Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis of NH_3-H_2O Falling Film Absorption on Inner Tube Surface with Low Solution Flow Rates

NH_3-H_2O falling film absorption usually takes place with low solution flow rate in real absorption refrigeration system. An experimental study of inner vertical absorption is carried out for the consideration of air-cooling absorber. Variable working conditions are tested to evaluate the heat and mass transfer performances.The traditional evaluation method based on log-mean-temperature(concentration) difference is criticized for its lack of theoretical basis while simultaneous heat and mass transfer process occurs. A new method proposed by Kim and Infante Ferreira is modified to evaluate the experimental results with reasonable assumptions. The method is based on the derivation of coupled heat and mass transfer differential equations of NH_3-H_2O absorption process.The analysis of the same experimental data shows that the new method realizes better consistency with smaller error, especially in heat transfer aspect. Heat and mass transfer performance is enhanced with the increase of solution Reynolds number. Sub-cooling of inlet weak solution also has positive influence on the absorption process,which should be evaluated by the new method correctly. Two correlations are developed to evaluate both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for the design of air-cooling absorber.     

不同结构参数的石油测试管柱减振系统的数值模拟

基于有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA研究冲击载荷下石油测试管柱减振系统的动力学性质。在模拟过程中涉及几何非线性、材料非线性、状态非线性和动态加载等问题。建立新型减振器模型,在一定冲击强度下,脉冲力主瓣频率为150 Hz时分别改变弹簧刚度、橡胶Mooney-Rivlin参数、下接头质量进行有限元分析,并讨论减振效果。     

滚石对棚洞结构的冲击动力分析

以棚洞结构为原型,对滚石冲击作用下棚洞的接触力、位移、损伤与能量进行了研究。将滚石简化为刚性球体,围岩和土体为理想弹塑性材料,混凝土为弹塑性材料,通过ABAQUS有限元,模拟了不同速度与冲击角度下滚石冲击荷载对棚洞结构的动力响应。分析结果表明:在冲击角不变时,滚石速度越大产生的位移越大,在速度不变时,滚石的冲击角越小产生的位移越大;混凝土防护结构损伤最严重的地方发生在与滚石接触的区域,其次在斜腿柱上端和同柱子连接的横梁处,在实际工程中应加强柱子上端与横梁连接处的强度;棚洞主要通过混凝土防护结构来吸收和消耗冲击能,土垫层吸收和消耗冲击能很有限,为了缓解滚石冲击对混凝土防护结构的破坏,可在棚洞支座处增设耗能减震器。     

Coupled heat and mass transfer analysis of NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O falling film absorption on inner tube surface with low solution flow rates

NH₃-H₂O falling film absorption usually takes place with low solution flow rate in real absorption refrigeration system. An experimental study of inner vertical absorption is carried out for the consideration of air-cooling absorber. Variable working conditions are tested to evaluate the heat and mass transfer performances.The traditional evaluation method based on log-mean-temperature（concentration） difference is criticized for its lack of theoretical basis while simultaneous heat and mass transfer process occurs. A new method proposed by Kim and Infante Ferreira is modified to evaluate the experimental results with reasonable assumptions. The method is based on the derivation of coupled heat and mass transfer differential equations of NH₃-H₂O absorption process.The analysis of the same experimental data shows that the new method realizes better consistency with smaller error, especially in heat transfer aspect. Heat and mass transfer performance is enhanced with the increase of solution Reynolds number. Sub-cooling of inlet weak solution also has positive influence on the absorption process,which should be evaluated by the new method correctly. Two correlations are developed to evaluate both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for the design of air-cooling absorber.     

