A new approach and additional functionalities are presented that can be implemented to the active steering systems without additional hardware such as new sensors and electronic control units. Commercial active steering systems are controlling the steering angle depending on the driving situation only. This paper introduce methods for enhancing active steering system functionalities depending not only on the driving situation but also vehicle parameters like vehicle mass, tyre and road condition. In this regard, adaptation of the steering ratio as a function of above mentioned vehicle parameters is presented with examples. With some selected vehicle parameter changes, the reduction of the undesired influences on vehicle dynamics of these parameter changes has been demonstrated theoretically with simulations and with real-time driving measurements.     

某型货车平顺性虚拟实验

通过对某货车整车参数的详细分析及基于虚拟样机技术和多体系统动力学理论创建的货车前后悬架、转向系、车身等子系统,建立了整车模型和四立柱试验台,并且基于专业软件ADAMS/CAR和MATLAB进行了平顺性仿真和分析。文章通过构建某型货车平顺性虚拟实验,可以预测产品的整体性能,进而改进产品设计、提高产品性能。这对启迪设计创新、提高设计质量、加快产品开发周期有重要意义。     

Improving vehicle dynamics by active rear wheel steering systems

This article presents two design strategies for an active rear wheel steering control system. The first method is a standard design procedure based on the well-known single track model. The aim of the feedback loop is to track a reference yaw rate in order to improve the handling behaviour. Unfortunately, a reasonable specification of the reference yaw rate proves to be a nontrivial task. A second approach avoids this drawback. The structure of the controller is regarded as a virtual mass-spring-damper system with adjustable parameters. Due to the high abstraction level of this method, the controller parameters can be tuned intuitively. Experiments with a prototype vehicle illustrate the effectiveness of the two proposed methodologies.     

基于轮荷分析的车辆稳态转向特性虚拟仿真

借助虚拟样机仿真技术,发现某预研项目车辆具有过多转向趋势,在全面分析车轴左右轮荷变化的基础上,深入探讨了车辆转向特性的影响因素．针对本项目提出可通过加粗前悬架横向稳定杆直径的办法来获得车辆的不足转向特性。通过对多种匹配方案的仿真分析和对比权衡,并结合国标对稳态回转实验的评价打分方法,最终确定把前后悬架侧倾角刚度之比由1．17增加到1．96,此时车辆的过度转向趋势得以消除,并具有了适度的不足转向特性。     

基于模糊解耦控制的车辆转向制动系统研究

车辆转向系统和制动系统之间存在着很强的速度耦合关系,造成两个系统之间的性能相互影响,使得车辆在转向制动这一工况成了汽车最危险的工况之一。本文结合实际车辆参数建立转向系统的二自由度模型和制动系统的单车轮模型,针对车辆转向制动工况设计了模糊解耦控制器,实现了车辆的转向与制动同时控制。经验证含有模糊解耦控制的车辆转向制动系统具有很好的动态控制效果,并且有很强的鲁棒性和自适应性。     

Development of an active front steering (AFS) system with QFT control

This paper investigates an active front steering control strategy based on quantitative feedback theory (QFT). By incorporating feedback from a yaw rate sensor into the active steering system, the control system improves the dynamic response of the vehicle. The steering response of a vehicle generally depends upon uncertain quantities like mass, velocity, and road conditions. Thus, QFT is used to design a controller with robust performance. A multi-degree-of-freedom nonlinear model is co-simulated here by MATLAB Simulink and ADAMS/CAR. The performance of the control system is evaluated under various emergency maneuvers and road conditions. The result shows that the designed robust control system has good control performance and can efficiently improve handing qualities and stability characteristics.     

Nonlinear PI front and rear steering control in four wheel steering vehicles

Vehicle steering dynamics show resonances, which depend on the longitudinal speed, unstable equilibrium points and limited stability regions depending on the constant steering wheel angle, longitudinal speed and car parameters.

The main contribution of this paper is to show that a combined decentralized proportional active front steering control and proportional-integral active rear steering control from the yaw rate tracking error can assign the eigenvalues of the linearised single track steering dynamics, without lateral speed measurements, using a standard single track car model with nonlinear tire characteristics and a non-linear first-order reference model for the yaw rate dynamics driven by the driver steering wheel input. By choosing a suitable nonlinear reference model it is shown that the responses to driver step inputs tend to zero (or reduced) lateral speed for any value of longitudinal speed: in this case the resulting controlled vehicle static gain from driver input to yaw rate differs from the uncontrolled one at higher speed. The closed loop system shows the advantages of both active front and rear steering control: higher controllability, enlarged bandwidth for the yaw rate dynamics, suppressed resonances, new stable cornering manoeuvres, enlarged stability regions, reduced lateral speed and improved manoeuvrability; in addition comfort is improved since the phase lag between lateral acceleration and yaw rate is reduced.

For the designed control law a robustness analysis is presented with respect to system failures, driver step inputs and critical car parameters such as mass, moment of inertia and front and rear cornering stiffness coefficients. Several simulations are carried out on a higher order experimentally validated nonlinear dynamical model to confirm the analysis and to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled dynamics.     

