Combined effect of boost pressure and injection timing on the performance and combustion of CNG in a DI spark ignition engine

There is an increasing interest in supercharging spark ignition engines operating on CNG (compressed natural gas) mainly due to its superior knock resisting properties. However, there is a penalty in volumetric efficiency when directly injecting the gaseous fuel at early and partial injection timings. The present work reports the combined effects of a small boost pressure and injection timing on performance and combustion of CNG fueled DI (direct injection) engine. The experimental tests were carried out on a 4-stroke DI spark ignition engine with a compression ratio of 14. Early injection timing, when inlet valves are still open (at 300°BTDC), and partial injection timing, in which part of the injection occurs after the inlet valves are closed (at 180°BTDC), were varied at each operating speed with variation of the boost pressure from 2.5 to 10 kPa. A narrow angle injector (NAI) was used to increase the mixing rate at engine speeds between 2000 and 5000 rpm. Similar experiments were conducted on a naturally aspirated engine and the results were then compared with that of the boosting system to examine the combined effects of boost pressure and injection timing. It was observed that boost pressure above 7.5 kPa resulted in an improvement of performance and combustion of CNG DI engine at all operating speeds. This was manifested in the faster heat release rates and mass fraction burned that in turn improved combustion efficiency of the boosting system. An increased in cylinder pressure and temperature was also observed with boost pressure compared to naturally aspirated engine. Moreover, the combustion duration was reduced due to concentration of the heat release near to the top dead center as the result of the boost pressure. Supercharging was also found to reduce the penalty of volumetric efficiency at both the simulated port and partial injection timings.     

缸内直喷CNG发动机点火提前特性分析

将4气门4缸车用汽油机改装为缸内直喷CNG发动机,在发动机台架试验及燃烧过程试验基础上,对发动机的充气效率、点火提前角进行了基础标定,并分析了发动机的点火提前特性.研究表明:发动机采用缸内直喷,输出扭矩对点火提前角变化敏感;随着点火提前角增大,发动机最高燃烧压力升高,出现最大燃烧压力所对应的曲轴转角逐渐靠近上止点,发动...     

车用稀燃增压单一燃料CNG发动机电控系统的研究

为深入研究 CNG发动机稀薄燃烧特性 ,进一步降低天然气发动机的有害排放 ,设计了车用增压天然气发动机电控系统。该系统采用高能点火模块来获得天然气着火所需的点火能量 ,电控喷射单元采用模糊控制器来获得比较精确的空燃比控制 ,实现对天然气发动机的顺序多点喷射。运用该系统对增压单一燃料 CNG发动机的燃烧和排放性能进行了试验研究 ,结果表明了该系统的有效性。     

Scavenging a sub-chamber type CNG fueled engine

The sub-chamber type gasoline engine was suggested to be a type of clean engine, but the presence of residual gas in the sub-chamber was a serious fault. In this experimental study, the CNG direct injection method was applied to scavenge residual gas from the sub-chamber. The CVC (constant volume chamber) is divided into the sub-chamber and main-chamber and used as the main experimental apparatus. Because each combustion chamber of the CVC has an injector, the injector can be used freely, at the same time or individually. Therefore, the scavenging efficiency can be improved by changing injection times for the sub-chamber. The experimental results demonstrated that when all the fuel was injected into the sub-chamber, the combustion duration was shortened by 30% compared to that of injection into the main-chamber. Although residual gas was observed in the CVC, when the frequency of injections into the sub-chamber increased, good combustion characteristics were obtained.     

稀燃增压CNG发动机起动及怠速控制试验研究

根据稀燃增压点燃电控调压式CNG发动机的特点,设计了起动及怠速控制策略,对目标怠速、节气门开度、废气旁通阀开度、燃气供给压差、点火提前角、点火能量、空燃比等参数进行控制。在6缸直列单一CNG发动机上进行了起动及怠速调速试验。试验结果表明:通过优化起动燃气供给量、初始节气门开度、起动点火提前角等参数,可以实现CNG发动机快速、可靠起动;通过标定怠速节气门调速和点火提前角调速控制参数,实现了怠速工况稳定运行。     

Combustion phase detection algorithm for four-cylinder controlled autoignition engines using in-cylinder pressure information

For several decades, the primary goal of the automotive industry has been to reduce harmful emissions and improve fuel economy. Gasoline engines are clean and powerful propulsion systems, but have poorer fuel economy than that of diesel engines. However, due to the development of new technologies such as variable valve timing and lift and direct gasoline injection, controlled autoignition (CAI) combustion can be realized. CAI engines combine the advantages of cleaner emissions and lower fuel consumption than conventional spark-ignition gasoline engines. In this study, a cylinder-pressure-based combustion phase detection method for CAI combustion is proposed. This method utilizes a normalized difference pressure (NDP), which is defined as the normalized pressure difference between the firing and motoring in-cylinder pressures. The proposed method was developed and validated with steady-state experimental data from an inline 4 cylinder, 2 L gasoline direct injection (GDI) CAI engine. Because the calculations in the NDP method are faster and simpler than in the conventional combustion phase detection method in CAI engines, this method can be embedded in a real-time controller. Furthermore, the proposed method displayed good accuracy in detecting the combustion phase and thus stabilized CAI combustion. Finally, the detailed experimental results are presented.     