Structure-borne sound attenuation at corner interface with dynamic vibration absorber attached

Structure-borne sound attenuation at corner interface of two plates with dynamic vibration absorber attached is investigated by wave approach. Equations governing transmission and reflection coefficients are deduced by introducing some non-dimensional coefficients, which help to reveal the physical sense inside and to simplify the analysis. Numerical investigation on vibration energy transmission of bending wave is carried out as well. The results from measurement and prediction show almost the same trends in the simplified experiment. It is found that energy transmission at corner interface depends greatly on whether the dynamic vibration absorber attached acts at resonance and is relatively lower right after the nature frequency of dynamic vibration absorber. Furthermore, the dynamic vibration absorber attached provides less energy transmission of bending wave than blocking mass at the end of “passing band”.     

Effect of Nose Shape on Semi-Armor-Piercing Warhead Penetration Performance

The numerical simulations of different head shape semi-armor-piercing warheads penetrating thin steel target are done using the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and the whole process of different nose shape semi-armor-piercing warheads vertically penetrating the thin steel plate is compared. Besides, the influence of impact angle on penetration performance of three different nose shape projectiles is researched. The analysis results indicate that the nose shape has a significant influence on semi-armor-piercing warhead penetration performance.The effect of impact angle on the three kinds of projectiles' residual kinetic energy and deflection is different. The research results provide references for designing of warhead and battlefield damage assessment.     

粘弹性地基上考虑耦合效应四边自由矩形薄板的非线性自由振动分析

基于Hamilton能量变分原理和薄板的基本假设,考虑地基阻尼的影响,建立了双参数粘弹性地基上考虑耦合效应的四边自由矩形薄板的非线性自由振动方程以及板域外的控制方程.应用瑞利-里兹法及循环迭代对方程进行求解,探讨了地基阻尼、地基弹性模量以及板的结构参数对双参数粘弹性地基上四边自由矩形薄板的非线性自由振动特性的影响,得出...     

ZnO薄膜的溶胶—凝胶法制备及其光学性质研究

采用溶胶—凝胶法分别在透明玻璃和Si衬底上制备出了ZnO薄膜。分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量分散谱仪(EDS)、紫外可见分光光度计和荧光光谱仪对所制样品进行测试,研究了样品的结构特性、成分和光学特性。X射线衍射结果表明,所制备的ZnO薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构;ZnO薄膜的EDS能谱图表明薄膜包含O元素和Zn元素;透射光谱表明ZnO薄膜质量高,在可见光范围内具有较高的透射率,平均透射率在85%以上;吸收光谱表明在带隙处存在吸收边;从PL光谱观察到了显著的紫外发射峰。     

列车碰撞仿真中钩缓装置模拟方法

为了研究列车碰撞过程中的钩缓装置行为,提出了一种基于LS-DYNA离散梁单元模拟钩缓特性的仿真方法.以某6节编组的城市地铁列车36 km/h对撞工况为例,对钩缓装置的加载、卸载以及在极限载荷下的失效脱落等现象进行模拟,并计算钩缓装置对列车碰撞工况能量吸收的贡献程度.结果表明:该方法能够模拟碰撞时列车钩缓装置的力学特性以及车钩的失效和脱落现象,并且能得到连挂列车各位置钩缓装置的输出特性、能量吸收等指标;两列车对撞后,钩缓装置在碰撞过程中吸收能量占总能量的27%.      

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of EPS Concrete Under Impact Loading

The finite element method(FEM) models of expanded polystyrene(EPS) concrete were established to study the relationships among dynamic damage, energy absorption and efficiency of buffering materials with varied flexible aggregate contents and impact speeds based on the existing split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)experiments. Applied material indexes including damage degrees, crack rates and energy absorption capacities,and the dynamic responses of EPS concrete under impact loading were investigated. The results show that the failure types of these materials evolve from quasi-brittle destruction to flow-plastic destruction, the damage degree of EPS concrete increases with the enhancement of flexible aggregate content, and the peak of crack rate exists around the extreme point of shock velocities. The energy-absorption efficiency of EPS concrete increases nonlinearly when the EPS beads increase and the shock speed enhances, respectively.     

