浅埋暗挖法设计理论论述

王梦恕院士在多年工程实践和理论研究的基础上,著成我国第一部全面系统论述"浅埋暗挖法"理论、设计、施工的专著--<地下工程浅埋暗挖技术通论>,对浅埋暗挖技术的理论基础、工程理念、设计与施工方法进行了全面论述.浅埋暗挖设计理论其创新点可以概括为隧道埋深的界定及荷载计算、隧道断面型式确定、邻近地下工程及其穿越方式、断面衬砌设计、结构防水设计、结构设计计算、预支护设计及网构钢拱架设计,并提出了浅埋暗挖法理论设计原则,形成了一套完整的浅埋、超浅埋隧道与地下工程设计、施工理论体系.     

浅埋偏压隧道施工技术

为全面提升隧道施工质量,需要进一步优化与完善浅埋偏压隧道施工技术,以有效降低隧道施工风险。基于此,以徐家坝隧道工程设计和施工为例,对浅埋偏压隧道形成原因进行分析,并对浅埋偏压隧道施工中的常见问题进行分析,在此基础上提出浅埋偏压隧道施工优化策略,以期更好地解决浅埋偏压隧道施工难题。     

浅埋暗挖法在隧道施工中的应用研究

本文针对浅埋暗挖法施工作业管理,首先概述了浅埋暗挖法施工原则及技术要求,进而结合浅埋暗挖法施工工艺特点,详细论述了浅埋暗挖法施工阶段控制管理技术,可以为浅埋暗挖法隧道施工作业管理提供合理的参考。     

山区高速公路隧道浅埋段关键施工技术

随着我国山区高速公路隧道建设的迅速发展,浅埋或超浅埋隧道在隧道工程建设中频频出现,浅埋隧道施工过程中的防塌施工技术就显得尤为重要。文章结合水平山隧道浅埋段施工实例,介绍了该隧道浅埋段施工过程中采用的双层超前注浆小导管超前支护形式、三台阶七步开挖方法及防止钢拱架下沉的技术措施,其经验和方法可供类似隧道工程设计与施工参考。     

公路隧道工程中的浅埋地段施工技术研究

隧道工程浅埋段施工过程中的防塌施工技术至关重要,需做好相关辅助施工、监控量测、超前预报与施工技术研究工作。文章分析了公路隧道浅埋段施工技术方案,并以广西平田隧道工程为例,介绍了浅埋段施工情况。     

高速公路隧道洞口浅埋段施工技术探析

在隧道施工中针对稳定性较差的洞口浅埋段采取改善和提高洞口围岩自稳能力的方法,如预注浆、洞口土方刷坡、预支护以及锚网喷等技术,以此提高高速公路隧道洞口浅埋段的施工质量和施工安全性。结合施工实例,分析高速公路隧道洞口浅埋段的施工技术,包括围岩加固技术、开挖技术,以供相关工程参考。     

浅埋暗挖隧道监控量测信息的分析与反馈

浅埋暗挖施工仍然遵循新奥法原理，施工中以量测指导设计和施工。本文以北京地铁五号线蒲黄榆车站浅埋暗挖隧道施工监控量测为例，介绍监控量测信息的分析、反馈及如何指导设计和施工。     

高速公路隧道浅埋段地表深层注浆施工技术

铜锣山隧道廖家沟浅埋段地质条件差、水量大,同时布置有两座竖井、一个人行横洞,防止廖家沟浅埋段洞内涌水和坍塌是该段施工的关键.该浅埋段采用地表注浆施工取得了较好的效果.文章在介绍地表注浆的施工方法及效果检查的基础上总结了施工参数,并围绕地表深孔注浆的操作事项作了重点阐述,可为同类工程施工提供参考.     

