基于Vmas的碳平衡法汽车油耗检测应用研究

文章介绍基于Vmas的碳平衡法汽车油耗检测的检测原理、系统构成、计算方法,通过现有废气分析仪和流量计构建了碳平衡油耗测量系统,在汽车和发动机台架上进行稳定工况燃油消耗量测量比对试验并对试验结果进行了分析。为碳平衡法油耗检测技术应用于在汽车不解体油耗检测提供依据。     

基于碳平衡法的汽油机与柴油机油耗模型研究

文章从燃烧学的理论出发,分析了汽油与柴油燃烧后的生成产物。根据GB/T19233—2008《轻型汽车燃料消耗量试验方法》中对汽油和柴油中碳的质量比与所生成的碳氢化合物中碳的质量比的规定,确定汽油及柴油的化学式,以及各自所生成的碳氢化合物的化学式。以此为基础建立了汽油机和柴油机的基于碳平衡法的油耗计算模型。根据以往各国柴油机的碳平衡法的模型中未考虑碳烟的情况,本文借鉴参考文献[2]的柴油机烟雾计算模型,将碳烟也考虑其中。     

替代燃料的燃料消耗量计算方法

文章介绍了碳平衡原理的两个方面,燃烧和稀释前后的碳质量不变。介绍了完全燃烧后的CO2理论浓度和稀释倍数以及用稀释倍数校正稀释排气的方法,介绍了由碳质量分数推导替代燃料碳质量分数和当量分子式的方法,最后推导得出了可用于替代燃料的燃料消耗量计算公式。     

节油技术整车对比检测方法的应用

对汽车节油技术的检测主要分为发动机性能台架对比试验和整车性能道路对比试验两大类别,文章采用整车性能道路对比试验,使用流量计检测内燃机采用节油技术前后的燃油消耗量,来评定内燃机在运用了节油技术或产品后的节油效果,适用于车辆和柴油发电机组等内燃机的应用产品。     

氢燃料汽车的发展

随着全球能源消耗量的不断增加,新型能源开发受到高度重视.氢是很有希望的新型能源之一.分析了氢燃料汽车发动机的工作原理以及氢燃料汽车的发展方向和制约因素.     

轻型汽车燃料消耗量试验不确定度评估

根据中国合格评定国家认可委员会和中国国家计量技术规范对不确定度的定义、评定与表示,本文分析了仪器设备、试验环境、试验车辆和试验人员等因素对燃料消耗量试验结果不确定度的影响,提出了一种结算燃料消耗量试验结果计算值扩展不确定度的方法,并对其予以计算验证,得到了其扩展不确定度及其置信范围。     

天然气大流量计量方法研究

国内在能源和资源的开发利用及国际合作中,对于大口径、大流量流量计标准装置的需求十分突出.计量交接逐步发展为集中式、大口径、高气量的贸易交接方式,大流量天然气的计量方式也已由单一的孔板流量计发展到孔板、涡轮、超声流量计共用的格局.综合分析现有的天然气大流量计量方式,对比研究孔板、涡轮以及超声流量计的优缺点,得出流量计在大...     

管道泄漏监测系统有效性分析及改进

建立可靠的管道泄漏监测系统对油气管线安全运行极为重要。通过分析现有泄漏监测系统原理,调研近几年某输油管道泄漏监测系统的应用情况,分析其使用效果,提出了现有泄漏监测系统的适用条件。提出了基于超声波流量计的流量平衡法和负压波法结合使用的方法,以及结合系统的数据处理方法,在实际运行长输油品管道进行了泄放油品试验,验证了基于超声波流量计的流量平衡法具有一定的有效性,扩展了负压波法的适用范围。     

φ800mm土压平衡式模型盾构试验系统的研制

文章针对自主研发的φ800 mm土压平衡式模型盾构掘进系统,详细介绍了盾构机壳体、掘削系统、螺旋出土器、推进系统和控制台5个重要部件各自的结构形式、布局特点、参数确定及具体功能等,并指出该模型盾构试验系统可根据不同的需求开展原样土体掘进试验、相似模型试验,以及盾构近接施工等复杂条件下的模拟试验;通过在原样砂土地层中的掘进试验结果,分析了地表沉降形态与发展过程及地层损失率与地层位移间的关系;运用Peck公式对地表沉降进行了计算并与试验值进行了对比,验证了该土压平衡式模型盾构掘进系统的可靠性。     

