郑西客专高桥隧道下穿既有铁路设计与施工

郑西客专高桥隧道出口下穿既有南同蒲铁路段集成了特浅埋、大断面、新黄土、小角度下穿等技术难点,由于浅埋、新黄土隧道施工易发生较大变形甚至突然性塌方,为确保下穿段施工安全和既有线运营安全、同时保证隧道建设工期,通过技术经济比选,最终确定采用超前管棚+双层支护+台阶法方案。现场通过地表对既有线进行加固、洞内100 m长管棚超前支护和双层喷锚支护,以及仰拱快速封闭等技术手段,实现了采用台阶法安全、快速下穿通过既有铁路段的目的。文章介绍了方案比选情况和现场施工情况,对试验测试情况进行了总结分析,对大断面黄土隧道下穿既有铁路段采用双层支护台阶法的适用性进行了评价,并提出了其技术关键和相关注意事项,为类似工程提供了一种新的建设思路。     

浅埋大断面黄土隧道下穿高速公路设计方案研究

结合郑州至西安客运专线阌乡隧道科研试验段测试结果,对大断面黄土隧道(175 m2)、浅埋(10 m)、斜交(15°)、长距离(270 m)下穿连-霍高速公路设计方案进行了研究,制定了双层大管棚超前支护、双层初期支护及双侧壁导洞法施工的下穿方案.施工实践表明,本工程的设计是成功的,特别是设置双层大管棚效果明显,有效地保证了施工安全,使连-霍高速公路路面沉降控制在5cm以内.     

超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有隧道的沉降控制技术

文章基于成都博览城综合交通枢纽18号线西博城站超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道施工实例,针对原设计CRD法施工存在的不足,提出了超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有隧道的沉降控制和CRD法施工优化技术方案,并在施工中采用旋喷桩、超前大管棚和超前小导管注浆等辅助措施进行地层加固,优化CRD小分部台阶开挖法及衬砌分部分块施工方案。实践证明,采用优化的CRD法施工方案和措施是有效的,减少了安全风险、加快了施工进度、降低了工程成本,可为今后类似工况条件下地铁区间暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有城市道路、隧道的施工和地表沉降控制提供借鉴。     

不同因素对立体交叉隧道施工的影响规律分析

针对围岩级别、交叉角度和岩柱高度3个影响因素,设计100个试验工况进行数值建模计算,分别从新建隧道施工引起的既有隧道拱顶沉降和初期支护内力变化两方面探讨了该3种因素对立体交叉隧道施工的影响规律。研究结果表明:受新建隧道下穿施工的影响,既有隧道拱顶沉降和喷混凝土轴力均有增大的趋势,且随交叉角度的增大,增幅更为显著;当立体交叉隧道岩柱高度增加、围岩变差时,引起的既有隧道拱顶沉降变化加大,而喷混凝土轴力的增大比率反而逐渐减小。可见对于立体交叉隧道而言,既有隧道结构变形为较敏感的物理量,可作为施工设计的重点考察指标。     

地铁下穿既有线和扩大基础桥梁施工方案研究

北京地铁六号线朝阳门—东大桥区间隧道下穿既有地铁二号线朝阳门站和二环主路朝阳门桥施工,工程难度极大,施工安全控制极为重要。为研究新建隧道施工过程对围岩与既有结构的影响,保证施工期间既有结构的安全使用、有效控制地表沉降,针对本工程拟定了不同施工方案并采用有限元计算软件MIDAS-GTS进行三维仿真模拟,分析其对围岩与下穿建筑物的变形控制效果。依据既有结构沉降控制标准,最终提出采用新建隧道与既有车站零距离刚对刚接触、自隧道两侧同时开挖、在既有车站两侧同时施做水平旋喷桩的方案。该方案将为六号线下穿既有车站和扩大基础桥梁的设计与施工提供理论依据。     

隧道喷锚支护施工技术应用

为有效解决结构承载力低、围岩节理发育、开挖稳定性差等隧道施工问题,在进行开挖面围岩处理、喷锚支护构造、混凝土喷射等喷锚支护设计的基础上,以位于广东省河源市东源县康和镇的半嶂隧道为例,结合工程地质勘察结果,对隧道施工段喷锚支护过程及结果进行了分析探讨。根据分析结果,喷锚支护技术能显著提升隧道结构强度和承载力,避免施工期间出现围岩坍塌事故,强化、固定隧道,保证施工安全。     

新建地铁隧道“零距离”下穿既有车站施工技术分析

新建地铁隧道"零距离"下穿既有运营地铁车站结构的施工将引起既有车站结构的变形,影响既有地铁正常运营。文章以北京地铁7号线下穿既有10号线双井站为工程背景,针对地铁区间隧道"零距离"穿越既有车站全断面开挖、台阶法开挖及CRD法开挖引起的既有车站主体结构、既有10号线轨道及区间隧道支护结构等的变形和受力状态进行了数值模拟,对比分析了不同开挖方案引起的既有车站结构及轨道的变形特性;以既有线轨道的变形量为控制标准,结合施工引起既有车站结构的受力变化,确定了区间隧道"零距离"下穿既有车站的施工开挖方案;同时对采用CRD法施工时的不同加固措施对既有车站及轨道变形的控制效果进行了数值模拟分析,确定了施工中地层加固范围及加固长度等注浆加固参数。现场监测分析结果表明,基于数值模拟分析优化并实施的区间隧道交叉中隔壁法(CRD)开挖方案以及在左右线隧道间的夹土层、隧道掌子面地层及隧道左右外轮廓3 m内地层进行加固的施工技术方案保证了既有线轨道变形速率不大于0.04 mm/d和既有车站主体结构累计变形量小于10 mm的要求。     

城市地铁盾构隧道下穿运营铁路施工控制技术研究

城市轨道交通的大规模兴建,不可避免地导致了各类近接工程的出现,给实际施工带来了极大挑战。文章依托长沙地铁1号线涂家冲站—铁道学院站区间隧道下穿京广铁路工程,对盾构下穿既有运营铁路的施工控制深入开展了研究,提出了包括旋喷桩加固、线路架空加固(横挑纵抬)等针对性的施工控制方案,并进行了数值模拟计算分析。结果表明,在上述控制措施的保护下,既有运营铁路路基与铁轨的变形值均能够满足铁路安全运营的要求,所提出的控制措施是有效可靠的,可供类似工程参考。     

高速铁路黄土隧道初期支护受力特性研究

支护结构的合理设计是大断面黄土隧道设计的关键环节。文章结合在建铁路黄土隧道,采用数值模拟,分析了大断面黄土隧道在不同初期支护时机情况下,支护结构、围岩受力状态和力学行为变化情况;基于控制围岩变形为核心,对大断面黄土隧道施工中初期支护施作时机的选择给出了合理的建议;根据现场监测结果,总结出了黄土隧道初期支护受力规律。黄土具有明显的流变特性,支护结构受力很大一部分承受围岩流变产生的附加荷载;另外,支护结构受力在空间上分布并不均匀对称,这些在设计中都应加以考虑。     

黄土隧道洞口浅埋段开挖支护技术探讨

随着国家西部大开发的不断深入,铁路隧道施工中黄土隧道所占的比例逐步提高。文章以兰山隧道工程实例为背景,介绍了该隧道洞口段的总体施工方案,并针对在施工过程中出现的沉降过大导致衬砌裂缝及地表裂缝的问题,提出采用反压墙控制边坡滑移、仰拱紧跟及三台阶临时仰拱法控制隧道拱部沉降等一系列保证黄土隧道洞口浅埋段施工安全的开挖支护技术措施,以便为今后同类型隧道的施工提供参考。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。