浅谈北京地铁蒲黄榆车站浅埋暗挖风道监控量测

浅埋暗挖施工仍然遵循新奥法原理，施工中以量测指导设计和施工，本文主要介绍北京地铁五号线2合同段蒲黄榆车站浅埋暗挖风道施工监控量测方案实施及监测信息反馈。     

刘家山隧道出口Ⅱ类围岩浅埋段施工技术

西安至南京的路刘家山隧道出口端Ⅱ类软弱围岩浅埋地段施工技术取得了成功，其合理的施工组织，现场强力的监管和强有力的支护手段为隧道软弱浅埋地段的顺利施工奠定了坚实的基础。本文就该隧道如何顺利度过软弱浅埋段施工做了详细介绍，可供参考。     

稀浆封层修复技术在港区道路养管中的应用

根据天津港"美丽港口一号工程"的要求,各港区需要进行洒水降尘。南疆港区南港路由于不间断洒水,使得路面长期处于潮湿状态,沥青粗细骨料发生离散,加上大型运输车辆的往复载荷作用,局部路面出现磨损、开裂和破坏现象,破损面积不断扩大。为防止路面进一步破坏,并使修复后的路面防水、防滑、耐磨和平整,工程采用乳化沥青稀浆封层对南港路破损路段进行修复,完工后有效保证了道路的正常使用,确保人员和车辆的通行安全,获得良好的经济和社会效益。     

Stakeholders interests,expectations, and strategies regarding the development and implementation of electric vehicles: The case of the Netherlands

In this paper, we study the strategies of the most relevant stakeholders with regard to the development and commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs) and their recharging infrastructure. Building on the perspective of socio-technical transitions, we relate the strategies of stakeholders to their current and future interests, as well as to their expectations with regard to EVs. Our analysis is based on a series of 38 semi-structured interviews with representatives of a variety of stakeholders in the Netherlands.EVs pose both opportunities and threats to various stakeholders. They therefore participate in the development of the emerging EV system, primarily in order to learn about the potential positive and negative impacts of these systems on their interests and, ultimately, to be able to grasp the opportunities and mitigate the threats. In other words, the expectations, interests, and resulting strategies of stakeholders relate to and depend upon the specific configuration of the emerging socio-technical system for electric mobility. We identify six potential conflicts of interest: the division of tasks within a public recharging infrastructure; the allocation of charging spots; the ways in which charging behavior can be influenced; the role of fast-charging, technical standards for charging equipment; and supportive policies for full-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.In general, the stakeholders do not seem overly concerned about either short-term returns on investments or long-term negative impacts. In this regard, the early phase of the transition can be understood as a relatively carefree phase. In order to continue the development of the emerging EV system and to keep it on the right track, however, for the foreseeable future, supportive policies will be necessary in order to provide a stable and reliable basis for further market expansion.     

油气管道多轮内检测数据对齐算法研究及应用

由于多轮内检测外部不确定因素和误差的共同作用,多轮间里程数据存在一定差异,难以实现管道缺陷的对齐,人工开展内检测数据对齐的工作量巨大。文中针对管道多轮内检测数据对齐算法展开研究,建立相关模型以提高数据对齐工作效率,分析了解管道动态,保障管道安全运行。将算法应用于在役天然气管道的三轮内检测数据,实现了球阀、管件、弯头、环焊缝、缺陷等特征向基线的对齐,对齐结果与基线偏差精确至0.01 m。     

The taxi industry: working conditions and health of drivers,a literature review

The taxi industry plays an important role in urban transportation systems, both in economic and mobility terms. In the case of the former, it provides employment for a large number of people and circulates significant amounts of money. In the case of the latter, it is a flexible means of transportation capable of arriving at any destination. Although the way the taxi industry is organised varies across countries and even within countries, some factors are shared at varying latitudes of the globe. Working conditions, habits, health, and exposure to road crashes have been a subject of interest for researchers from various disciplines, including medicine, psychology, and economics. However, much of this research focuses on a part of the problem and is not mutually referential. A review of the literature may be useful not only to researchers of diverse disciplines but also to industry representatives and those public officials responsible for transportation, road safety and health policy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the working conditions of taxi drivers, their relationship to road risk exposure and their consequences on the health of workers. It also includes information on coping strategies and protective behaviors. The review is based on a Scopus database search. The search covered the period from 1990 to 2015. This initial search was complemented with other database searches, which yielded some additional studies. Our goal was to summarise existing knowledge, identify possible lines of research and suggest some practical recommendations. It would be important (a) to reduce the workload, establish adequate time for breaks, and provide access to healthcare, (b) to implement actions to promote and maintain healthy habits, (c) to diagnose, detect and treat indicators of occupational fatigue and stress, and (d) to develop programs that make it possible to evaluate work concerns and broaden coping strategies to foster positive changes.     