燃料电池汽车整车热管理方案研究

热管理系统的研究在燃料电池汽车的整车开发中有着非常重要的意义。本文对国家863项目中燃料电池汽车几种不同的整车热管理方案进行了研究,计算出不同设计方案下FCE散热器、PCU散热器和空调冷凝器的散热量,并进行对比分析,得到了最优的热管理系统散热方案。同时简单介绍了热管理控制策略。本文的研究结果对燃料电池汽车整车热管理系统的设计具有重要参考价值。     

天然气车辆推广应用政策措施研究

天然气车辆因其能源结构调整效益和节能减排效益,在道路运输行业应用日趋广泛。但同时,其后期应用过程中的问题也随之显现,为引导道路运输企业更加科学合理的应用天然气汽车,本文通过对当前天然气车辆应用现状的分析,总结应用过程中的问题,对天然气车辆开展成本效益分析,最终提出适合天然气车辆推广应用的政策建议。     

Effect of mass on multimodal fuel consumption in moving people and freight in the U.S.

The United States transportation sector consumes 5 billion barrels of petroleum annually to move people and freight around the country by car, truck, train, ship and aircraft, emitting significant greenhouse gases in the process. Making the transportation system more sustainable by reducing these emissions and increasing the efficiency of this multimodal system can be achieved through several vehicle-centric strategies. We focus here on one of these strategies – reducing vehicle mass – and on collecting and developing a set of physics-based expressions to describe the effect of vehicle mass reduction on fuel consumption across transportation modes in the U.S. These expressions allow analysts to estimate fuel savings resulting from vehicle mass reductions (termed fuel reduction value, FRV), across modes, without resorting to specialized software or extensive modeling efforts, and to evaluate greenhouse gas emission and cost implications of these fuel savings. We describe how FRV differs from fuel intensity (FI) and how to properly use both of these metrics, and we provide a method to adjust FI based on mass changes and FRV. Based on this work, we estimate that a 10% vehicle mass reduction (assuming constant payload mass) results in a 2% improvement in fuel consumption for trains and light, medium, and heavy trucks, 4% for buses, and 7% for aircraft. When a 10% vehicle mass reduction is offset by an increase in an equivalent mass of payload, fuel intensity (fuel used per unit mass of payload) increases from 6% to 23%, with the largest increase being for aircraft.     

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a triple-fuel spark-ignition engine powered passenger car

This paper examines the influence of compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline fuel on the exhaust emissions and the fuel consumption of a spark-ignition engine powered passenger car. The vehicle was driven according to the urban driving cycle and extra urban driving cycle speed profiles with the warmed-up engine. Cause and effect based analysis reveals potential for using different fuels to reduce vehicle emission and deficiencies associated with particular fuels. The highest tank to wheel efficiency and the lowest CO₂ emission are observed with the natural gas fuelled vehicle, that also featured the highest total hydrocarbon emissions and high NO_x emissions because of fast three way catalytic converter aging due the use of the compressed natural gas. Retrofitted liquefied petroleum gas fuel supply systems feature the greatest air-fuel ratio variations that result in the lowest TtW efficiency and in the highest NO_x emissions of the liquefied gas fuelled vehicle.     

香港典型山区道路汽车行驶工况污染物排放研究

通过安装车载测试系统收集香港港岛山区路段正常行驶工况下尾气中的CO、NOx、HC等污染物和油耗并辅助计算机软件进行分析。研究得出,山区道路设计、地形地貌和驾驶习惯对车辆油耗以及CO、NOx和HC排放有直接关系。可以通过坡道加宽、坡道延长、减少坡道红绿灯等措施减少车辆在山区道路行驶过程中速度变化频率,从而减少油耗以及CO、NOx和HC排放。     

