Application of the structural articulation method to dynamic impact loading of railway bridges – a case study

This article demonstrates a practical application of the structural articulation method. An existing prototype railway bridge was selected to compare our new method with the industry codes of practice. The response history and dynamic increment of the bridge were investigated through a variety of methods: lump sum mass analysis (LSMA) and suspension system analysis (SSA) for a single-axle force, and SSA for multi-axle forces. We considered both a local irregularity and a global sinusoidal irregularity. The dynamic impact load induced by either form of track irregularity increases approximately linearly with the vehicle speed up to a certain point, then tends to decrease gradually. This behaviour reveals that the dynamic impact load induced by track irregularities is dominated by the resonance of the bridge. If a bridge must support multiple axles, or if an especially accurate dynamic impact factor is required for safety reasons, then multi-axle SSA is recommended because this approach is the most accurate and likely to produce a weaker response than single-axle analysis. The random irregularity is generated by the stochastic track irregularity process. It is found that the dynamic impact load induced by the random irregularity is negligible, compared with the deterministic irregularity.     

Influence of long-wavelength track irregularities on the motion of a high-speed train

Vertical track irregularities over viaducts in high-speed rail systems could be possibly caused by concrete creep if pre-stressed concrete bridges are used. For bridge spans that are almost uniformly distributed, track irregularity exhibits a near-regular wave profile that excites car bodies as a high-speed train moves over the bridge system. A long-wavelength irregularity induces low-frequency excitation that may be close to the natural frequencies of the train suspension system, thereby causing significant vibration of the car body. This paper investigates the relationship between the levels of car vibration, bridge vibration, track irregularity, and the train speed. First, this study investigates the vibration levels of a high-speed train and bridge system using 3D finite-element (FE) transient dynamic analysis, before and after adjustment of vertical track irregularities by means of installing shimming plates under rail pads. The analysis models are validated by in situ measurements and on-board measurement. Parametric studies of car body vibration and bridge vibration under three different levels of track irregularity at five train speeds and over two bridge span lengths are conducted using the FE model. Finally, a discontinuous shimming pattern is proposed to avoid vehicle suspension resonance.     

Stochastic vibration of the vehicle–bridge system subject to non-uniform ground motions

A study of a train moving along a cable-stayed bridge is performed by considering both the stationary track irregularity and a non-stationary earthquake. A detailed bridge model with 3972 degrees of freedom is established while the train model consists of two locomotives and eight carriages. The equations of motion of the coupled system are obtained by using the displacement continuous condition at the contact, with track irregularities. The earthquake is assumed to occur once the train has entered the bridge. The pseudo-excitation method is used to find the random responses of the coupled system, and the results indicate that the effect of the earthquake is much greater than that of the track irregularities. The paper discusses the influence of the intensity of the earthquake, the wave propagation velocity, the speed of the train, and the dynamic interaction between the vehicles and the bridge.     

Semi-active suspension systems for railway vehicles using magnetorheological dampers. Part I: system integration and modelling

In this paper, it is aimed to investigate semi-active suspension systems using magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers for improving the ride quality of railway vehicles. A 17-degree-of-freedom (DOF) model of a full-scale railway vehicle integrated with the semi-active controlled MR fluid dampers in its secondary suspension system is proposed to cope with the lateral, yaw, and roll motions of the car body, trucks, and wheelsets. The governing equations combining the dynamics of the railway vehicle integrated with MR dampers in the suspension system and the dynamics of the rail track irregularities are developed and a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control law using the acceleration feedback is adopted, in which the state variables are estimated from the measurable accelerations with a Kalman estimator. In order to evaluate the performances of the semi-active suspension systems based on MR dampers for railway vehicles, the random and periodical track irregularities are modelled with a uniform state-space formulation according to the testing data and incorporated into the governing equation of the railway vehicle integrated with the semi-active suspension system. Utilising the governing equations and the semi-active controller developed in this paper, the simulation and analysis are presented in Part II of this paper.     

