某SUV后部扰流附件的气动性能研究

基于某SUV车型,通过数值计算和风洞试验研究了14种后扰流板和侧扰流板方案对整车气动性能的影响。结果表明,单独加装任意一种扰流板,其减阻效果均较小,而在后扰流板和侧扰流板的共同作用下,减阻效果最大可达3%,且所有方案在降低阻力的同时,都会使后升力增加。根据计算得到的流场信息和尾迹区结构特性分析了扰流板的减阻机理,并根据试验结果分析了不同方案对于升力的影响规律,为相似车型扰流附件的气动优化提供了参考依据。     

Actively translating a rear diffuser device for the aerodynamic drag reduction of a passenger car

This research aims to develop an actively translating rear diffuser device to reduce the aerodynamic drag experienced by passenger cars. One of the features of the device is that it is ordinarily hidden under the rear bumper but slips out backward only under high-speed driving conditions. In this study, a movable arc-shaped semi-diffuser device, round in form, is designed to maintain the streamlined automobile??s rear underbody configuration. The device is installed in the rear bumper section of a passenger car. Seven types of rear diffuser devices whose positions and protrusive lengths and widths are different (with the basic shape being identical) were installed, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed under moving ground and rotating wheel conditions. The main purpose of this study is to explain the aerodynamic drag reduction mechanism of a passenger car cruising at high speed via an actively translating rear diffuser device. The base pressure of the passenger car is increased by deploying the rear diffuser device, which then prevents the low-pressure air coming through the underbody from directly soaring up to the rear surface of the trunk. At the same time, the device generates a diffusing process that lowers the velocity but raises the pressure of the underbody flow, bringing about aerodynamic drag reduction. Finally, the automobile??s aerodynamic drag is reduced by an average of more than 4%, which helps to improve the constant speed fuel efficiency by approximately 2% at a range of driving speeds exceeding 70 km/h.     

考虑来流偏角的汽车道路行驶阻力研究

汽车日益严苛的排放、油耗法规对准确测量和降低道路行驶阻力提出了更高的要求,气动阻力是汽车道路行驶过程中主要的阻力来源,真实道路自然风来流偏角是影响汽车气动阻力的重要因素。提出了一种基于真实道路来流偏角分布的风平均阻力系数计算方法——偏航角密度法,并和其他风平均阻力系数计算方法进行了比较,利用风洞法测量道路行驶阻力,研究了来流偏角对汽车道路行驶阻力、循环能耗的影响。研究表明,来流偏角概率密度呈现明显的区域分布特征,来流偏角显著影响汽车实际道路气动阻力、循环能耗,根据偏航角密度法,考虑真实道路来流偏角时,气动阻力、循环能耗分别最大可增加3.0%、1.6%。     

MIRA快背式模型主动减阻研究

参考被动减阻的机理,在MIRA车身的几个位置设置射流口实现射流吹气,以达到降低模型迎风面压力或增大背风面压力的目的。对比MIRA原模型瞬态仿真与试验结果,验证了仿真的准确性。对几个射流工况和原模型的瞬态仿真结果进行对比分析。通过阻力系数、表面静压系数和方向涡量的对比,确认了局部射流的减阻效果。最终实现气动阻力系数降低16.3%。     

队列行驶领航车辆尾流的粒子图像测速试验研究

为了研究队列行驶时不同的车间距对领航车辆气动阻力的影响,采用风洞试验方法,分别测量了队列行驶工况下领航车辆和领航车辆单独行驶时的阻力系数.又运用粒子图像测速技术对以上工况中领航车辆尾部纵对称面内的流场进行了测量与分析.结果表明:随着车间距的缩短,领航车辆阻力值降低,降幅最大达41.66%,并且尾部流场的涡的拖曳距离、扩...     

