小型液货船惰性气体系统最新动向

防止油船和化学品船火灾及爆炸事故一直是IMO关注的问题,同时也是油轮公司和化学品船公司日常安全管理的重点之一。液货船(包括油船、化学品船和液化气体船)在海上航行或在货物操作期间,可能发生各种不可预测的因素,存在着很多巨大的火灾或爆炸危险性。为确保安全,避免航行及货物操作期间各种不可预测因素的影响,只有在液货船,如油船上安装惰性气体系统,并对船员作全面培训,才能减少甚至防止事故的发生。     

沿海成品油船船型开发调查研究

介绍沿海成品油油运市场对油船的需求情况以及沿海港口对成品油船设计的限制条件,探讨规范的变化对成品油船结构的影响并对现有成品油船技术状况及存在的问题进行分析,总结了现有油船船型的特点,提出开发沿海成品油船新船型的建议。     

Valuing cargo flexibility in oil transportation

The seaborne oil transportation market is served by two main types of vessels—crude oil tankers and product tankers. Product tankers are designed to move refined oil products, yet they can also opportunistically carry ‘dirty’ products such as crude and heavy fuel oil, subject to the cost of tank cleaning when re-entering the clean products trade. We apply an entry-exit real option model with a stochastic freight rate differential to derive optimal triggers for switching between the two cargo types and estimate the value of the switching option. We show that the value of active switching has grown over time, and generally exceeds the additional construction cost of a product tanker. Our findings are important both from a practical point of view and for our understanding of market integration in the tanker freight market. Specifically, shipowners can use our model as a basis for optimizing chartering policy for clean product tankers. We also show that there are periods where the dirty market is persistently stronger, and discuss the possible reasons for such apparent inefficiencies.     

Code of behaviour at sea: women seafarers’ shipboard identity management

The employment of women on cargo ships, particularly at officer’s level, is paid more attention in order to supplement the shortage of qualified officers. However, seafaring jobs are still overwhelmingly dominated by men, and there seems to be gender-related challenges for women in such work environment. Women seafarers in this research are those who work in the ship operational sections on cargo ships as deck officers, engineers or radio officers. A total of 36 female and 8 male seafarers from eight different countries participated in the project and shared their experiences of working on board ships. The research revealed that the occupational culture of seafaring often reflects masculine norms and values which could affect women seafarers’ behaviour and attitudes. This paper further explores how women manage such situations on board by utilising various strategies in order to avoid gender-related problems. This study identifies a typical pattern of women seafarers’ identity management and creates a model of women’s strategic shifting patterns over time.     

化学品/成品油船自动化系统设计

结合19 000 dwt化学品/成品油船的设计,从系统基本原理及构成上,简要介绍了主推进装置、电站管理、船舶控制系统、阀门遥控与液位测量、变频货油泵、液货舱加热和有毒液货蒸汽回收等方面的自动化设计,探讨了此类船型的自动化系统特点及发展方向。     

油船货油软管吊基座加强结构设计

针对大吨位油船货油软管吊基座加强结构受力及基座加强形式的适用性问题,以一型冰区阿芙拉油船为研究对象,通过有限元建模分析、校核在不同工况下主甲板上的货油软管吊的基座加强方案是否满足规范标准,并根据计算结果对其结构设计提出改进方案,应力分析结果显示,软管吊的基座结构经二次优化后受到的正应力和剪切应力均大幅下降,这种基座加强设计可适用于同类型的油船,便于装配施工,可保证船体结构完整性。     

油船甲板区货油集管的设计及注意要点

针对船舶建造和货油集管设计过程中遇到的实际问题，提出货油集管的设计要求及注意要点。根据油船的实际运皆胯况，对常配通岸异径短管和备用异径短管的接管方式进行了优化。     

Marine accident analysis for collision and grounding in oil tanker using FTA method

In this study, collision and grounding data registered in GISIS (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) were investigated for oil tankers. The database includes the information of the collision and grounding accidents during the period between 1998 and 2010 in oil tankers. The risk assessments were carried out using fault tree analysis (FTA) programme for the incidents as collision and grounding occurred in oil tankers. In this study, we were able to investigate first the potential problems which cause the collision and grounding accidents have been determined, second, the occurrence of accidents has been shown with causal factors by the FTA method, and, finally, the significance degree of the initial events causing occurrence of accidents have been put forth. Collision in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (81%), pollution (6%) and death or injury (13%). Grounding in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (91%) and pollution (9%). According to the FTA results, the main reason for the accidents originating from human error is as follows: for collision accidents, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) violation and the lack of communication between vessels; and for grounding accidents, the interpretation failure of the officer on watch and lack of communication in the bridge resource management.     

