汽车与行人碰撞事故再现及行人致伤特点分析

通过对事故中汽车损坏痕迹及行人伤亡情况的鉴定及模型的建立,构建事故碰撞环境,使用成熟事故再现软件PC-Crash对汽车与行人碰撞事故发生过程进行重建,对行人碰撞后的运动响应及各损伤部位的动力学响应参数进行分析,将仿真结果中行人的运动响应、损伤部位的伤亡程度及动力学响应结果与法医学尸检报告中的客观事实进行对比,得出基于PC—Crash的仿真结果与实际情形基本符合的结论。因此,利用计算机仿真技术快速重建有行人参与的事故碰撞过程,分析行人的致伤方式并提供损伤部位的动力学响应参数等,对于交通伤法医学鉴定及深化交通伤机理研究具有参考价值。     

汽车与行人碰撞事故再现仿真研究

通过对事故现场汽车损坏痕迹及行人伤亡情况的调查,使用交通事故再现软件PC-Crash建立汽车与行人碰撞模型,重建事故发生过程。分析事故发生前汽车与行人的初始状态以及碰撞过程中行人的动力学响应和伤害,采用不同的车速,进行了大量的仿真实验,根据行人致伤特点,总结出汽车安全车速等指标,为改善汽车的行人安全性提供参考。     

汽车儿童乘员事故重建研究

首先,采用PC-Crash软件进行两车碰撞事故再现,求得目标车辆沿X、Y轴的加速度和绕Z轴的转动角度.然后,将PC-Crash求得的结果作为MADYMO模型的初始边界条件,模拟儿童乘员头、颈及胸部的动力学响应.结果表明:仿真中两碰撞车辆停止位置与实际事故中的情况较好地吻合;儿童乘员头、颈、胸部的动力学响应较好反映了儿童乘员实际的损伤情况.前排座椅头枕、座椅安全带及头、胸部运动的不同步分别是导致儿童乘员头、胸及颈部损伤的主要原因.     

轿车与自行车碰撞事故再现及骑车人损伤分析

使用道路交通事故再现软件PC-Crash,通过对事故现场数据的采集,建立自行车、骑车人和轿车模型进行计算机仿真,再现事故发生过程;基于一起真实事故,通过对仿真结果的分析和参数的修正,反复进行仿真模拟计算,使误差减小,得到一个精确的仿真结果;分析了骑车人身体各部分的动力学响应,利用所得到的响应数值,分析了碰撞过程中骑车人的损伤情况。     

汽车摩托车碰撞事故中骑乘人员损伤差异对比研究

为探索骑乘人员的损伤差异,基于PC-Crash仿真软件,以车型、碰撞车速和碰撞形态为变量进行147组汽车碰撞载人摩托车的仿真,在此基础上用统计学方法分析所得数据。结果表明:绝大多数碰撞条件下,包括不同碰撞车速,骑车人头、胸部和撞击侧下肢损伤指标参数的均值均高于后座乘员;此外,当碰撞车速分别为45和50 km/h时,骑车人和后座乘员的头、胸部损伤都超过其安全界限。     

基于视频信息的高精度事故重建方法研究

为提高事故重建精度,本文中采用多体系统与有限元相结合的方法对两起具有清晰视频信息的VRU事故案例进行重建,验证并提出了一种高精度事故重建方法。首先,采用直接线性变换理论(DLT)对视频信息分析并获取碰撞车速;然后,通过PC-Crash与MADYMO耦合方法精确重建VRU碰撞运动学响应;最后,采用THUMS(Ver 4.0.2)人体有限元模型对VRU颅内运动学和动力学参数深度分析。结果表明:重建所得的车辆-VRU碰撞部位、VRU碰撞过程的运动学响应、旋转角度、落地姿态与着地部位与视频信息完全一致;VRU与车辆最终位置绝对误差小于7%;VRU头部损伤部位及损伤严重度与伤情报告完全吻合。     

摩托车与汽车侧面碰撞时摩托车两乘员头部受力分析

针对常见的汽车与摩托车的侧面碰撞事故，为了使结果更加直观化，研究了摩托车上两个乘员头部受力随时间的变化。利用PC—Crash软件，建立虚拟试验场。依据汽车车速、摩托车车速、碰撞部位等进行分组，并且结合同济大学“上海市联合道路交通安全科学研究中心,所采集的两起事故案例，分析了摩托车驾乘者头部受力的峰值以及与随时间轴变化面...     