Effect of Connecting the Front and Rear Air Suspensions of a Vehicle on the Transmissibility of Road Undulation Inputs

Airsprings have been used for vehicle suspensions over the last 40 years. They are mostly used as independent suspensions. Analysis of air springs available in literature is mostly limited to a single-degree-of-freedom system or a two-degrees-of-freedom system only in the translation mode. This paper deals with a model of a vehicle where the front and the rear springs are connected by a capillary tube. A two-degrees-of-freedom model having motion in bounce and pitch mode is presented. Equations of mass flow are linearized on the assumption of small variations in volume and pressure. Expressions for the transmissibility and the phase angle in the bounce and the pitch mode are derived. Road inputs to the front and the rear axles are assumed to be identical except for a phase difference between them. The effect of the capillary flow coefficient and that of the phase angle between the front and the rear axle excitation are studied. It is shown that an optimum value of the capillary flow coefficient exists which minimizes the transmissibility of motion in both modes over the entire frequency range. It is also observed that a phase angle of 180 degrees presents ideal transmissibility characteristics. Thus, a promising application of air springs for a vehicle suspension is presented.     

Effect of Connecting the Front and Rear Air Suspensions of a Vehicle on the Transmissibility of Road Undulation Inputs

SUMMARY

Airsprings have been used for vehicle suspensions over the last 40 years. They are mostly used as independent suspensions. Analysis of air springs available in literature is mostly limited to a single-degree-of-freedom system or a two-degrees-of-freedom system only in the translation mode. This paper deals with a model of a vehicle where the front and the rear springs are connected by a capillary tube. A two-degrees-of-freedom model having motion in bounce and pitch mode is presented. Equations of mass flow are linearized on the assumption of small variations in volume and pressure. Expressions for the transmissibility and the phase angle in the bounce and the pitch mode are derived. Road inputs to the front and the rear axles are assumed to be identical except for a phase difference between them. The effect of the capillary flow coefficient and that of the phase angle between the front and the rear axle excitation are studied. It is shown that an optimum value of the capillary flow coefficient exists which minimizes the transmissibility of motion in both modes over the entire frequency range. It is also observed that a phase angle of 180 degrees presents ideal transmissibility characteristics. Thus, a promising application of air springs for a vehicle suspension is presented.     

Aerodynamic design optimization of rear body shapes of a sedan for drag reduction

This study proposes an aerodynamically optimized outer shape of a sedan by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which focused on modifying the rear body shapes of the sedan. To determine the optimization variables, the unsteady flow field around the sedan driving at very fast speeds was analyzed by CFD simulation, and fluctuations of the drag coefficient (C _D ) and pressure around the car were calculated. After consideration of the baseline result of CFD, 6 local parts from the end of the sedan were chosen as the design variables for optimization. Moreover, an ANN approximation model was established with 64 experimental points generated by the D-optimal methodology. As a result, an aerodynamically optimized shape for the rear end of the sedan in which the aerodynamic performance is improved by about 5.64% when compared to the baseline vehicle is proposed. Finally, it is expected that within the accepted range of shape modifications for a rear body, the aerodynamic performance of a sedan can be enhanced so that the fuel efficiency of the sedan can be improved. The YF SONATA, a sedan manufactured by Hyundai Motors Corporate, played a major role in this research as the baseline vehicle.     

导流翼片的倾角和长度在降低大后壁车辆气动阻力中的作用

利用1／16缩比的公共汽车模型及不同倾角和长度的导流翼片，在一带有可移动地面和边界层吸收装置的开放型风洞中进行了在车辆后端面的4边上安装导流翼片时车辆后部尾流区的压强恢复及气动阻力降低的实验。对导流翼片的倾角和长度在降低大后壁车辆气动阻力中的作用及机理进行了研究。找到了能使车辆的气动阻力降低20％左右的导流翼片最佳长度及倾角。     

镂空式车顶扰流板关键参数对两厢车空气阻力的影响

镂空式车顶扰流板已成为一种汽车造型设计的新思路，对整车空气动力性能也有极大的影响。为了研究镂空式车顶扰流板对整车空气阻力系数的影响，基于比亚迪某款带有镂空式车顶扰流板的两厢车型，以 CFD仿真为主要开发工具，分别研究了扰流板角度、镂空通道和 D 柱扰流板的影响，并与风洞试验结果进行对标。研究发现，镂空式车顶扰流板的角度减小，镂空通道与后风挡距离减小，以及 D 柱扰流板延伸长度增大均会导致顶部尾流增大，使尾流上下匹配关系发生变化。当上下尾流匹配性更好时，空气阻力系数更低。该研究结果可为后续镂空式车顶扰流板的开发提供经验。     