Supply and demand of new oil tankers

This paper examines the world-wide supply and demand for new oil tankers. A simultaneous supply and demand model is developed and estimated using two-stage least squares techniques and empirical data from 1972 to 1983. The relationships between tanker newbuilding orders and prices, and other relevant market factors are analysed. Major factors affecting the tanker new building market are identified. The results indicate that: oil price and second-hand tanker price are predominant factors influencing future newbuilding demand; a moderate decrease in laid-up tonnage would not induce a significant increase in newbuilding orders; shipbuilding capacity is a more influential factor for the short-run supply of new tankers than shipbuilding cost. Technological change has also played an important role in the market.     

油船主尺度确定

1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约的1978年议定书规定,载重量二万吨以上的原油船和载重量三万吨以上的成品油船都要设置专用压载水舱,并对货油区范围内的专用压载水舱和非油处所要求满足保护面积指标。作者就贯彻这一新规定,对载重量三万至十万吨级原油船主尺度有关问题作了研究。本文简要分析了新规定引起油船主尺度、结构重量与容量、货舱结构划分形式等方面的变化,引述了作者建立的有关确定主尺度的主要数学模型,并给出了以多目标分层序列最优化方法确定油船主尺度的方法和过程。文后附按此方法对六万五千吨载重量原油船主尺度确定的计算结果。     

77.15m甲板机动货驳总纵强度分析

参照中国船级社《船体结构强度直接计算指南》,对航行于中国沿海海域的77.15m甲板机动货驳的总纵强度进行计算,静水弯矩利用澳大利亚的M axsurf软件进行计算。波浪弯矩根据二维S、T、F线性切片理论进行计算。     

绿色油船发展趋势分析

以油船防污染为切入点,深入探讨单壳油船到双壳油船,再到共同规范时代油船的产生、发展变化,对未来绿色船舶发展浪潮中油船发展趋势进行分析,并针对业界应对绿色油船发展提出建议。     

随浪航行中的船舶危险性分析

随浪中航行安全是船舶大风浪安全航行研究的重要内容,随浪中船舶稳性也是船舶开航前安全评估所必须考虑的要因之一。通过对随浪航行中船舶稳性损失及船舶状态的分析,阐明稳性的计算公式和随浪航行中的应变对策,以期为研究随浪航行的学者和从事船舶操纵的驾驶人员提供参考依据。     

Analysis of occupational accidents encountered by deck cadets in maritime transportation

The 2010 Manila amendments to the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code (STCW) was adopted by the idea to render the profession more attractive to the seafarers, particularly to cadets. It is possible to ensure greater attraction only by providing suitable and safe working conditions on board to cadets. This study analyses occupational accidents and near misses encountered by ocean going deck cadets, who received A-II/I training, during their sea training. The aim of this study was to determine causal factors influencing work accidents and to propose several recommendations for the safety of deck cadets. A total of 857 officer candidates, who received maritime education at university level in Turkey, were interviewed. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used in the study to analyse the occupational accidents. As a result of this study on deck cadets, the most risky areas for work accidents were found to be the deck (39.9%), cargo areas (35.7%), areas used for manoeuvring operations (including winch areas and areas in which berthing, unberthing, and anchoring operations take place) (16.1%), and accommodation areas (8.3%). The most important root causes for occupational accidents were identified as not using personal protective equipment (24.2%), haste (22.6%), and presence in inappropriate places (13.6%). This study offers some important insight into the prevention of occupational accidents, and includes suggestions and advisory opinions of sector representatives. As a result of this study, several recommendations for the prevention of accidents are proposed.     