Optimizing fare and headway to facilitate timed transfer considering demand elasticity

Fare and service frequency significantly affect transit users’ willingness to ride, as well as the supplier's revenue and operating costs. To stimulate demand and increase productivity, it is desirable to reduce the transfer time from one route to another via efficient service coordination, such as timed transfer. Since demand varies both temporally and spatially, it may not be cost-effective to synchronize vehicle arrivals on all connecting routes at a terminal. In this paper, we develop a schedule coordination model to optimize fare and headway considering demand elasticity. The headway of each route is treated as an integer-multiple of a base common headway. A discounted (reduced) fare is applied as an incentive to encourage ridership and, thus, stimulate public transit usage. The objective of the proposed coordination model is used to maximize the total profit subject to the service constraint. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model. The results show that the optimized fare and headway may be carefully applied to yield the maximum profit. The relationship between the decision variables and model parameters is explored in the sensitivity analysis.     

Pricing local emission exposure of road traffic: An agent-based approach

This paper proposes a new approach to iteratively calculate local air pollution exposure tolls in large-scale urban settings by taking the exposure times and locations of individuals into consideration. It explicitly avoids detailed air pollution concentration calculations and is therefore characterized by little data requirements, reasonable computation times for iterative calculations, and open-source compatibility. In a first step, the paper shows how to derive time-dependent vehicle-specific exposure tolls in an agent-based model. It closes the circle from the polluting entity, to the receiving entity, to damage costs, to tolls, and back to the behavioral change of the polluting entity. In a second step, the approach is applied to a large-scale real-world scenario of the Munich metropolitan area in Germany. Changes in emission levels, exposure costs, and user benefits are calculated. These figures are compared to a flat emission toll, and to a regulatory measure (a speed reduction in the inner city), respectively. The results indicate that the flat emission toll reduces overall emissions more significantly than the exposure toll, but its exposure cost reductions are rather small. For the exposure toll, overall emissions increase for freight traffic which implies a potential conflict between pricing schemes to optimize local emission exposure and others to abate climate change. Regarding the mitigation of exposure costs caused by urban travelers, the regulatory measure is found to be an effective strategy, but it implies losses in user benefits.     

Changes to commute mode: The role of life events,spatial context and environmental attitude

It has been suggested that commuting behaviours become habitual and that changes to commute mode are more likely at the time of major life events. However, evidence to support this has so far been limited to analyses of small-scale samples. To address this evidence gap, we use two waves of panel data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009/10 and 2010/11) to identify and explain the prevalence of individual change in commute mode from year to year amongst a representative sample of the English working population (n = 15,200). One third of those that cycle or get the bus to work, and one quarter of those that walk to work, are shown to change commuting mode by the following year. Car commuting is more stable, with only one in ten car commuters changing mode by the following year. Commute mode changes are found to be primarily driven by alterations to the distance to work which occur in association with changing job or moving home. Switching to non-car commuting becomes much more likely (9.2 times) as the distance to work drops below three miles. High quality public transport links to employment centres are shown to encourage switches away from car commuting and mixed land uses are shown to encourage switches to active commuting (walking and cycling). Switches away from car commuting are found to be more likely (1.3 times) for those with a pro-environmental attitude. The attitude orientation is shown to precede the behaviour change, demonstrating evidence of ‘cause and effect’. Overall, the study shows that changes in commuting behaviour are strongly influenced by life events, spatial context and environmental attitude.     