Semi-active suspension systems for railway vehicles using magnetorheological dampers. Part II: simulation and analysis

In this paper, the semi-active suspension system for railway vehicles based on the controlled (MR) fluid dampers is investigated, and compared with the passive on and passive off suspension systems. The lateral, yaw, and roll accelerations of the car body, trucks, and wheelsets of a full-scale railway vehicle integrated with four MR dampers in the secondary suspension systems, which are in the closed and open loops respectively, are simulated under the random and periodical track irregularities using the established governing equations of the railway vehicle and the modelled track irregularities in Part I of this paper. The simulation results indicate that (1) the semi-active controlled MR damper-based suspension system for railway vehicles is effective and beneficial as compared with the passive on and passive off modes, and (2) while the car body accelerations of the railway vehicle integrated with semi-active controlled MR dampers can be significantly reduced relative to the passive on and passive off ones, the accelerations of the trucks and wheelsets could be increased to some extent. However, the increase in the accelerations of the trucks and wheelsets is insignificant.     

基于预紧弹簧系统的桥梁挠度冲击系数量测方法

为了提高桥梁挠度及冲击系数测试的稳定性,在传统悬锤法基础上,基于弹簧预紧效应,提出了预紧弹簧法。首先依据车-桥耦合振动理论,以简支梁桥为对象推导了车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动方程,进行了室内试验和系统数值验证;在此基础上分别建立了车辆-桥梁-悬锤系统和车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧系统的有限元模型,利用数值解法分析了横向风荷载对悬锤法和预紧弹簧法测量主梁挠度及冲击系数的影响;根据建立的车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动系统,研究了影响该方法精度的关键性因素,并给出系统参数选型优化经验公式。最后,以一座30 m预制装配式简支箱梁桥为例,在随机车载激励下,进行支架法、悬锤法和预紧弹簧法3种方法的对比试验。研究结果表明：预紧弹簧法与传统悬锤法相比,冲击系数受风荷载影响较小;无风环境下,预紧弹簧法易受铁丝抗拉刚度、弹簧刚度和悬挂长度的影响,而与初始预紧力值无关;通过合理选用参数,预紧弹簧法能够实现主梁与系统同相位振动;工程实例表明该方法与支架法挠度冲击系数平均误差为6.1%,精度高于悬锤法测量结果,该方法也可为桥梁结构静动载大位移测试提供借鉴。     

移动荷载作用下特大悬索桥的行车舒适性

为研究移动荷载作用下特大悬索桥的动力响应和行车舒适性问题,用正交异性矩形板单元弯曲形函数的6次Hermitian插值函数,通过Matlab编程把车辆移动过桥时的荷载转换成加劲梁各节点的荷载时程,用通用有限元程序ANSYS,对移动荷载作用下特大悬索桥动态响应进行了时程分析,给出了悬索桥在不同荷载作用下的数值分析结果。实例分析表明,该方法具有很好的适用性和很高的精度,加劲梁最大位移响应位于桥梁中跨的跨中位置,发生在移动荷载通过桥梁跨中位置前后。最后,通过对某悬索桥动力响应的时程结果进行小波变换,研究了该悬索桥的行车舒适性。     

800m级变截面钢管混凝土飞燕拱与自锚悬索组合桥研讨

针对800 m级超大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥的需求,提出了单叶双曲面状变截面钢管混凝土飞燕拱与自锚悬索的组合桥.钢管混凝土飞燕式拱桥的推力可与自锚悬索桥的拉力平衡,形成自平衡结构体系,且以拱肋结构受力为主,自锚悬索体系受力为辅,两者协同工作,优势互补;另外,由于采用了单叶双曲面状变截面钢管的四肢空间桁架拱肋结构形式,从而能减...     

