Integration of car-body flexibility into train–track coupling system dynamics analysis

The resonance vibration of flexible car-bodies greatly affects the dynamics performances of high-speed trains. In this paper, we report a three-dimensional train–track model to capture the flexible vibration features of high-speed train carriages based on the flexible multi-body dynamics approach. The flexible car-body is modelled using both the finite element method (FEM) and the multi-body dynamics (MBD) approach, in which the rigid motions are obtained by using the MBD theory and the structure deformation is calculated by the FEM and the modal superposition method. The proposed model is applied to investigate the influence of the flexible vibration of car-bodies on the dynamics performances of train–track systems. The dynamics performances of a high-speed train running on a slab track, including the car-body vibration behaviour, the ride comfort, and the running safety, calculated by the numerical models with rigid and flexible car-bodies are compared in detail. The results show that the car-body flexibility not only significantly affects the vibration behaviour and ride comfort of rail carriages, but also can has an important influence on the running safety of trains. The rigid car-body model underestimates the vibration level and ride comfort of rail vehicles, and ignoring carriage torsional flexibility in the curving safety evaluation of trains is conservative.     

Dynamic performance of high-speed train passing windbreak breach under unsteady crosswind

Field test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method are conducted to investigate the safety of high-speed train under unsteady crosswind. Wheel–rail forces of high-speed train passing a breach between two windbreaks under strong crosswind are measured in a field test. The derailment coefficient of first wheelset of front car at the windward side reaches the allowable value. Meanwhile, the left and right of lateral wheel–rail force are in the opposite direction. This kind of phenomenon has not been tested before. Therefore, CFD and multi-body simulations are performed in order to study the phenomena. Good agreement is obtained between the simulation results and the experimental data. It is concluded that the sudden increase of transient aerodynamic loads, when the train passing the breach, is the root of this phenomenon; after running along the same direction as carbody and bogie run along the opposite direction during the high-speed train passing the windbreak breach; larger opposite longitudinal creeping forces of first wheelset compel the first wheelset to yaw toward the windward side; meanwhile, larger lateral wheel–rail forces compel the first wheelset to run toward the windward side rail; the left and right lateral wheel–rail forces become opposite because the right wheel impacts the windward side rail.     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic performance of a couple multiple units high-speed train

In order to determine the effect of the coupling region on train aerodynamic performance, and how the coupling region affects aerodynamic performance of the couple multiple units trains when they both run and pass each other in open air, the entrance of two such trains into a tunnel and their passing each other in the tunnel was simulated in Fluent 14.0. The numerical algorithm employed in this study was verified by the data of scaled and full-scale train tests, and the difference lies within an acceptable range. The results demonstrate that the distribution of aerodynamic forces on the train cars is altered by the coupling region; however, the coupling region has marginal effect on the drag and lateral force on the whole train under crosswind, and the lateral force on the train cars is more sensitive to couple multiple units compared to the other two force coefficients. It is also determined that the component of the coupling region increases the fluctuation of aerodynamic coefficients for each train car under crosswind. Affected by the coupling region, a positive pressure pulse was introduced in the alternating pressure produced by trains passing by each other in the open air, and the amplitude of the alternating pressure was decreased by the coupling region. The amplitude of the alternating pressure on the train or on the tunnel was significantly decreased by the coupling region of the train. This phenomenon did not alter the distribution law of pressure on the train and tunnel; moreover, the effect of the coupling region on trains passing by each other in the tunnel is stronger than that on a single train passing through the tunnel.     

高速铁路近距离下穿机场跑道及导航结构振动影响

为评估高速铁路运行产生的振动对机场跑道和导航设备的影响,依托长赣高速铁路近距离下穿长沙黄花机场工程,运用midas GTS软件进行动力时程分析,分析高速铁路对下穿机场跑道地表及仪表结构的力学响应规律。结果表明：高速铁路隧道结构与机场地表净距不小于一倍洞直径时,高速铁路列车荷载振动对跑道地表影响较小,对仪表导航系统产生的力学响应更小。     

关于广州地铁隧道空气动力学效应缓解措施的研究

地铁列车高速通过中间风井以及多次在地下线路与高架线路间转换,引起车厢内压力波动,降低了乘车的舒适性。文章总结了其他国家制定的地铁或高速铁路不同的人体舒适度压力控制标准和国内的地铁压力舒适度的相关研究,采用地铁环境模拟计算软件SES 41,对广州地铁14号线列车线路在隧道运行时不同列车时速、不同的隧道断面、不同渐扩段长度等情况下通过隧道洞口及中间风井时车头的压力波动及压力舒适度进行计算分析,提出对于高速地铁可在常规盾构隧道断面入洞口处和中间风井处设置一定长度及规模的渐扩段,同时结合行车组织的压力缓解措施的设计建议,这些措施在广州地铁14号线、21号线、南京机场线等工程设计中已进行应用,具体效果有待线路开通后进行实测验证。     

