基于乘客密度的12m城市客车座椅数目确定方法

为选用合理的座椅布置来适应运营时段内客流的变化, 提高城市客车服务能力, 调查了坐姿乘客在车厢地板上的平均投影面积, 明确了划分不同运营时段的判别准则, 提出了1种综合考虑坐姿和站立乘客的乘客密度指数, 分析了车上人数和高峰流量系数对座椅数目最优解的影响; 提出了公交线路上采用单一座椅布置情形下的12m城市客车最优座椅数目确定方法, 分析了座椅布置与运营时段之间的匹配方法, 运用西安市7条公交线路的客流数据验证了模型的可行性, 分析了3种常见座椅布置对运营时段和线路属性的适应性。结果表明: 坐姿乘客在车厢地板上的平均投影面积为0.35 m2/人; 高峰客流系数是影响12 m城市客车座椅数目的关键因素; 公交线路单一座椅布置的座椅数目推荐值为21~43座; 控制实际座椅数目与最优解的偏差在2个座位以内且满足通用布置原则要求时, 可使座椅布置适配公交线路的效果达到最佳。      

A comparative study of equivalent modelling for multi-axle vehicle

In this paper, equivalent modelling methods of a multi-axle vehicle are presented and compared. Firstly, for the sake of comparison, a single-track model of a three-axle and a two-axle vehicle is developed, and then existing equivalent modelling derivations are presented and discussed. Next, the proposed model-based dynamic equivalence of force/moment at the centre of gravity (CG) is introduced and optimised. It represents the approximately equivalent steady-state and transient response of the yaw rate and side slip angle, which allows different cornering stiffness on the central and rear axle. Finally, to demonstrate how the proposed method is advantageous to the other equivalent models available in the literature, different simulation cases are compared in the dimension of time-domain, eigenvalues characteristics and frequency-domain. Furthermore, the proposed method is extended to any multi-axle vehicle configurations and a general expression is formulated.     

Efficiency analysis of a multiple axle vehicle with hydrostatic transmission overcoming obstacles

Transmission configurations in off-road vehicles with multiple driven axles can be a determining factor in the obstacle surmounting capacity and also in the vehicle efficiency. An off-road articulated vehicle with four driven axles, four bogies and two modules has been considered for the global hydrostatic transmission efficiency analysis and for the vehicle functional efficiency analysis. The power flow through the transmission system has been quantified from the combustion engine shaft to each axle of the wheels. It has been done for different the operating conditions and taking into account the wheel–terrain interaction and the transmission configuration, that could lead to a forced slippage of some of the wheels. Results show the influence of the different wheels’ requirements, the transmission configuration limitations and the considered control strategy on the global transmission and vehicle functional efficiencies.     

BRT车辆油耗显著差异的技术分析

常州BRT车辆在运营中所表现出来的百公里油耗差异显著,客观地反映了中国巴士与客车制造业与运营业的车辆技术状况,引发了专业人士的广泛讨论。一个看似很简单的现象,却折射出来一系列的疑问,并冲击人们固有的一些传统技术观念。     

转向盘转角阶跃输入下半挂汽车列车操纵稳定性仿真分析

基于包括任意载荷分布的非线性轮胎模型在内的半挂汽车列车整车模型,应用汽车列车动力学仿真软件Arc Sim,分析了半挂汽车列车在转向盘转角阶跃输入时的转向特性。通过在不同车速、不同结构参数等条件下的仿真计算,揭示了半挂汽车列车的转向特性与车速、结构参数之间的内在联系,给出了半挂汽车列车转向特性在这些条件下的表现特征,为半挂汽车列车操纵稳定性分析提供了参考和借鉴。     

发动机后置铰接式客车

简要探讨发动机后置铰接式客车在行驶和转弯时的受力情况;简单介绍发动机后置铰接式客车所用的推式铰接装置的功能。     

低地板发动机后置式铰接客车急转弯特性有限元分析

对于客车车身来说,整体结构的有限元模型部分已经很成熟了。但是对于发动机后置式铰接客车在急转弯工况下的结构有限元分析,尚不多见。文章基于有限元理论,对某型低地板发动机后置式城市铰接客车结构进行建模和静态特性分析。在分析中以汽车各部件的实际连接关系的精确模拟为出发点,考虑了铰接盘处的转动,建立车身有限元模型,并结合国外大汽车公司的FEM行业分析经验,着重考虑了汽车行驶时的急转弯工况,建立了数学模型且对车身强度进行了分析,其结果可作为车身骨架结构优化的参考。     

Energy management and design optimization for a series-parallel PHEV city bus

Series-parallel PHEV city buses combine the advantages of series and parallel configurations and have been used in China. However, the design and energy management of series-parallel PHEV city buses based on Chinese driving conditions still need to be investigated. In this paper, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy is provided to optimize energy management for series-parallel PHEV city buses, and the process of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy for series-parallel is presented in this paper. Compared with the validated rule-based energy control strategy, ECMS shows a fuel economy improvement of 8.2 % in the CBCD (Chinese Bus Driving Cycle). Based on the optimal energy management, a design for a generator motor in the series-parallel configuration has been processed. The fuel consumption has been shown to decrease, with an increase in generator power, because the system with the higher generator power can work at a higher efficiency in the series mode and operate the engine in the high efficiency area in the parallel mode. Besides, in terms of costof- ownership for a PHEV bus for lifetime of 8 years, although the high generator power will lead to high purchase cost for series-parallel PHEV bus, a series-parallel PHEV city bus with a generator of 100 kW maximum power will still show small advantage in cost-of-ownership, based on current motor price and natural gas price.     