Train–track–bridge dynamic interaction: a state-of-the-art review

ABSTRACT

Train–track–bridge dynamic interaction is a fundamental concern in the field of railway engineering, which plays an extremely important role in the optimal design of railway bridges, especially in high-speed railways and heavy-haul railways. This paper systematically presents a state-of-the-art review of train–track–bridge dynamic interaction. The evolution process of train–bridge dynamic interaction model is described briefly, from the simplest moving constant force model to the sophisticated train–track–bridge dynamic interaction model (TTBDIM). The modelling methodology of the key elements in the TTBDIM is systematically reviewed, including the train, the track, the bridge, the wheel–rail contact, the track–bridge interaction, the system excitation and the solution algorithm. The significance of detailed track modelling in the whole system is highlighted. The experimental research and filed test focusing on modelling validation, safety assessment and long-term performance investigation of the train–track–bridge system are briefly presented. The practical applications of train–track–bridge dynamic interaction theory are comprehensively discussed in terms of the system dynamic performance evaluation, the system safety assessment and train-induced environmental vibration and noise prediction. The guidance is provided on further improvement of the train–track–bridge dynamic interaction model and the challenging research topics in the future.     

大跨度悬索桥主缆施工温度时变效应研究

大跨度悬索桥对温度场十分敏感,在主缆索股架设过程中这现象表现得尤为突出,通过对悬索桥结构温度时变效应计算理论的研究,给出了温度场布设方案及测试方法。以湖北某大跨度悬索桥为工程背景,对施工期间该桥的温度场进行了实时观测,得出了该悬索桥主塔及主缆的温度场。借助大型有限元计算程序ANSYS,通过对实测数据与理论计算结果的对比分析,验证了提出的温度场布设方案及测试方法的可行性。通过对不同温度场下的结构线形进行实时分析,得出了索塔及主缆索股在不同温度场下的线形及相应的变化规律,据此确定了的最佳调索时机,同时将分析所得的结果直接指导工程实践。结果表明:该方案及方法实用性强、精度高,具有较强的推广应用价值。     

体系转换法加固悬索桥的结构分析及应用

提出一种通过将悬索体系转换为斜拉-悬吊体系加固现有钢筋混凝土悬索桥的方法,并以一座典型桥梁为例,对采用该方法加固前后的结构特点和力学性能进行分析,结果表明这种加固方法使加固后主梁承载能力明显提高,原桥已有结构得到了充分利用并且满足各项受力要求.     

人行索桥合理结构形式研究

为得到适合山区人行索桥的合理结构形式,通过对目前大部分山区人行索桥安全隐患及事故的调查,并对悬索桥和索道桥进行理论计算和对比分析,提出索桁结构概念。索桁桥结构由上主缆、下桥面缆索及吊杆组成,通过在空载下张拉下桥面索形成一个类似桁架结构的空间体系。通过对索桁桥、悬索桥、索道桥3种结构形式的对比分析可知,在山区修建人行索桥采用索桁结构体系是比较合理的,索桁桥可以降低活载挠度,节省工程造价。     

3塔悬索桥动力特征参数分析

基于Abaqus平台建立了泰州3塔悬索桥三维有限元计算模型,采用Lanczos特征值求解方法分析了该桥的动力特征,研究了加劲梁竖向、横向和扭转刚度以及塔梁间设置弹性约束对大跨度3塔悬索桥动力特性的影响。研究结果表明,加劲梁竖向刚度、横向刚度、扭转刚度的变化均对相应方向上的振动频率有影响,对其他方向上振动频率影响甚小;中塔梁间的弹性拉索刚度仅影响竖向振动频率,当其刚度超过设计刚度后影响甚小;不设置弹性约束时,结构会出现纵飘振型;塔梁间的弹性约束对动力特性的影响大于缆梁间中央扣对动力特性的影响。     

面向桥面铺装动力响应分析的多尺度桥梁模型

为了解决传统桥面铺装设计方法不能反映在行车荷载与桥梁振动特性耦合作用条件下的铺装动力响应问题,提出一种面向桥面铺装动力响应分析的多尺度桥梁模型的构建新方法。该方法首先综合考虑桥面铺装和桥梁结构特性对建模的要求,建立整桥有限元仿真模型,然后构建精细化桥面铺装体系局部梁段模型,最后通过动力子结构方法将整桥结构与桥面铺装局部结构衔接,并以某大跨径悬索桥为例进行实例分析。结果表明：由于考虑整桥动力特性和不平度的影响,将使计算结果（不平度等级为A）比静力计算结果大10%～15%,并且随着不平度的增加而非线性增加;采用该模型的构建方法可以避免现行桥面铺装设计中采用静载偏不安全的缺点。     