A real-time posture monitoring method for rail vehicle bodies based on machine vision

Monitoring vehicle operation conditions has become significantly important in modern high-speed railway systems. However, the operational impact of monitoring the roll angle of vehicle bodies has principally been limited to tilting trains, while few studies have focused on monitoring the running posture of vehicle bodies during operation. We propose a real-time posture monitoring method to fulfil real-time monitoring requirements, by taking rail surfaces and centrelines as detection references. In realising the proposed method, we built a mathematical computational model based on space coordinate transformations to calculate attitude angles of vehicles in operation and vertical and lateral vibration displacements of single measuring points. Moreover, comparison and verification of reliability between system and field results were conducted. Results show that monitoring of the roll angles of car bodies obtained through the system exhibit variation trends similar to those converted from the dynamic deflection of bogie secondary air springs. The monitoring results of two identical conditions were basically the same, highlighting repeatability and good monitoring accuracy. Therefore, our monitoring results were reliable in reflecting posture changes in running railway vehicles.     

恶劣环境下铁路行车安全研究综述

强风沙、地震、泥石流等恶劣环境严重威胁列车的安全运行，研究和防治铁路自然灾害、确保列车安全运行、保障运输安全畅通已成为铁路科研的重大任务。为了避免恶劣环境导致列车脱轨和倾覆事故发生，针对恶劣环境下铁路行车安全性问题，综述了不同环境下列车脱轨机理和动力学特性、环境测量系统、调度系统、预警系统、控制系统、试验验证、防灾措施等关键环节的研究进展。总结了铁路恶劣环境的分类及特点，分析了不同恶劣环境对列车安全运行关键环节的影响，归纳了不同恶劣环境、路况和车型条件下车辆动力学特性及安全性能指标。梳理了复杂恶劣环境下的铁路行车安全控制方法和措施（如实施限速或紧急停车、道岔及受电弓除冰雪装置、挡风墙或风屏障、铁路监测预警与行车指挥系统等），及在实施相应控制方法和措施的过程中所采取的研究方法（如理论分析、数值计算、风洞试验、在线实车试验等）。展望了恶劣环境下铁路列车安全运行研究的重点和发展趋势。      

Influence of long-wavelength track irregularities on the motion of a high-speed train

Vertical track irregularities over viaducts in high-speed rail systems could be possibly caused by concrete creep if pre-stressed concrete bridges are used. For bridge spans that are almost uniformly distributed, track irregularity exhibits a near-regular wave profile that excites car bodies as a high-speed train moves over the bridge system. A long-wavelength irregularity induces low-frequency excitation that may be close to the natural frequencies of the train suspension system, thereby causing significant vibration of the car body. This paper investigates the relationship between the levels of car vibration, bridge vibration, track irregularity, and the train speed. First, this study investigates the vibration levels of a high-speed train and bridge system using 3D finite-element (FE) transient dynamic analysis, before and after adjustment of vertical track irregularities by means of installing shimming plates under rail pads. The analysis models are validated by in situ measurements and on-board measurement. Parametric studies of car body vibration and bridge vibration under three different levels of track irregularity at five train speeds and over two bridge span lengths are conducted using the FE model. Finally, a discontinuous shimming pattern is proposed to avoid vehicle suspension resonance.     

甬台温铁路线某段桩-网复合地基的动力变形分析

针对甬台温铁路某段地基结构,通过拟合列车荷载时程函数,运用Midas/GTS NX软件建立轨道-路堤-桩网复合地基三维动力耦合模型,分析了软土区的碎石注浆桩-网复合地基在列车高速行驶过程中产生的地基土体动应力分布规律以及变形趋势。结果表明:铁路桩-网复合地基在列车荷载作用下产生的竖向动应力主要集中在路堤范围内,且沿着深度方向逐渐减小,但在桩端处放大;地基累积变形主要集中在前期,之后随着振动次数的增加而趋于稳定,这对于轨道不平顺性修正具有现实意义。     

32 m超低高度混凝土T梁动力性能试验与分析

为了研究开行120km/h货车后既有铁路32m超低高度混凝土T梁的运营状况、安全性和加固对策,选取1孔32m超低高度混凝土T梁进行自振频率、挠度、振幅等主要动力性能测试。结果发现跨中横向振幅超过限值,不能满足120km/h货车运行,需要提高该梁的竖向和横向刚度。     

