长输油气管道内腐蚀研究进展

针对长输油气管道的内腐蚀问题,总结了国内外油气管道内腐蚀研究现状、内腐蚀主要机理,并从输送介质、管材成分、输送工艺等方面对管道内腐蚀影响因素进行了分析。同时,结合国内外调研情况,介绍了长输油气管道内腐蚀控制标准和主要的防控技术,并对内腐蚀监测和直接评价技术进行了研究。在此基础上,介绍了开展管道内腐蚀研究的重要性及研究方向,为油气管道完整性研究和内腐蚀研究提供参考。     

Optimal land use and transport planning for the Greater Oslo area

The aim of this paper is to describe and apply a comprehensive framework to derive optimal and acceptable land use and transport strategies. The framework includes a constrained optimisation algorithm that approximates and maximises an objective function with respect to available land use and transport instruments and constraints. We apply the framework to Greater Oslo based on output from a land use and transport model for this area (RETRO). Available instruments are toll ring charges, public transport frequency and a discrete land use instrument. Constraints represent acceptable levels on the available instruments, and acceptable levels on equity between geographical zones, accident cost reductions and the financial balance of the actual strategy. Strategies are found in situations with increased and reduced fuel taxes, and the direct and indirect land use and transport effects of the optimal strategies are assessed.     

河西地区盐渍土路基综合处治技术体系与施工质量控制研究

通过对河西地区七瓜项目沿线盐渍土类型、分布特点、损坏特征及盐胀机理的分析,按照"防盐、隔盐与消胀"为一体处治思路,首次大面积采用反渗透脱盐净水技术、闷料及非盐砂砾土填料、"两布一膜"与未筛分碎石阻断层、消胀槽、桥涵台背回填、防排水及边坡防护等技术措施,提出了不同技术措施的作用机理、技术特点与施工质量控制要点,建立了河西地区盐渍土路基综合处治技术体系,为后期类似工程提供重要理论依据与技术支撑,具有积极行业示范效益与推广价值。     

Integrated modeling of car/motorcycle ownership, type and usage for estimating energy consumption and emissions

Devising effective management strategies to relieve dependency on private vehicles, i.e. cars and motorcycles, depends on the ability to accurately and carefully examine the effects of corresponding strategies. Disaggregate choice models regarding the ownership, type and usage of cars and motorcycles are required to achieve this. Consequently, this study proposes integrated car and motorcycle models based on a large-scale questionnaire survey of Taiwanese owners of cars and motorcycles, respectively. Incorporating gas mileage and emission coefficients for different types of cars and motorcycles into the proposed models can enable the estimation and comparison of reductions in energy consumption and emissions under various management strategies. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed integrated models, scenarios involving 10% and 30% increases in gas prices are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that gas price elasticities of cars and motorcycles are low, ranging from 0.47 to 0.50 for cars and 0.11 for motorcycles. Additionally, a high ratio of discouraged car users shifting to use of motorcycles neutralizes the effects of increased gas price in reducing energy consumption and emissions. Pollution of CO and HC even slightly increased because motorcycles are much more polluting in terms of CO and HC. At last, the reductions of energy consumption and emissions under 10% and 30% increase (or decrease) in other manipulating variables are also estimated and compared. The countermeasures for reducing ownership and usage of cars and motorcycles are then recommended accordingly.     

长输天然气管道球阀的结构特点与应用

针对长输天然气管道常用的管道球阀结构进行分析和研究,从球阀的阀体、密封系统和注脂系统的结构入手,在此基础上分析和总结了球阀下游自泄放和双活塞效应的工作原理和密封特点,提出了天然气管道球阀在应用中应注意的7个问题。     

在用油气田埋地油气管道的完整性检测与评价

完整性检测评价能提前发现管道运行过程中存在的风险和缺陷,保障管道的安全平稳运行。文中介绍了完整性检测评价的方法及内容,以某条输气管道为例,开展了管道的数据收集、高后果区识别、风险评估及完整性评价应用,为同类检测评价工程提供参考。     

Advanced freight transportation systems for congested urban areas

Urban freight transportation constitutes both an extremely important and a rather disturbing activity. Increasingly, one observes efforts to measure and control freight movements within city centers. We introduce a possible organizational and technological framework for the integrated management of urban freight transportation and identify important associated planning and operation issues and models. We then describe a formulation for one of these problems, the design of the proposed logistical structure, and discuss algorithmic and implementation issues. Our model city and challenge is Rome.     