111000 t油船船台搭载及下水安全问题应对方法

11万吨级大型油船通常在船坞建造,若在8万吨级斜船台建造,则存在搭载困难及下水时的安全隐患问题。针对这些问题,通过模拟建造流程、剖析制约因素、受力计算分析、制作改进辅助工装、制定合理工艺措施,实现一艘11万吨级大型油船在8万吨级斜船台顺利搭载及安全下水,证明在8万吨级斜船台建造11万吨级船舶所采取的措施是行之有效的。     

A study on reliability-based inspection planning – Application to deck plate thickness measurement of aging tankers

In order to conduct a timely and effective inspection to avoid the ultimate failure of deck plate, a reliability-based procedure for inspection planning is introduced. A review of the uncertainties in deriving the capacity of deck plate and through life degradation effects on tanker structural integrity is given. Using the Latin Hypercube sampling method to perform the Monte Carlo Simulation, the time-variant failure probabilities of deck plate are computed, then compared with target values. Based on the comparison, the time for thickness measurement of deck plate is predicted. A total of 1080 cases for nine sample tankers are analyzed to illustrate the procedure, including sensitivity and parametric studies. This paper is a sequel to the preceding paper [6], where a semi-probabilistic approach is presented to assess the time-variant ultimate strength of aging tanker’s deck plate considering corrosion wastage.     

Hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tankers

A series of new generation oil tankers is presently under construction. These ships differ from traditional oil tankers by their unusual form and therefore direct hydrodynamic analysis is used to determine design vertical wave bending moments instead of adopting IACS rule values. The purpose of the paper is to quantify changes in hull-girder reliability resulting from the new design features. To achieve this, first-order reliability analysis is carried out with respect to ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section of a new generation oil tanker and of a conventional “rule” designed oil tanker. The stochastic model of wave-induced bending moment is derived from direct hydrodynamic analysis performed according to IACS Recommendation No. 34 Standard Wave Data, Rev 1, 2000. The probability distribution of the still water bending moment is assumed based on the data from loading manuals. The model uncertainties of linear wave loads, non-linearity of the response as well as load combination factors are included in the reliability formulation. The reliability analysis is performed for three relevant loading conditions: full load, ballast and partial load and for two states of the hull: the “as-built” hull and “corroded” hull according to anticipated 20-year corrosion. One of the most interesting conclusions from the study is that the annual hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tanker is increased considerably compared to the conventional oil tanker. Sensitivity and parametric studies are performed with respect to random variables representing modelling uncertainties. The results of a sensitivity study enable sorting of pertinent variables according to their relative importance, while parametric study is used to quantify changes in the reliability indices for moderate variation of input parameters. Furthermore, some other results and discussions are presented pointing out the benefits of introducing the ship reliability methods in design practice, especially if this refers to new designs.     

2014年世界船舶市场评述及2015年展望

对2014年世界经济、航运、造船市场进行回顾,并对2015年的发展方向进行展望。2014年,世界经济总体属于不均衡复苏;航运市场总体表现低于预期,油运市场相对较好,商船队保有量增速持续放缓;新造船市场订单量过亿吨,液货船订单增多,新造船价格呈现中间高两端低的走势。预计2015年世界经济将继续呈现不均衡复苏态势,2014年大宗商品价格的暴跌将有利于世界经济的复苏;航运市场方面,预计集装箱运输市场和油运市场贸易运输需求增速超过运力增速,干散货运输市场继续供大于求;预测2015年油船订单将继续复苏,集装箱船和散货船市场维持2014年的景气度,海工市场看淡。     

基于共同结构规范的油船结构分析方法

以VLCC为例，着重阐述了中国船级社（CCS）自主研发的结构分析软件CCS—Tools在共同结构规范（CSR）油船设计审图中的应用。IACSJTP油船结构设计程序是CCS最新研究成果，它将使人们从繁冗的CSR评估工作中解脱出来，从而通过先进完善的计算手段完成油船的设计和校核工作。     

大型油轮缆力约束的统计分析

建立大型油码头设计船型,明确其各项特征参数,将有助于开展开敞式码头的系泊设计和试验研究。依据Q88油轮数据,采用覆盖率等方法,对10万吨级及以上油轮的缆力约束参数进行了统计分析,确定了大型油码头设计代表船型的系泊缆力约束参数。研究结果对于码头设计和系泊安全研究具有参考价值。