钢板加固持荷RC梁承载力数值分析方法

在钢筋混凝土梁粘贴钢板加固数值分析中,为了解决初始荷载及钢板-混凝土界面传力问题,以8片钢筋混凝土梁室内缩尺模型试验为基础,采用面-面接触分析方法及单元"生死"分析方法,对试验梁进行了全过程数值分析,提出了一种粘贴钢板加固具有初应力钢筋混凝土梁的数值分析方法。研究结果表明:钢筋混凝土梁预测挠度变化规律与实测值吻合较好,极限荷载偏差在11.5%以内。可见,运用数值分析方法能有效解决持荷情况下,待加固结构与钢板不同时参与工作及钢板-混凝土界面的传力难点。     

基于RCAR试验的电动SUV低速保险杠耐撞性研究

为研究某款纯电动SUV保险杠在低速正面碰撞工况下的耐撞指标,提高其耐撞性能。首先依据RCAR保险杠低速碰撞试验及评价方法,建立某纯电动SUV正面全宽低速保险杠碰撞有限元模型;其次,从防撞梁、吸能盒的吸能和变形以及车体损坏情况等对仿真结果进行分析。结果表明,模型防撞梁强度不足,导致吸能盒未发挥低速吸能效果,风扇受到挤压。最后从防撞梁截面型式、材料,厚度3个影响防撞梁强度的因素出发,提出3种优化改进方案。研究表明,方案3防撞梁低速碰撞耐撞性最好,在满足轻量化要求的同时满足了RCAR测试的要求。     

Analysis of Angular Side Berthing Against a Rubber Cone Fender

This paper analyzes fender selection process in berth design and focuses on the case of a rigid berth with rubber cone fenders.Fender types and performance comparison methods are studied along with current numerical models.Berth design methods are analyzed with a focus on berthing energy calculation and fender selection.A new approach to determine the required fender capacity is suggested.A finite elements rubber cone model is tested and used in simulations of angular side berthing.Results show that the energy absorbed by the fender can be much higher than what can be calculated with the current berth design method.A new form for the expression of the energy that must be absorbed by the fender during angular berthing impact is suggested.     

求解瞬时温度场的边界层函数法

本文介绍了求解奇异摄动问题的一种有效方法——边界层函数法,并用此方法研究了在薄矩形板中的热传导问题。     

Nc-Si Thin Film Deposited at Low Temperature and Nc-Si Heterojunction Solar Cel

IntroductionMuchworkhasbeendonetostudythestruc-tureandpropertiesofthehydrogenatednano-crystallinesilicon(nc-Si∶H)thinfilmsinthepastfewyears[1～3].Ithasbeenreportedthatthesefilmshavemanygoodopticalandelectricalproper-ties[4～6].Severaldepositiontechniqueshavebeenestablishedtopreparenc-Si∶Hthinfilms,includ-ingplasmaenhancedchemicalvapordeposition(PECVD),hotwirechemicalvapordeposition(HWCVD)[7,8]andreactivemagnetronsputter-ing[9]withthesubstratetemperaturevaryingfrom150to250°C.Comparedwi…     

气液环簧组合式缓冲器非对称拉压特性动力学建模及冲击仿真

为解决气液环簧组合式缓冲器呈现非对称拉压动态特性问题，构建了气液环簧组合式缓冲器动力学模型，基于MATLAB/Simulink软件编制了考虑不同吸能元件特性的车辆冲击动力学模型程序，研究了两辆单车冲击及两列动车组冲击的动态特性。研究结果表明:组合式缓冲器动力学模型既能有效地模拟拉伸状态下环簧缓冲器的线性加载特性，又能较好地模拟压缩状态下气液缓冲器随冲击速度变化的非线性加载动态特性，即组合式缓冲器动力学模型体现了明显的非对称拉压特性；低速与中高速冲击过程中，组合式缓冲器动力学模型及车辆冲击模型可依次完整有效地模拟缓冲器-压溃管-防爬器-车体结构变形产生的缓冲吸能动态过程及磁滞拉压特性曲线；列车冲击速度为5 km·h-1时，最大车钩力及组合式缓冲器最大行程均小于缓冲器阻抗力和行程限值，其压缩加载特性曲线仅呈现出气液缓冲器的加载特性；冲击速度为20 km·h-1时，最大车钩力为2 900 kN，最大行程为534 mm，防爬器已经触发，其压缩加载特性曲线呈现出了气液缓冲器-压溃管-防爬器组成的连续力学特性，此时车体结构未发生破坏；冲击速度达到25~30 km·h-1时，列车开始发生结构破坏，车钩力陡升；全自动车钩与半永久车钩参数选型能够满足冲击速度20 km·h-1以内的列车车体结构安全性。      