Nonlinear PI front and rear steering control in four wheel steering vehicles

Vehicle steering dynamics show resonances, which depend on the longitudinal speed, unstable equilibrium points and limited stability regions depending on the constant steering wheel angle, longitudinal speed and car parameters.

The main contribution of this paper is to show that a combined decentralized proportional active front steering control and proportional-integral active rear steering control from the yaw rate tracking error can assign the eigenvalues of the linearised single track steering dynamics, without lateral speed measurements, using a standard single track car model with nonlinear tire characteristics and a non-linear first-order reference model for the yaw rate dynamics driven by the driver steering wheel input. By choosing a suitable nonlinear reference model it is shown that the responses to driver step inputs tend to zero (or reduced) lateral speed for any value of longitudinal speed: in this case the resulting controlled vehicle static gain from driver input to yaw rate differs from the uncontrolled one at higher speed. The closed loop system shows the advantages of both active front and rear steering control: higher controllability, enlarged bandwidth for the yaw rate dynamics, suppressed resonances, new stable cornering manoeuvres, enlarged stability regions, reduced lateral speed and improved manoeuvrability; in addition comfort is improved since the phase lag between lateral acceleration and yaw rate is reduced.

For the designed control law a robustness analysis is presented with respect to system failures, driver step inputs and critical car parameters such as mass, moment of inertia and front and rear cornering stiffness coefficients. Several simulations are carried out on a higher order experimentally validated nonlinear dynamical model to confirm the analysis and to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled dynamics.     

载货汽车转向系统分析

阐述了载货汽午转向系统运动学特忭的计算方法和分析方法;研究了载货汽车原地转向阻力的主要组成及动力转向器的效率特性,给出了原地转向性能的计算分析方法。通过对4种动力转向系统匹配方案的分析表明,转向机构的传动比和动力转向器的效率对车辆原地转向性能具有重要影响。     

基于粘结-滑移理论的钢结构转向体系受力特性研究

为解决钢结构转向体系设计中锚栓受力不明确的问题,采用Abaqus/CAE三维建模软件分别对块式和横隔板式2种钢结构类型的体外预应力束转向体系建立了2种转向体系的有限元模型,并为了精确模拟锚栓的粘结-滑移特性,对锚栓节点采用了非线性弹簧本构,基于有限元计算结果分析了2种转向器受力及变形特性。结果表明:1)块式转向体系结构刚度一般,在转向力作用下锚栓受力较大,结构安全系数较低;2)横隔板式转向体系结构刚度较大,在转向力作用下,结构破坏形态是钢结构屈曲,锚栓受力较小,整个结构安全系数极高。     

汽车主动悬架与电动助力转向系统自适应模糊集成控制

建立了包含转向运动模型、俯仰运动模型和侧倾运动模型的汽车整车模型,在设计了电动助力转向系统PD控制的基础上,构建了基于自适应模糊控制的汽车主动悬架与电动助力转向系统集成控制器,当控制系统偏差变小或变大时,调整因子总能保证系统稳定,便于工程应用。计算结果表明,该自适应模糊集成控制策略,既保证了车辆操纵轻便性,又显著提高了整车操纵稳定性、安全性和行驶平顺性等整车综合性能。     

基于拓扑结构分析的整车平顺性仿真及试验研究

利用拓扑理论,对某国产轿车的整车拓扑结构进行分析,系统分析前后悬架子系统拓扑结构、转向子系统拓扑结构和动力总成拓扑结构并建立相应模型,结合Fiala轮胎模型和人椅系统模型,在ADAMS环境下建立了整车的虚拟样机,并编制随机的B级路面模型,研究在路面随机输入条件下该车的行驶平顺性。最后将该车道路试验结果与仿真结果进行对比,结果显示驾驶员座椅处垂向加速度功率谱的峰值所对应的频率一致,峰值大小略有差别,而垂向加速度功率谱变化趋势相同。     

Application of time-variant predictive control to modelling driver steering skill

The paper addresses the need for improved mathematical models of human steering control. A multiple-model structure for a driver's internal model of a nonlinear vehicle is proposed. The multiple-model structure potentially offers a straightforward way to represent a range of driver expertise. The internal model is combined with a model predictive steering controller. The controller generates a steering command through the minimisation of a cost function involving vehicle path error. A study of the controller performance during an aggressive, nonlinear steering manoeuvre is provided. Analysis of the controller performance reveals a reduction in the closed-loop controller bandwidth with increasing tyre saturation and fixed controller gains. A parameter study demonstrates that increasing the multiple-model density, increasing the weights on the path error, and increasing the controller knowledge range all improved the path following accuracy of the controller.     

Virtual test rig to improve the design and optimisation process of the vehicle steering and suspension systems

A virtual test rig is presented using a three-dimensional model of the elasto-kinematic behaviour of a vehicle. A general approach is put forward to determine the three-dimensional position of the body and the main parameters which influence the handling of the vehicle. For the design process, the variable input data are the longitudinal and lateral acceleration and the curve radius, which are defined by the user as a design goal. For the optimisation process, once the vehicle has been built, the variable input data are the travel of the four struts and the steering wheel angle, which is obtained through monitoring the vehicle. The virtual test rig has been applied to a standard vehicle and the validity of the results has been proven.