基于某型轿车的外流场数值模拟

利用CFD方法对某款车型进行外流场分析,分析其气动特性,计算出该车的阻力系数和升力系数,并通过对不同的底部上翘角模型进行分析,得出满足要求的底部上翘角,为其改进设计提供理论参考。     

重卡外气动性能评估与优化

利用数字仿真方法对某重卡的整车空气动力特性进行仿真分析。通过仿真分析,获得整车的风阻系数;并且根据对整车流场的压力云图分析,发现影响空气阻力系数的关键零件,并对导流罩进行了优化改进。优化后的分析表明改进效果是明显的,空气阻力系数得到了有效降低。     

Automobile aerodynamics influenced by airfoil-shaped rear wing

Computational model is developed to analyze aerodynamic loads and flow characteristics for an automobile, when the rear wing is placed above the trunk of the vehicle. The focus is on effects of the rear wing height that is investigated in four different positions. The relative wind incidence angle of the rear wing is equal in all configurations. Hence, the discrepancies in the results are only due to an influence of the rear wing position. Computations are performed by using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations along with the standard k-ε turbulence model and standard wall functions assuming the steady viscous fluid flow. While the lift force is positive (upforce) for the automobile without the rear wing, negative lift force (downforce) is obtained for all configurations with the rear wing in place. At the same time, the rear wing increases the automobile drag that is not favorable with respect to the automobile fuel consumption. However, this drawback is not that significant, as the rear wing considerably benefits the automobile traction and stability. An optimal automobile downforce-to-drag ratio is obtained for the rear wing placed at 39 % of the height between the upper surface of the automobile trunk and the automobile roof. Two characteristic large vortices develop in the automobile wake in configuration without the rear wing. They vanish with the rear wing placed close to the trunk, while they gradually restore with an increase in the wing mounting height.     

Aerodynamic Design of a Solar Road Vehicle

Solar road vehicles have very specific design requirements. This makes their aerodynamic characteristics quite different from classic sedan vehicles. In the present study, the computational model of a typical solar road vehicle was developed to investigate its aerodynamic forces and flow characteristics. Computations were performed assuming the steady viscous flow and using the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations along with the k-ω turbulence model. The obtained results indicate some important findings that are commonly not present for classic sedan vehicles. In particular, a contribution of the viscous drag force to the overall drag force is considerably larger (41 %) than it is the case for the standard passenger road vehicles, where the form drag force dominates over the viscous drag force. Surface pressure distribution patterns indicate a favorable aerodynamic design of this vehicle. In particular, larger pressure coefficients on the top of the vehicle body as compared to the bottom surface contribute to increasing a downforce and thus the vehicle traction. The airfoil-shaped crosssection of the designed cockpit canopy has favorable properties with respect to reduction of the aerodynamic drag force.     

Enhancement of aerodynamic performance through high pressure relief in the engine room for passenger car using cfd technique

High pressure acting on the vehicle’s body plays an important role in deciding the aerodynamic drag. An idea has been suggested to enhance the aerodynamic performance for small passenger car by relieving the high pressure in the engine room. The high pressure inside the engine room can be released to the outside of the vehicle through a hole perforated on the wheel house liner. About 1 % of the drag coefficient can be improved with the 1.88 % of the radiator air mass flow rate increment by installing the top hole with slots on the wheel house liner. Flow simulations are performed at the driving velocity of 110 km/h with the moving wall condition of the same velocity. The tire is rotating to catch more precise flow physics around a tire and wheelhouse liner.     