桥梁结构三维气动导纳研究

介绍并阐明了用于结构抖振分析的气动导纳函数的概念，讨论了目前采用的导纳函数并指出其局限性，导出了不同情况下适用于薄板的导纳函数，指出三维气动导纳函数能反映结构外形、脉动风场特性及折减频率的综合影响，是符合工程实际的，最后，总结了风洞试验中进行气动导纳函数研究的2类方法。     

Structural intensity characterization of composite laminates subjected to impact load

Structural intensity (SI) characterization of composite laminates subjected to impact load was dis-cussed. The SI pattern of the laminates which have different fiber orientations and boundary conditions wasanalyzed. The resultant forces and velocities of the laminates were calculated, and the structural intensity wasevaluated. The SI streamlines of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates and the steel plates werediscussed. The results show that the SI streamlines of the graphite/epoxy laminates are different from that ofthe steel plates, and the SI streamlines are influenced by the boundaries, the stacking sequence of the compositelaminates. The change of the historical central displacement of the graphite/epoxy laminates is fasten thanthat of the steel plates.     

柔性防护系统环形拦截网分区等代模型

环形网是被动柔性防护系统中的重要结构单元,其冲击变形具有明显的多柔体非线性动力学特征,其计算模型的构建是柔性防护结构理论研究的难点与关键点. 为了建立环形网的计算模型,首先通过柔性被动网整体结构足尺冲击试验,获取了环形拦截网的区域化变形特征以及网环的典型变形状态;其次通过网环拉伸试验与数值仿真计算的方式得到了各典型变形状态下,网环的荷载位移关系,建立了分区等代计算模型;最后通过与网片顶破试验、动力冲击试验展开对比计算的方式校验了模型的准确性. 研究结果表明:环形拦截网具有明显的分区域变形特征,网环（环形网的基本单元）具有3种典型变形状态,各变形状态的网环均具有两阶段受力特征;据此采用连接于圆心、初始长度为网环半径的“X”形4桁架单元模拟单个网环,将典型变形状态下网环的荷载位移关系等效为桁架单元应力应变关系,连接对应节点形成整片网的单元模型,根据网环所处的变形区域赋予桁架单元相应的应力应变关系,建立了整片环形网的高效率分区域等代模型;通过与静力试验及动力试验的对比,模型计算误差小于10%.      

滚石冲击钢筋混凝土板的弹塑性动力响应研究

滚石冲击钢筋混凝土板过程伴随复杂的能量转化,基于经验或Hertz接触理论的传统钢筋混凝土板抗冲击设计与实际状况有较大出入.为探索一种更加高效准确的滚石冲击响应计算方法,引入Olsson针对正交各向异性复合板提出的冲击动力控制方程,结合弹塑性接触理论开展滚石冲击钢筋混凝土板动力响应分析,并与Hertz解及动力有限元解进行对比,结果表明:相同条件下,Hertz理论解由于仅考虑板的弹性变形,其峰值冲击力较弹塑性理论解和动力有限元解分别增大31.8%和77.1%,其最大压痕深度较后两者分别增大17.3%和61.8%,而基于弹塑性接触准则的冲击动力响应更加接近于动力有限元解,趋于真实,且避免了复杂建模过程,高效可行.