Models of bus boarding and alighting dynamics

Understanding the dynamics of boarding/alighting activities and its impact on bus dwell times is crucial to improving bus service levels. However, research is limited as conventional data collection methods are both time and labour intensive. In this paper, we present the first use of smart card data to study passenger boarding/alighting behaviour and its impact on bus dwell time. Given the nature of these data, we focus on passenger activity time and do not account for the time necessary to open and close doors. We study single decker, double decker and articulated buses and identify the specific effects of floor/entrance type, number of activities and occupancy on both boarding and alighting dynamics. A linear relationship between average boarding and alighting times and their respective standard deviations is also found, whereas the variability of boarding and alighting time decreases with the number of passengers boarding and alighting. After observing the cumulative boarding/alighting processes under different occupancy conditions, we propose a new model to estimate passenger activity time, by introducing critical occupancy – a parameter incorporating the friction between boarding/alighting and on-board passengers. We conduct regression analyses with the proposed and another popular model for simultaneous boarding/alighting processes, finding that the critical occupancy plays a significant role in determining the regime of boarding and alighting processes and the overall activity time. Our results provide potential implications for practice and policy, such as identifying optimal vehicle type for a particular route and modelling transit service reliability.     

A critical review of conventional terminology for classifying seaports

Seaports are complex and dynamic entities, often dissimilar from each other, where various activities are carried out by and for the account of different actors and organisations. Such a multifaceted situation has led to a variety of operational, organisational and strategic management approaches to port systems. It is noticeable in the current body of port literature that the conceptualisation of the port business has taken place at different disciplinary levels without producing a comprehensive and structured port management discipline. Much of the current literature on ports has been developed by international organisations and institutions in the field (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Bank Group, etc.) and a resulting terminology has evolved depicting specific concepts hardly understood by professionals and academics outside the field. On the other hand, many areas of port operations and management still remain unexplored, and there are few academic references outlining the different features of operational and strategic management in ports.This paper examines the validity of the conventional terminology for classifying ports, questioning the assumption that ports should be conceptualised as separate markets and distinct operational and business ventures. It seeks to demonstrate that in today’s inter-related global markets and businesses with integrated logistics and supply chain flows, there is less of a case for the traditionally isolated and restricted port terminology.     

A structural and empirical model of subsistence activity behavior and income

This paper develops a structural and empirical model of subsistence activity behavior and income. Subsistence activity decisions (work participation and hours of work decisions) and income have an important bearing on activity and travel behavior of individuals. The proposed structural model represents an effort to analyze subsistence activity behavior and income earnings to support a better understanding, and reliable forecasting, of individual travel behavior. The empirical model formulates and estimates an integrated model of employment, hours of work and income which takes account of interdependencies among these choices and their structural relationships with other relevant variables. Social factors that inhibit an individual's employment and work hours decision and affect an individual's income are incorporated in the model. A sample of households from the Dutch National Mobility Panel is used in the empirical analysis.     

太阳能LED照明系统在公路建设中的应用

太阳能是一种清洁的、可再生的绿色能源;半导体发光二极管（LED）也是一种环保、节能、高效的固态电光源。文章在分析两者技术特点的基础上,对太阳能半导体照明系统的可行性与高效性进行了论证,并对其发展前景作了分析和展望。     

岩石边坡绿化植物浸种催芽试验研究

文章选用贵州高速公路边坡绿化常用的7种乔、灌木种子,通过热水浸种催芽播种试验,研究不同浸种催芽处理措施下乔、灌木种子的出苗时间和出苗率。结果表明:针对不同树种的种子特性,采取不同的浸种催芽处理措施,可提早种子的出苗时间,缩短出苗期;不同的浸种催芽处理措施可提高乔、灌木种子的出苗率,但不同的树种其最佳的浸种催芽处理措施各不相同。     

高深路堑开挖监控量测施工技术研究

由于高深路堑开挖施工地质复杂,现场机械及人员较多,而有效的监控量测对于调控施工进度,判断边坡的稳定状态以及指导现场施工等发挥着重要作用。为更好的了解边坡动态,更为准确、详细可靠的分析边坡情况,确保施工安全,本文以某公路边坡为工程背景,以现场监控量测为手段,对不同时间、机械开挖不同位置以及降雨前后的边坡进行动态观测。结果表明,位移量随着时间的增长而逐渐减少,反弯点出现后边坡逐渐趋于稳定状态;边坡累计沉降量随开挖深度的增加而不断上升,最后趋于稳定状态。     

两水隧道软岩铣挖法施工技术

铣挖法是适合软岩隧道施工工艺的一种开挖方法.文章以两水软岩隧道为例,介绍了铣挖机工艺特点、采用铣挖机的隧道施工方案,从施工安全、施工质量、施工进度等方面进行了钻爆法和铣挖法的分析对比.实践结果表明,铣挖法与预裂爆破相结合是比较安全、经济的施工方法.     