基于正交实验的汽车-两轮车碰撞事故再现的参数影响研究EI北大核心CSCD

汽车-两轮车碰撞事故再现的关键是确定碰撞速度。本文在动力学分析的基础上建立了汽车与两轮车相互侧面碰撞的模型,得到了两车碰撞速度的表达式;筛选出影响汽车、两轮车碰撞速度推算和事故再现结果准确性的主要参数;通过具体的事故案例设定正交实验,分别获得了对汽车、两轮车的参数影响权重顺序;据此指导PC-Crash对一起真实的汽车-两轮车碰撞案例进行模拟重建。结果表明,按参数权重顺序辅助汽车-两轮车碰撞事故的再现仿真,可用较短时间再现与实际事故情况相吻合的结果。     

基于PC-Crash的二维碰撞事故车辆速度分析研究

随着汽车性能的不断提高,汽车的速度也不断突破限制越来越快,由此导致事故率频发,而汽车碰撞事故是其中最常见的一种。文章研究了基于PC-Crash的汽车碰撞事故再现优化,将事故现场通过软件进行再现,并将优化报告中的车速与采用传统计算方法得到的车速进行对比。结果显示,基于PC-Crash软件的二维碰撞事故车辆速度计算结果更加准确,模拟仿真结果与真实场景更加接近,有利于对交通事故全过程进行了解和分析。     

基于动量定理的汽车单次三维碰撞运动状态参数计算模型

为了给汽车单次三维碰撞事故的碰撞车速推算提供算法,并为汽车运动轨迹再现提供初始条件,在借鉴已有的二维碰撞运动状态参数计算模型的基础上,将碰撞冲量推广至三维空间。以动量定理为理论基础,结合PC-Crash事故再现软件的碰撞分析方法,提出了汽车三维运动临界条件,推导了汽车三维运动状态参数计算模型。以实际事故案例为研究对象,将基于上述模型开发的事故再现分析系统的计算结果与PC-Crash软件计算结果进行了对比,并将事故再现分析结果与实际案例中车辆翻滚方式进行了对比。结果表明:所提出的汽车单次三维碰撞运动状态参数计算模型能够有效计算汽车三维碰撞速度参数与角速度参数。     

基于计算机仿真的公路线形设计评价

对公路设计评价方法进行了研究,提出了基于计算机仿真的公路设计安全评价方法。对公路的特点和设计评价手段进行了分析,提出了建立公路仿真系统,对设计方案和设计指标进行评价的思路。分析了公路仿真系统的特点,建立了基于Multi-Agent的仿真系统框架。通过建立计算机仿真模型--汽车模型、驾驶员模型和公路模型,仿真汽车在公路上的运行情况,得到汽车的运行速度、加速度等定量指标,从而对公路设计指标进行评价。通过计算机仿真,可以使设计人员在设计阶段就可以发现设计存在的问题,及时修改设计,提高设计的科学性、合理性。     

A lateral driver model for vehicle–driver closed-loop simulation at the limits of handling

This paper presents a lateral driver model for vehicle–driver closed-loop simulation at the limits of handling. An appropriate driver model can be used to evaluate the performance of vehicle chassis control systems via computer simulations before vehicle tests which incurs expenses especially at the limits of handling. The driver model consists of two parts. The first part is an upper-level controller employing force-based approach to reduce the number of unknown vehicle parameters. The feedforward part of the upper controller has been designed by using the centre of percussion. The feedback part aims to minimise ‘tangential error’, defined as the sum of body slip angle and yaw error, to match vehicle direction and road heading angle. The part is designed to regenerate an appropriate skid motion similar to that of a professional driver at the limits. The second part is a lower-level controller which converts the desired front lateral force to steering wheel angle. The lower-level controller also consists of feedforward and feedback parts. A two-degree-of-freedom bicycle model-based feedforward part provides nominal steering wheel angle, and the feedback part aims to eliminate unmodelled error. The performance of the lateral driver model has been investigated via computer simulations. It has been shown that the steering behaviours of the proposed driver model are quite close to those of a professional driver at the limits. Compared with the previously developed lateral driver models, the proposed lateral driver model shows good tracking performance at the limits of handling.     

Study on driver model for hybrid truck based on driving simulator experimental results

In this paper, a proposed car-following driver model taking into account some features of both the compensatory and anticipatory model representing the human pedal operation has been verified by driving simulator experiments with several real drivers. The comparison between computer simulations performed by determined model parameters with the experimental results confirm the correctness of this mathematical driver model and identified model parameters. Then the driver model is joined to a hybrid vehicle dynamics model and the moderate car following maneuver simulations with various driver parameters are conducted to investigate influences of driver parameters on vehicle dynamics response and fuel economy. Finally, major driver parameters involved in the longitudinal control of drivers are clarified.     