高速铁路隧道洞口地形对微压波的影响分析

高速列车进入隧道后将产生一系列的空气动力学效应,其中隧道出口的微压波效应对人类环境的危害性较大。影响微压波的因素主要有:列车进入隧道的速度、隧道的阻塞比、隧道长度、隧道内部条件和隧道出口地形等。采用数值模拟方法,深入研究了隧道出口地形对微压波的影响,得到了隧道出口地形对微压波的影响特性。     

宁东铁路跨下伏输水隧洞的静动力计算及可行性分析

为了评价铁路修建的可行性及运营期间列车荷载对下伏输水隧道钢筋混凝土结构的安全性影响,开展了岩基-隧道钢筋混凝土结构的静动力计算研究,分析了移动列车荷载作用下岩基和衬砌的质点最大位移、最大主应力、振动位移和振动速度的变化规律。结果表明,列车移动荷载引起的岩基及衬砌结构的最大应力低于材料的容许应力;振动位移和振动速度时程曲线具有明显的三阶段特征,且同一列车速度时振动曲线特征点的对应时刻基本相当;振动位移的影响深度随列车速度的增加而增加,衰减完成的时间随列车速度的增加而减少。在输水隧洞上方修建铁路对其钢筋混凝土衬砌结构的安全性影响甚小,无需加固处理。     

列车振动荷载作用下明挖隧道施工过程中支护结构的动力响应分析

为了研究既有铁路沿线附近明挖隧道施工过程中支护结构的动力稳定性,结合FLAC3D软件分别采用列车静载和动载模型研究车致振动对周围自由场以及隧道基坑开挖施工的影响。主要结论如下:1)采用列车静载模型所得结果小于动载模型的结果;2)车致振动以竖向分量为主,振动幅度沿水平向衰减很快,在距既有线6 m范围内衰减剧烈,之后趋于稳定;3)沿竖向衰减较慢,在20 m深度范围内,沉降量基本与深度呈二次曲线关系,之后趋于稳定;4)在既有线列车荷载作用下,不同施工阶段基坑底部总体有反拱趋势,为5~8 mm;5)采用锚索支护体系可以明显减小基坑侧壁的内倾变形。研究表明,既有线的列车荷载作用在水平方向上对于拟开挖隧道无明显振动影响,在竖向上当采用围护桩和锚索支护体系后可确保明挖隧道施工过程的整体稳定性。     

桁宽对大跨度铁路斜拉桥车-桥耦合振动性能的影响研究

为考虑桁宽对大跨度铁路斜拉桥动力特性及车辆走行性的影响,以某主跨580m双塔斜拉桥为背景,分别建立了3种不同桁宽(15,24,30m)桥梁的有限元模型,对比其固有频率的差异,并通过车-桥耦合振动分析,比较了3种桁宽情况下桥梁、列车的动态响应。分析结果表明,桥梁横向振动和扭转振动的频率随桁宽的增加而明显增大,竖向振动频率随桁宽的增加而略有减小;主梁的横向位移随桁宽的增加而明显变小,桁宽15m出现了规律性的横向振动;3种桁宽情况下车辆响应变化不明显,桁宽15m时动车和拖车的响应(特别是轮轴横向力及减载率)总体上较其他2种桁宽的响应略大,车辆的响应对桁架的宽度变化不敏感。     

Structural analysis of 3D high-speed train–bridge interactions for simple train load models

Three-dimensional models are developed for analysing the dynamic interaction that occurs between high-speed trains and bridges. The reliability and accuracy of developed models are verified by comparing the results from analysing field tests on high-speed trains. A number of train load models are proposed and their performances are compared in order to identify possible models that would reduce the computational and modelling efforts while maintaining suitable accuracy. The results show that at least 16 cars out of a 20-car train should be modelled to achieve results that are comparable to those obtained using the highly detailed 20-car model. Regarding the simplified train load model, more accurate results are obtained employing the 3D moving vehicle model for power cars, the heaviest cars of a high-speed trainset, and a moving force model for other cars, power passenger cars, and passenger cars, compared with highly detailed 20-car model.     