The Steering Characteristics of Multiple Axle Bogie Systems

Legislation limits the load that may be transferred to the roadway by the axies of a commercial vehicle and this has resulted in the development of multi axle bogies for both the tractor and trailer units of articulated vehicles and at the rear of rigid vehicles, some of these bogies contain self steering or articulation steered axles

Experience shows that the tyre wear characteristics of multi axle bogies may be unsatisfactory. The paper analyses the role of such bogies in the context of vehicle handling and shows how the lateral tyre forces vary between the axles. An hypotheses relating the forces in a steady state turn to wear is given. The analysis may also be applied to the general case of vehicle handling.     

The Steering Characteristics of Multiple Axle Bogie Systems

SUMMARY

Legislation limits the load that may be transferred to the roadway by the axies of a commercial vehicle and this has resulted in the development of multi axle bogies for both the tractor and trailer units of articulated vehicles and at the rear of rigid vehicles, some of these bogies contain self steering or articulation steered axles

Experience shows that the tyre wear characteristics of multi axle bogies may be unsatisfactory. The paper analyses the role of such bogies in the context of vehicle handling and shows how the lateral tyre forces vary between the axles. An hypotheses relating the forces in a steady state turn to wear is given. The analysis may also be applied to the general case of vehicle handling.     

车路协同环境下重叠线路公交车速诱导策略

为了防止公交车辆在线路重叠运行区间产生公交串车，在站点附近形成交通瓶颈，提出一种采用车速诱导策略来调整公交运行状态的动态调度模型。采用车路协同环境下的公交运营调度方式，结合各线路独自运行时的乘客需求和车辆车头时距规律，在避免重叠区站点公交串车的前提下，实现了各线路车辆最大程度地维持各自独立运行时车头时距的优化目标。提出的车路协同环境下的车速诱导调度策略，在引导各线路公交车辆间隔均匀地进入重叠区间后，根据乘客实时交通需求和道路交通状况，实现对车辆的实时调控。开发了一种启发式算法对车辆进入重叠区间的时刻进行求解，采用基于遗传算法的仿真过程求解了重叠区站点之间车辆的最佳运行速度，实现了重叠区间车辆动态调度过程。以哈尔滨市运行区间重叠的3条公交线路为实际案例进行仿真分析，对3条线路共计47辆公交车在重叠区12个站点之间的运行状况进行了优化调度。结果表明：采用提出的启发式算法进行调度后，车辆可以完全均匀地进入重叠区。通过对比采用动态调度优化前后的车辆运行状态发现，车辆串车现象由优化前的单站最多发生6次下降为0次，最大程度地实现了避免公交串车的目标。此外，车速诱导策略不仅避免了不同线路车辆在重叠区站点的串车现象，而且可以调整各线路上相邻两车之间的车头时距偏差，线路1的车头时距最大偏差从55%下降到了30%，线路2的车头时距最大偏差从25%下降到了13%，线路3的车头时距最大偏差从23%下降到了18%。     

考虑出行时间窗的定制公交线路车辆调度方法

为提高定制公交系统的运行效率,研究了带乘客出行时间窗约束的多条定制公交线路车辆调度方法。给出了乘客出行站点合并方法,将公交车早到、晚到站点所造成的乘客损失转变为当量运营里程,以多辆公交车总运营里程最小为目标,考虑乘客的站点约束、公交车容量约束以及乘客的出行时间窗,建立了定制公交车辆调度优化模型。其次分析了乘客出行起点、终点对模型求解的影响,通过提出虚拟源站点,将多辆定制公交车的调度问题转换为多旅行商问题;基于后向推导原则设计贪心算法求得模型的可行解;之后基于遗传算法,采用自然数编码机制,将每个站点作为基因位,按照访问次序排列成染色体对应问题的解;最后给出了贪心算法和遗传算法的流程。在理论研究的基础上以定制公交线路为例对建模过程和模型的求解过程进行了阐述。研究结果表明：所建立的优化模型能够输出合理的多条定制公交线路车辆调度方案,不仅可以给出每辆定制公交的途经站点、运营里程,还可以给出每个站点的准点程度以及由于公交早到、晚到折算得到的当量运营里程;在求解算法质量方面,与可行解相比,相对最优解输出的方案能够使综合运营里程降低10.4%;模型求解时间为30.3 s,可以满足定制公交企业的实时性需求。     