Development of a Strategy Model of the Driver in Lane Keeping

Based on vehicle constraints and known human operator characteristics, a strategy model was postulated for describing behavior in the lane keeping task. This model includes nonlinear thresholds operating on vehicle yaw and lateral translation, random input sources to account for spurious driver activity, and smoothing to account for driver response lag. The output of the model is steering wheel position

To determine model parameters and model suitability in describing driver behavior, recordings were made for driver-subjects performing a lane-keeping task in a moving base driving simulator having a computer generated display. A procedure involving both analytic and experimental techniques was then developed for determining the model parameters of each driver

Statistical comparisons and visual inspections made between driver-vehicle and model-vehicle time histories indicate a high degree of correspondence. Models such as these show promise in obtaining a better understanding of driver behavior and driver-vehicle response by incorporating nonlinear elements in the driver model.     

融合预瞄与势场栅格法的紧急避撞驾驶人模型

紧急避障工况下的驾驶人操作具有响应快且动作幅值较大的特点，传统预瞄驾驶人模型已不能适应紧急避障工况的需求，故考虑实际避撞场景开发相应的驾驶人模型就显得尤为必要。针对此种状况，基于驾驶模拟器，结合紧急避撞工况实际驾驶人操纵数据，提出了一种融合预瞄与势场栅格法的紧急避撞驾驶人模型。首先针对紧急避撞工况下车辆运动特点，建立车辆横、纵向耦合非线性动力学模型，并给出其状态空间方程描述；其次，离线仿真分析紧急避撞系统特征，并结合线性二次型最优控制，建立最优曲率预瞄+跟踪误差反馈驾驶人模型；再者，基于紧急避撞工况下真实驾驶人经验转向行为数据，开发基于势场栅格法的驾驶人模型，为进一步提高驾驶人模型对避障行驶工况的适应性，将基于势场栅格法的驾驶人模型与最优曲率预瞄+跟踪误差反馈驾驶人模型进行融合，并基于Sigmoid函数实现两者输出的权重分配；最后，针对所提出的融合预瞄与势场栅格法的驾驶人模型，开展基于避撞台架的驾驶人在环仿真试验以及实车试验。研究结果表明：在紧急避撞工况下，对比最优曲率预瞄+跟踪误差反馈驾驶人模型，融合预瞄与势场栅格法的驾驶人模型输出的转向动作与实际驾驶人行为较为接近，可在保证避障安全性的前提下，兼顾避障路径跟踪精度与车辆行驶的稳定性。     

Influence of unsteady aerodynamics on driving dynamics of passenger cars

Recent approaches towards numerical investigations with computational fluid dynamics methods on unsteady aerodynamic loads of passenger cars identified major differences compared with steady-state aerodynamic excitations. Furthermore, innovative vehicle concepts such as electric-vehicles or hybrid drives further challenge the basic layout of passenger cars. Therefore, the relevance of unsteady aerodynamic loads on cross-wind stability of changing basic vehicle architectures should be analysed. In order to assure and improve handling and ride characteristics at high velocity of the actual range of vehicle layouts, the influence of unsteady excitations on the vehicle response was investigated. For this purpose, a simulation of the vehicle dynamics through multi-body simulation was used. The impact of certain unsteady aerodynamic load characteristics on the vehicle response was quantified and key factors were identified. Through a series of driving simulator tests, the identified differences in the vehicle response were evaluated regarding their significance on the subjective driver perception of cross-wind stability. Relevant criteria for the subjective driver assessment of the vehicle response were identified. As a consequence, a design method for the basic layout of passenger cars and chassis towards unsteady aerodynamic excitations was defined.     

人-车-路闭环系统驾驶员模型参数辨识

基于在驾驶模拟器上进行的人－车－路闭环系统仿真试验，使用全局演化局部寻优的辨识算法，对驾驶员模型进行参数辨识。通过大量的实际驾驶人员的试验数据，辨识出各种水平的驾驶员模型参数，为改进智能车控制系统的设计提供了依据。利用辨识得到的驾驶员模型和车辆模型进行了人－车－路闭环系统的双移线与蛇行线仿真，仿真结果与试验数据具有很好的一致性。     

Modelling of a driver's behaviour considering roll motion

This paper presents an anlysis of the control behaviour of a driver during curves and lane changes. We model the driver's behaviour taking the roll motion of the vehicle into consideration. Using this model with constraints on the roll angle, it is possible to model lane change maneuvers without specifying a path. The validity of the model is investigated through a comparison between computer simulation and experimentation using a driving simulator system.     

Application of Elementary Neural Networks and Preview Sensors for Representing Driver Steering Control Behaviour

This paper demonstrates the use of elementary neural networks for modelling and representing driver steering behaviour in path regulation control tasks. Areas of application include uses by vehicle simulation experts who need to model and represent specific instances of driver steering control behaviour, potential on-board vehicle technologies aimed at representing and tracking driver steering control behaviour over time, and use by human factors specialists interested in representing or classifying specific families of driver steering behaviour. Example applications are shown for data obtained from a driver/vehicle numerical simulation, a basic driving simulator, and an experimental on-road test vehicle equipped with a camera and sensor processing system.