Influence of the aerodynamic forces on the pantograph–catenary system for high-speed trains

Most of the high-speed trains in operation today have the electrical power supply delivered through the pantograph–catenary system. The understanding of the dynamics of this system is fundamental since it contributes to decrease the number of incidents related to these components, to reduce the maintenance and to improve interoperability. From the mechanical point of view, the most important feature of the pantograph–catenary system consists in the quality of the contact between the contact wire of the catenary and the contact strips of the pantograph. The catenary is represented by a finite element model, whereas the pantograph is described by a detailed multibody model, analysed through two independent codes in a co-simulation environment. A computational procedure ensuring the efficient communication between the multibody and finite element codes, through shared computer memory, and suitable contact force models were developed. The models presented here are contributions for the identification of the dynamic behaviour of the pantograph and of the interaction phenomena in the pantograph–catenary system of high-speed trains due to the action of aerodynamics forces. The wind forces are applied on the catenary by distributing them on the finite element mesh. Since the multibody formulation does not include explicitly the geometric information of the bodies, the wind field forces are applied to each body of the pantograph as time-dependent nonlinear external forces. These wind forces can be characterised either by using computational fluid dynamics or experimental testing in a wind tunnel. The proposed methodologies are demonstrated by the application to real operation scenarios for high-speed trains, with the purpose of defining service limitations based on train and wind speed combination.     

Theoretical and experimental excitation force spectra for railway-induced ground vibration: vehicle–track–soil interaction,irregularities and soil measurements

Excitation force spectra are necessary for a realistic prediction of railway-induced ground vibration. The excitation forces cause the ground vibration and they are themselves a result of irregularities passed by the train. The methods of the related analyses – the wavenumber integration for the wave propagation in homogeneous or layered soils, the combined finite-element boundary-element method for the vehicle–track–soil interaction – have already been presented and are the base for the advanced topic of this contribution. This contribution determines excitation force spectra of railway traffic by two completely different methods. The forward analysis starts with vehicle, track and soil irregularities, which are taken from literature and axle-box measurements, calculates the vehicle–track interaction and gets theoretical force spectra as the result. The second method is a backward analysis from the measured ground vibration of railway traffic. A calculated or measured transfer function of the soil is used to determine the excitation force spectrum of the train. A number of measurements of different soils and different trains with different speeds are analysed in that way. Forward and backward analysis yield the same approximate force spectra with values around 1 kN for each axle and third of octave.     

基于三自由度的智能汽车模糊滑模横向运动控制研究

针对智能汽车运动过程中存在的车身姿态变化问题以及运动控制精度问题，设计了一种基于非线性3自由度动力学模型的模糊滑模横向运动控制器。建立了包括侧倾运动的3自由度动力学模型，进行了模型线性化；对基于线性化处理后的动力学模型进行了滑模控制器设计，通过控制前轮转角实现了路径跟踪横向控制，并引入了模糊控制提高控制效果，本控制系统能够在跟踪过程中对车身姿态变化进行观察。仿真结果表明，搭建的基于3自由度动力学模型的模糊滑模控制器能够在考虑侧倾运动的基础上，实现路径跟踪，且构建的模糊滑模控制系统相较于传统滑模控制其横向偏差与方向偏差分别降低了7.28%和1.50%，同时模糊控制也减弱了滑模控制固有的抖振影响。     

高速列车外观设计的进展和发展趋势

随着科学技术的不断发展和进步,我国高速列车成为一种高速度、高载能力的现代化轨道交通工具,其外观设计也成为高速列车整体设计的重点内容。为了在高速列车外观设计中把美观性和实用性进行有效的结合,本文针对高速列车外观设计的进展和未来发展趋势进行了分析和研讨,对高速列车外观设计中的造型、色彩、空气动力学、地域文化等多种因素的影响进行了研究分析,通过对我国高速列车外观设计的进展进行研究分析,对未来我国高速列车外观设计的发展趋势进行了展望,希望可以为我国高速列车外观设计的研究提供一些参考。     

Vertical random vibration analysis of vehicle–track coupled system using Green's function method

A vertical vehicle–track coupled dynamic model, consisting of a high-speed train on a continuously supported rail, is established in the frequency-domain. The solution is obtained efficiently by use of the Green's function method, which can determine the vibration response over a wide range of frequency without any limitations due to modal truncation. Moreover, real track irregularity spectra can be used conveniently as input. The effect of the flexibility of both track and car body on the entire vehicle–track coupled dynamic response is investigated. A multi-body model of a vehicle with either rigid or flexible car body is defined running on three kinds of track: a rigid rail, a track stiffness model and a Timoshenko beam model. The results show that neglecting the track flexibility leads to an overestimation of both the contact force and the whole vehicle vibration response. The car body flexibility affects the ride quality of the vehicle and the coupling through the track and can be significant in certain frequency ranges. Finally, the effect of railpad and ballast stiffness on the vehicle–track coupled vibration is analysed, indicating that the stiffness of the railpad has an influence on the system in a higher frequency range than the ballast.