尾翼对车辆的空气动力学影响模拟分析及试验验证

为了研究不同造型结构的尾翼对整车空气动力学的影响,建立三维模型,利用Fluent软件对其进行分析计算,综合考虑动力性、经济性及稳定性的要求,同时进行风洞试验。结果表明：随着尾翼高度的增加,风阻系数先减少,后增加,后升力不断减少,前升力有所增加,增加的趋势比较缓慢。同时也认证了计算模型以及模拟结果的准确性,为以后的开发提供了一种经济、快速的方法。     

横风下π型断面大跨桥上汽车气动特性风洞试验（双语出版）

准确获得车-桥系统气动力是评估强风作用下桥上车辆运行安全性和舒适性的基本前提，为此必须考虑车辆与桥梁间存在的显著气动相互干扰。以山区大跨桥梁常见的π型断面主梁和集装箱货车为研究对象，设计并制作了1：32几何缩尺比的桥梁和车辆刚性测压模型，通过风洞试验测试了典型车-桥组合工况下车辆表面的风压分布，分析了前、后车辆干扰作用、车辆横向距离和车道组合方式等对桥上汽车气动特性的影响，并进一步分析汽车表面的风压值分布，以探究汽车气动力系数变化的机理。研究结果表明：前、后车辆间的干扰、车辆横向距离的改变对汽车的侧向力系数、阻力系数和升力系数均有较大影响，但对汽车的力矩系数影响较小，且汽车的力矩系数具有一定的离散性；车道组合方式中测试车辆位置的改变对汽车气动特性的影响大于干扰车辆位置的改变对汽车气动特性的影响，且车辆组合方式的改变对汽车的力矩系数基本没有影响；受桥梁π型主梁断面的影响，汽车侧向力系数的变化趋势与Coleman规律下的变化趋势不同。     

圆顶车厢载货车外流场数值模拟及附加装置优化设计

对EQ1118GA圆顶车厢运输车进行外流场的数值模拟,通过对模型的表面压力和流场特性的分析,研究EQ1118GA运输车气动阻力产生的主要原因,以此为依据为优化其空气动力学性能设计了4种不同的导流罩,并分别对它们进行数值模拟计算,得到具有最佳减阻效果的导流罩。     

开孔开槽交通标志板风荷载风洞试验（双语出版）

为了研究局部开孔或开槽等措施对减小交通标志板风荷载的影响效果,设计了可以实现多种开孔开槽方式的标志板试验模型。通过刚性模型测压风洞试验,得到16种不同开孔、开槽方式下的非均匀开孔板表面风压数据,获得不同工况下板表面的平均风压分布特性,分析单排孔位置、单列孔位置、多排多列孔位置及单槽双槽等因素对交通标志板表面平均风压分布、阻力系数和扭矩系数的影响规律,进一步分析各工况下板平均阻力系数随孔隙率的变化规律,以及扭矩系数随风向角的变化规律。研究结果表明：风向角为0°~45°时,板的阻力系数变化很小,风向角为45°~90°时,板的阻力系数呈线性减小;0°风向角下,开孔或开槽板迎风面风压系数基本不变,背风面孔或槽附近平均风压系数幅值增大;当孔隙率小于5%时,板阻力系数对孔隙率、孔位置和开槽数量均不敏感,标志板风荷载减少的主要原因在于受风净面积的减少;孔隙率较大时,减小板阻力系数的效果相对明显;给出了非均匀开孔情况下,板阻力系数与孔隙率的建议公式;板在45°斜风向下产生最大扭矩系数,开孔或开槽都能够显著减小斜风向下绕板竖向中心轴和边缘竖轴的平均扭矩系数,其中45°风向角时影响更为显著;孔隙率较大时,扭矩系数减小效应更为显著。     

Aerodynamic study of a generic car model with wheels and underbody diffuser

Being a continuous subject of research, this study presents new aspects regarding the relevance of underbody diffusers in road vehicle aerodynamics. Using a generic car model on wheels as a reference, the effect of the wheels on the body fitted with an underbody diffuser was studied, where the diffuser length and angle were varied within ranges which are applicable for hatchback passenger cars. The results show that the vortices which originate from the rear wheelhouses have a major impact on the aerodynamics of the underbody diffuser, which results in increasing of drag and lift of the body. For cases studied, the average drag and lift increment due to the addition of wheels were (Δc_D)_mean = 0.058, respectively (Δc_L)_mean = 0.243. The lift of the body on wheels decreases with both diffuser length and diffuser angle, and there are situations when it may become negative as for a body without wheels. The results show also the possibility to reach a minimum drag according with normalised diffuser length.