高速公路互通改扩建线形布设难点及处理方法研究

互通式立交改扩建是高速公路改扩建工程的重点和难点,做好其改扩建线形布设非常关键。文章采用比较性分析与规律性总结相结合的方法,分析了高速公路互通式立交改扩建工程线形布设的主要影响因素和普遍遇到的难点与处理方法,并以呼包高速公路呼和浩特市互通改扩建工程为实例,介绍了其改扩建线形布设的难点与解决措施。     

Towards the Incorporation of Environmental Impacts into Pavement Management Systems

Environmental nuisances (such as greenhouse gases and noise) may be generated during the use phase of the pavement life cycle, with these known to significantly affect the environment. However, no attempt has yet been made to gather information concerning the processes involved in the generation of environmental impacts, and to evaluate them. To address this issue, this paper reviews the knowledge base and relevant methods relating to environmental impact assessment and pavement management. It then presents a conceptual model, integrating impact pathway approach and life cycle cost analysis principles and providing a comprehensive framework for quantification and incorporation of environmental impacts into pavement management. This study shows that pavement management influences environmental impacts occurring during the use phase of the pavement life cycle. It establishes causal links between pavement management and nuisance generation, between nuisances and their impact on receptors, and finally between these impacts and their costs. This study also suggests that incorporating environmental impacts into pavement management systems is feasible and describes how existing and future methodologies and tools may be integrated to support this incorporation. Finally, this study underlines that the inaccuracy of current knowledge and data limits the scope of this conceptual model to network-level decisions.     

基于LEAP模型的城市客运交通能耗和污染物排放预测

我国交通运输业能源消耗量与污染物排放量日益增多,交通部门的节能减排措施研究迫在眉睫。本论文基于LEAP模型构建了某城市客运交通能耗与污染物排放模型,并预测了基准情景、政策情景、技术情景及综合情景下该城市客运交通2014-2030年之间的能耗及污染物排放情况。研究表明,三种发展情景下该城市能源需求量及污染物排放较基准情景均有减少,其中综合情景效果最佳,综合情景在2030年的能源消耗与CO2排放可分别减少56.98%和54.55%,CO、HC、NOx与PM2.5可分别减排67.39%、67.27%、51.43%与75.38%。因此应大力发展公共交通,尤其是轨道交通,同时限制私家车的无节制发展,并推广节能环保技术以改善终端利用层次能源结构。     

How much do people value the environment?

The selection and evaluation of road schemes through the Leitch framework is based on a combination of cost-benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment. Both techniques involve the definition and valuation of a number of costs and benefits. These costs and benefits are defined and valued in isolation to each other so that we know virtually nothing about the relative valuation that people assign to different types of costs and benefits which might affect them directly or indirectly. This paper outlines the development of a method which allows people to conceptualise the costs and benefits of a road scheme in their own terms and then to rank schemes in relation to those costs and benefits. This method is based upon an interview process involving the use of repertory grid technique. The information from the repertory grid technique is used as a sound basis for determining trade-offs between attributes and for attempting to obtain monetary valuations of different project attributes. A number of exploratory interviews are reported which outline some of the difficulties with a number of the survey features including the choice of case-study, interviewer and information biases and sample and non-response biases. Various ways of dealing with these difficulties are discussed.     

南钦高速公路改扩建路面改造方案设计

文章基于南钦高速公路原水泥混凝土路面的使用状况及检测评定结果,对南钦高速公路路面病害进行了分析,同时借鉴国内改扩建项目路面工程的设计理念与施工经验,提出了三种新旧路面处理改建方案,并通过比选得出了合理可行的方案。     

基于MSP430的铁路货运车厢温湿度信息采集系统设计

文章设计了基于MSP430的铁路货运车厢温湿度信息采集系统,介绍了该系统软件和硬件的结构组成与功能原理,指出该系统具有处理速度快、实时性强、精确度和集成度高、携带方便等优点,可为铁路货运系统提供基础数据,并能提高铁路货物运输的安全性和质量,有着广泛的应用前景。