城市道路交叉口公交预信号控制方法及其应用研究

综述了公交预信号的国内外技术现状,提出城市道路交叉口公交预信号设置条件,给出了公交预置区车道布局方式,通过实验修正了公交专用候驶区长度计算模型,并给出了交叉口区域停车线、车道分布及公交优先检测器的布设。以上海市鲁班路复兴中路路口为应用对象,调查了公交预信号可实施条件,并计算了第二停车线设置位置,计算出车道灯先红先绿信号控制时间,论文基于PA-RAMICS仿真评估表明1 h内该路口公交车等待时间减少了28%,社会车辆平均等待时间增加了6%,达到公交信号优先的目的。     

混合动力汽车动力总成试验台研究

基于混合动力汽车有串联、并联和混联等多种结构形式的特点,提出以模块化设计思想来搭建混合动力汽车动力总成试验台的方法,从而达到了在比较短的时间内、以尽量小的改动适应不同混合动力汽车动力总成结构形式组合需要的目标。根据研究需要,首先完成了混合动力汽车动力总成试验台并联形式的建设,并利用该试验台对所研制的混合动力城市客车多能源动力总成控制器进行了初步调试,验证了该控制器的软硬件设计和并联电动助力型控制策略。同时,所完成的发动机台架试验和电机台架试验也充分证明了试验台模块化设计思想的可行性和有效性。     

超车工况下高速客车操纵稳定性仿真与试验研究

在分析大客车结构和载荷分布的基础上,根据乘员人体工程学和系统动力学原理,建立了九自由度客车模型。对客车模型的仿真结果和实车试验结果进行了对比,验证了该模型的正确性和实用性。同时,利用此模型仿真分析了悬架参数变化对高速超车工况客车操纵稳定性的影响。     

客车车身外流场分析

运用ANSYS中的CFD功能建立了基于计算流体力学的车身空气动力特性有限元计算模型，对客车车身外流场进行了数值模拟，并分析了涡流产生的原因及对客车带来的影响，为客车车身设计提供了参考。     

On the equivalent wheelbase of a three-axle vehicle

The steady-state handling properties of a rigid vehicle with a tandem rear axle configuration are developed. This work uses conventions resulting in a parsimonious characterisation of steady-state handling of such three-axle vehicles that is shown to be a simple extension of the well-known two-axle bicycle model. Specifically the concepts of understeer and wheelbase are developed for a three-axle vehicle, and shown to play the same role in characterising vehicle handling as they do in the well-known two-axle vehicle model. An equivalent wheelbase of a three-axle vehicle is expressed in terms of vehicle geometry and cornering stiffness of each axle. The model developed in this work is reconciled with previous models that make use of simplifying assumptions found in the literature.     

Parametric optimization of EQ6110HEV hybrid electric bus based on orthogonal experiment design

Parametric optimization is an important step for any mechanical system design, including the development and design of a hybrid electric bus. To obtain an optimized parameter grouping of the EQ6110HEV hybrid electric bus for best fuel economy, an orthogonal experiment design method is applied to the parameter optimization process of the EQ6110HEV hybrid prolusion system. This paper proposes two orthogonal experiment methods; the basically orthogonal experiment method and the synthetically orthogonal experiment method. By this means, the development time and the testing costs are reduced, and the impact of factors and their optimal levels are obtained by a range analysis of the experiment results. The results show that the fuel economy of the optimized parameter grouping is improved by 4.1 percent for the four-stage urban driving cycle in China and by 8.7 percent for the Wuhan urban driving cycle of public buses in China, in comparison with that of the parameter grouping of the current configuration.     

Vehicle dynamics control using an active third-axle system

This paper introduces the active third-axle system as an innovative vehicle dynamic control method. This method can be applicable for different kinds of three-axle vehicles such as buses, trucks, or even three-axle passenger cars. In this system, an actuator on the middle axle actively applies an independent force on the suspension to improve the handling characteristics, and hence, its technology is similar to slow-active suspension systems. This system can change the inherent vehicle dynamic characteristics, such as under/over steering behaviour, in the linear handling region, as well as vehicle stability in the nonlinear, limit handling region. In this paper, our main focus is to show the potential capabilities of this method in enhancing vehicle dynamic performance. For this purpose, as the first step, the proposed method in both linear and nonlinear vehicle handling regions is studied mathematically. Next, a comprehensive, nonlinear, 10 degrees of freedom vehicle model with a fuzzy control strategy is used to evaluate the effectiveness of this system. The dynamic behaviour of a vehicle, when either uncontrolled or equipped with the active third axle is then compared. Simulation results show that this active system can be considered as an innovative method for vehicle dynamic control.     

铰接汽车转向器座可靠性分析

针对铰接式城市客车转向器座的受载特点,运用有限元分析方法计算了几种典型工况下某铰接汽车转向器座的疲劳强度,得到了转向器座接近实际工况的应力循环,然后利用其S-N曲线,基于Miner线性累计损伤准则计算其疲劳寿命。通过与成熟的产品疲劳分析结果的比较,获得了新车型的可靠性数据,减少了试验成本。