Urban delivery industry response to cordon pricing, time-distance pricing, and carrier-receiver policies in competitive markets

The paper develops a set of analytical formulations to study the behavior of the urban delivery industry in response to cordon time-of-day pricing, time-distance pricing, and comprehensive financial policies targeting carriers and receivers. This is accomplished by modeling the behavior of receivers in response to financial incentives, and the ensuing behavior of the carrier in response to both pricing and the receivers’ decisions concerning off-hour deliveries. The analytical formulations consider both the base case condition, and a mixed operation with both regular hour and off-hour deliveries; two pricing schemes: cordon time of day, and time-distance pricing; two types of operations: single-tour, and multi-tour carriers; and three different scenarios in terms of profitability of the carrier operation, which include an approximation to the best case, the expected value, and the worst case. The analyses, both theoretical and numerical, highlight the limitations of pricing-only approaches. In the case of cordon time of day pricing, the chief conclusion is that it is of limited use as a freight demand management tool because: (1) in a competitive market the cordon toll cannot be transferred to the receivers as it is a fixed cost and (2) the structure of the cost function, that only provides an incentive to the carrier to switch to the off-hours when all the receivers in the tour switch to the off-hours. The analyses of time-distance pricing clearly indicate that, though its tolls could be transferred to the receivers and provide an incentive for behavior change, the magnitude of the expected toll transfers under real life conditions are too small to have any meaningful impact on receivers choice of delivery times. In essence, the key policy implication is that in order to change the joint behavior of carrier and receivers, financial incentives—or programs that foster unassisted off-hour deliveries—should be made available to receivers in exchange for their commitment to do off-hour deliveries. As the paper proves, if a meaningful number of receivers switch to the off-hours, the carriers are likely to follow suit.     

Can induced traffic be measured by surveys?

This paper addresses the feasibility of measuring induced traffic by means of appropriately designed surveys. The problems which confront any attempt to measure induced traffic are described and discussed. They include: inherent variability of traffic data, difficulty in establishing what would have happened in the absence of the scheme, uncertainties in the attribution of cause and difficulty in determining the most appropriate time to conduct surveys. Some of these problems have no solution while others can be reduced with an appropriate programme of surveys and control studies. Calculations are made of the sample sizes required to achieve various levels of target accuracy. It is concluded that, given an appropriate programme of traffic counts including control studies and extensive screenlines, it should be possible at relatively modest cost and with reasonable precision, to measure the increases in traffic associated with a scheme and to identify how much of that increase is due to rerouteing. Any further disaggregation of this extra traffic into that which is due to change of mode, change of destination and increased frequency, is much more problematic. The basic traffic counts would need to be supplemented by a programme of public transport surveys, registration plate marking and/or roadside interviews, which would add very considerably to the cost of the exercise. However, even with considerable expenditure, adequate precision may be difficult to achieve and attribution of cause impossible to make.     

Computational methodology to predict injury risk for motor vehicle crash victims: A framework for improving Advanced Automatic Crash Notification systems

Advanced Automatic Crash Notification (AACN) systems, capable of predicting post-crash injury severity and subsequent automatic transfer of injury assessment data to emergency medical services, may significantly improve the timeliness, appropriateness, and efficacy of care provided. The estimation of injury severity based on statistical field data, as incorporated in current AACN systems, lack specificity and accuracy to identify the risk of life-threatening conditions. To enhance the existing AACN framework, the goal of the current study was to develop a computational methodology to predict risk of injury in specific body regions based on specific characteristics of the crash, occupant and vehicle. The computational technique involved multibody models of the vehicle and the occupant to simulate the case-specific occupant dynamics and subsequently predict the injury risk using established physical metrics. To demonstrate the computational-based injury prediction methodology, three frontal crash cases involving adult drivers in passenger cars were extracted from the US National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System. The representative vehicle model, anthropometrically scaled model of the occupant and kinematic information related to the crash cases, selected at different severities, were used for the blinded verification of injury risk estimations in five different body regions. When compared to existing statistical algorithms, the current computational methodology is a significant improvement toward post-crash injury prediction specifically tailored to individual attributes of the crash. Variations in the initial posture of the driver, analyzed as a pre-crash variable, were shown to have a significant effect on the injury risk.