南京仙新路特大跨度悬索桥抗震性能研究

鉴于大跨度悬索桥抗震性能研究的复杂性和特殊性,以南京仙新路特大跨度悬索桥为例,阐述悬索桥抗震性能研究的全过程,并分析行波效应对该桥地震响应的影响。结果表明:该桥的第一阶振型周期超过25.0 s,在常规体系E2地震下,桥塔及其基础保持弹性,但中央扣受拉破坏,从而使主梁位移过大;采用将中央扣作为牺牲构件,同时在塔梁间设置液压粘滞阻尼器的纵向减震体系后,能显著减小塔上支座、梁端的纵向位移以及主引桥相对位移,同时能小幅度减小塔底和承台底地震内力;行波效应对减震体系关键位置的地震内力和地震位移的影响较小。     

平胜大桥自锚式悬索桥体系转换施工技术

佛山市平胜大桥是主跨为350 m独塔单跨四索面自锚式悬索桥,该桥结构形式新颖,技术难度大,介绍该桥体系转换的施工方法。     

Vibration control in train–bridge–track systems

To study the problems associated with vibration control of train–bridge–track systems a mathematical model with the capability of representing supplementary vibrational control devices is proposed. The train system is assumed as rigid bodies supported on double-deck suspension mechanism with semi-active features. The bridge system is modeled using the modal approach. Vibration control for bridge responses is provided by tuned mass dampers. A non-classical incremental Eigen analysis is proposed to trace the system characteristics across the time. In an example, the capability of the proposed model in investigating the vibration control prospects of a bridge–train system is shown. The results indicate the effectiveness of active suspension mechanism in reducing train's body movements, particularly the pitching angle and the vertical accelerations. Accordingly, the results also verify the potential of TMD devices in reducing the bridge responses at resonance motions.     

中央扣对大跨悬索桥动力特性的影响

基于ANSYS软件建立了润扬长江公路大桥南汊悬索桥的三维有限元计算模型,并采用子空间迭代法对其进行了自振特性分析,研究了刚性中央扣的多精度模拟技术及其对大跨度悬索桥动力特性的影响。研究结果表明,中央扣的不同精度模拟对该桥动力特性的影响很小;与跨中短吊索相比,中央扣的设置使得结构刚度有所增加,相应的各阶频率增大,但各类振型受影响的程度不同,其中以缆索振动为主的频率增加最为明显。研究结果为该桥的健康监测提供了必要的信息和研究基础。     

薛家坝涪江特大桥设计

薛家坝涪江特大桥是时速200 km客货共线遂渝铁路最长的一座桥梁,主桥为(68 128 68)m预应力混凝土连续刚构,引桥为64 m预应力混凝土简支箱梁。介绍该桥的设计及其动力特性分析。     

我国桥梁的进展

该文叙述我国桥梁的发展情况,所达到的水平及今后发展方向。概论中提出考察技术进步的五个重要视点:即:1、桥型选择;2、材料选择;3、施工工艺;4、结构分析;5、方案综合。桥梁类别分三大体系,按桥面受力状态分,可分为九种桥型即:拱桥体系:斜腿刚架、拱桥、系杆拱;梁桥体系:简支梁、连续梁、悬臂梁;悬吊体系:斜拉桥、悬索桥、第九种桥。上述中八种已变为现实,唯第九种桥因找不到合适的材料去构成,尚在研究中。该文用上述5个视点去考察桥梁三大体系。考察结果是我国混凝土拱桥和钢拱桥达国际领先水平。我国梁桥体系已达国际水平,仍须总结提高。我国斜拉桥正在走向国际领先水平。我国悬索桥已达到国际先进水平。今后桥梁发展的方向是:1、各种桥型跨度的进步;2、施工工艺的进步;3、科学研究的进步。