Effects of the throttle opening ratio and the injection timing of CNG on the combustion characteristics of a DI engine

We investigated the effects of the fuel injection timing — both for early and late injection — in conjunction with the throttle opening ratio on the fuel-air mixing characteristics, engine power, combustion stability and emission characteristics of a DI CNG spark engine and control system that had been modified and designed according to the author’s original idea. We verified that the combustion characteristics were affected by the fuel injection timing and that the engine conditions were affected by the throttle opening ratios and the rpm. The combustion characteristics were greatly improved for a complete open throttle ratio with an early injection timing and for a partial throttle ratio with a late injection timing. The combustion duration was governed by the duration of flame propagation in late injection timing scenarios and by the duration of early flame development in cases of early injection timing. As the result, the combustion duration is shortened, the lean limit is improved, the air-fuel mixing conditions are controlled, and the emissions are reduced through control of the fuel injection timing and vary according to ratio of the throttle opening.     

国内外燃气汽车发动机研究动向

通过对燃气汽车发动机供气方式的试验研究以及对国内外在燃气发动机领域研究成果的分析,阐述了影响燃气汽车动力性的因素,指出进气道液态LPG喷射较好地解决了充气效率下降的问题,缸内液态LPG直接喷射效果更佳,是解决LPG发动机动力性下降的有效途径之一。CNG缸内直喷技术从根本上解决了预混合方式中天然气燃料挤占进气空气造成充气效率下降的问题,可有效提高CNG发动机的动力性。LNG纯度高、存储体积小、安全可靠,续驶里程长,比CNG更具发展潜力。     

CNG发动机和汽油机燃烧的比较分析

CNG发动机与汽油机的燃烧同为预混湍流燃烧,但火焰传播速度、着火延迟期及混合气热值均不同。为在汽油机上改燃CNG或CNG/汽油两用燃料发动机发挥CNG燃烧的优点,针对CNG燃烧特点设计发动机,才能达到较高的输出功率和较低的排放。     

LNG缸内直喷发动机的开发

开发了液化天然气(LNG)缸内直喷多缸发动机,通过对不同的燃烧室设计和喷嘴布置方案进行仿真分析,开发了新的燃烧系统,设计了电控系统软硬件和满足天然气缸内直喷的LNG燃料供给系统.对LNG缸内直喷发动机、原汽油机和天然气进气道喷射发动机进行了台架试验对比研究,结果表明:直喷机中低转速时动力性与原汽油机相同,总功率和最大扭...     

当量比对CNG发动机动力及排放性能的影响

为了研究缸内直喷稀燃CNG发动机在不同当量比条件下的动力及NO排放性能,利用AVL Fire建立了发动机仿真模型,通过样机试验确定了仿真初始参数和边界条件;通过软件仿真发现了气缸内微观三维物理场与缸内压力、燃烧放热率和NO生成量间的内在联系,总结出了CNG发动机中导致NO快速生成的因素,并给出了能够在保证发动机动力性提升的同时降低NO生成量的最优当量比范围。     

纯柴油、柴油/CNG两种燃烧模式下应用EGR的发动机性能研究

在一台单缸柴油机上加装天然气电控喷射系统，改造成柴油／CNG双燃料发动机。通过示功图、放热率、排放特性和经济性的实验与分析，研究了纯柴油和双燃料两种燃烧模式下应用冷却EGR的效果。研究表明：不管是纯柴油模式还是双燃料模式，使用EGR之后，NOx都有大幅度降低；纯柴油模式使用EGR之后，会带来碳烟排放的恶化，但是对于双燃料模式，当EGR比例在22％以内，负荷小于75％时，不会造成碳烟排放的恶化。随着EGR比例的增大，燃烧放热率曲线由双峰过渡到单峰形状，具有均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程的特征。     

稀燃快燃点火电路研究

在电容储能点火系统的基础上,利用火花能量转换原理和能量叠加原理,提出了一种有别于传统发动机点火系的"稀燃快燃点火系"。简要介绍和分析了该点火系的组成及工作原理,对其进行了设计研究,通过试验验证了稀燃快燃点火系比传统点火系具有的优越性。结果表明:该点火系统能够提高点火线圈的次级电压,增加火花持续时间,有效提高点火能量的利用率,改善发动机点火性能。该点火系在进行适当匹配后不仅适用于现代高速、稀燃、高压缩比发动机,而且也适用于传统点燃式发动机。     

单燃料天然气发动机试验研究

将一台6105Q柴油机改造为点燃式单燃料天然气发动机。对发动机的进气系统、燃烧系统等进行了优化设计。试验过程中配用了不同形式的天然气供气系统及点火系统。试验结果表明，天然气供气方式及点火系统的不同对天然气发动机的性能有较大影响。该天然气发动机采用电控多点燃气喷射技术及电控点火技术时，动力性与原柴油机相当，排放性能明显改善。     

Measurement of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions during the starting of automotive DI Diesel engines

Most of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from automotive DI Diesel engines are produced during the engine warm-up period and are primarily caused by difficulties in obtaining stable and efficient combustion under these conditions. Furthermore, the contribution of engine starting to these emissions is not negligible; since this operating condition is highly unfavorable for the combustion progress. Additionally, the catalytic converter is ineffective due to the low engine temperature. In conjunction with adequate engine settings (fuel injection and fresh air control), either the glow plugs or the intake air heater are activated during a portion of the engine warm-up period, so that a nominal engine temperatures is reached faster, and the impact of these difficulties is minimized. Measurement of gaseous pollutants during engine warm-up is currently possible with detectors used in standard exhaust gas analyzers (EGA), which have response times well-suited for sampling at such transient conditions. However, these devices are not suitable for the measurement of exhaust emissions produced during extremely short time intervals, such as engine starting. Herein, we present a methodology for the measurement of the cumulative pollutant emissions during the starting phase of passenger car DI Diesel engines, with the goal of overcoming this limitation by taking advantage of standard detectors. In the proposed method, a warm canister is filled with an exhaust gas sample at constant volumetric flow, during a time period that depends on the engine starting time; the gas concentration in the canister is later evaluated with a standard EGA. When compared with direct pollutant measurements performed with a state-of-art EGA, the proposed procedure was found to be more sensitive to combustion changes and provided more reliable data.     

Characteristics of gasoline in-cylinder direct injection engine

Combustion characteristics of a gasoline direct-injection (DI) engine were studied with fuel injection timing varied. This study showed that emissions at part load are reduced by optimizing in-cylinder air motion and injection timing. Antiknock quality and volumetric efficiency are improved at high loads. With our DI system fuel does not stick on the intake port wall during engine warmup and transient mode, and thus even a cold engine can be controlled with a quick response and a high resolution, which, as a result, can reduce emissions. Also, lean limit is significantly improved by optimizing the injection timing.     

天然气压缩着火燃烧过程的研究

介绍了对压燃式天然气(CNG)发动机进行的研究。研究了不同的涡流室形状及通道直径和进气温度及CNG供气时刻对该发动机动力性的影响,并对CO,THC,NOx的排放进行了分析,探索了CNG发动机实现压缩着火的途径,为今后的继续研究做了技术上的准备。     

Study on pilot injection of DI diesel engine using common-rail injection system

In recent DI diesel engines designed to achieve high output and meet future exhaust regulation, the pilot injection control using a common-rail injection system is adopted. In this research, we developed visualization equipment for pilot combustion behavior of non-luminous flame to clarify the influence of pilot injection parameters (timing and quantity) on engine performance. As a result of this analysis, we clarified the influence of pilot injection parameters on pilot-main combustion and found the optimum pilot injection controlling method.     

基于2阶段喷射的缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧的研究

在缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）上采用2阶段燃油喷射技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧，在GDI发动机上实现了均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧方式，研究了缸内2阶段汽油喷射对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。结果表明，压缩行程中的第2次喷油时间可以有效地控制燃烧始点，二次喷油持续期可以控制燃烧速率、燃烧相位和拓宽发动机负荷。     

Assessment of diesel combustion noise overall level in transient operation

Combustion noise in passenger cars powered with direct injection (DI) diesel engines is frequently the main reason why end-users are reluctant to drive this type of vehicle. Thus, the great potential of diesel engines for environment preservation — due to their lower CO₂ emissions — could be missed. This situation worsens with the current design trends (engine downsizing) and the emerging new diesel combustion concepts (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition-HCCI, Premixed Charge Compression Ignition-PCCI, etc.), which are intrinsically noisy. This negative feature can be even more critical in transient operation due to the contribution of the temporal changes of both source and transmission path on engine noise. Therefore, combustion noise must be considered as an additional essential factor in engine development, together with performance, emissions and driveability. Thus, suitable evaluation procedures that can be integrated into the global engine development process in a timely and cost-effective manner are imperative. Regarding the evaluation procedures, most of the work available in the literature addressed combustion noise at steady operation. To surpass this limitation, two possible approaches — adapted from the classical and multiple regression methods — for the overall level assessment of combustion noise in transient conditions are evaluated in this paper.