多传感器的车辆信号灯故障动态监测方法研究

车辆信号灯对行车安全有重要的警示作用,现有的载货汽车不具备完善的信号灯故障动态监测预警功能。为在车辆行驶过程中对信号灯故障进行实时动态监测预警,设计了一种基于单片机控制、多传感器输入的车辆信号灯故障监测预警装置,基于信号灯工作原理的差异分别提出了信号灯故障0-1监测法、积分判别法和最小值判别法。以解放赛龙CA1169PK2L2EA80重型载货汽车为试验车,Freescale MC9S12XEP100单片机为车载终端构建了车辆信号灯故障监测试验系统平台。利用TES-1339R照度计分析了不同光照强度的外界光源对系统监测结果的影响,并采用故障预设的试验方法针对制动和转向信号灯分别采用不同的故障判别方法进行实车试验。试验结果表明:0-1监测法可以准确监测制动灯故障信号;积分判别法和最小值判别法适用于转向灯故障监测,最小值判别法较积分判别法监测转向灯故障分辨率高。该系统实现了车辆信号灯故障实时动态监测及声光预警,为预防由信号灯故障引发的道路交通事故提供了一种新方法。     

A parametric study of the energy demands of car transportation: a case study of two competing commuter routes in the UK

This paper presents a parametric study of the energy demands of car transportation on two competing inter-city commuter routes in the UK for all main categories of automotive vehicles. The commuter routes are between Bristol and Bath: one is fast and flat, the other is relatively hilly and with tighter speed restrictions. Energy demands were found to be closely related to the vehicle mass because almost all external forces on the car are either directly or indirectly influenced by the mass of the vehicle. Exposure to the wind was found to be an important parameter that can significantly affect fuel consumption. Reducing vehicle mass is an important way of improving the performance of the car. However, there are limits to what can be achieved in weight reduction because of safety requirements and the desire of car owners to have many luxury items in modern cars. The official European fuel consumption and emissions test is limited in the extent to which it measures parameters that affect fuel consumption. For example, the test does not measure the frontal area or drag coefficient of the car. The design of the route and traffic operation can have a very significant influence on the efficiency of car transportation and therefore it is necessary to consider route design in whole-life analysis.     

Eco-driving: An economic or ecologic driving style?

In this work the trade-off between economic, therefore fuel saving, and ecologic, pollutant emission reducing, driving is discussed. The term eco-driving is often used to refer to a vehicle operation that minimizes energy consumption. However, for eco-driving to be environmentally friendly not only fuel consumption but also pollutant emissions should be considered. In contrast to previous studies, this paper will discuss the advantages of eco-driving with respect to improvements in fuel consumption as well as pollutant gas emissions. Simulating a conventional passenger vehicle and applying numerical trajectory optimization methods best vehicle operation for a given trip is identified. With hardware-in-the-loop testing on an engine test bench the fuel and emissions are measured. An approach to integrate pollutant emission and dynamically choose the ecologically optimal gear is proposed.     

Definition of wind blowers for vehicles testing at chassis-dyno facilities using a CFD approach

The need to increase measurement accuracy of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in vehicles is forcing the market to develop chassis-dyno test cells that reproduce on-road conditions realistically.Air-cooling is key to vehicle performance. It is therefore critical that the design of a test cell guarantees realistic cooling of all vehicle components, as important errors in fuel consumption and emissions measurements may otherwise arise. In a test-room, a blower placed in front of the vehicle supplies the cooling air. While there are some guidelines in the literature for the selection of fans required for emissions measurements for standard driving cycles, the information for designing the air supply system for specific tests in other areas is scarce.New Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation will force manufacturers to perform on-road measurements of pollutants. This represents a significant challenge due to the variability of conditions coming from non-controlled parameters. In order to optimize vehicles, different tests are performed in cells equipped with a chassis-dyno where the on-road flow field around the vehicle is reproduced as closely as possible.This work provides some guidelines for the definition of the airflow supply system of chassis-dyno facilities for vehicle optimization tests, based on a CFD analysis of the flow characteristics around the vehicle. By comparison with the solution obtained for a vehicle in real road driving conditions, the exit section of the blower and the distance between the blower exit and the car that best reproduce realistic on-road flow conditions in a test room are determined.     

基于最佳碳排放与油耗最优化的行驶车速区间研究

在碳排放实验的基础上,文章研究了CO2排放比例与行车速度之间的关系,并提出最佳碳排放行驶车速区间这一概念。文章结合前人提出的油耗与车速模型,建立了高速公路最优车速区间的计算模型,车辆在此区间上行驶时,油耗低并且燃油充分,即CO2排放比例高。利用面积法确定了最优行驶车速区间的计算方法,求得了这一车速区间,从而达到经济效益与社会环境效益的最大化,同时也能够为高速公路的运营管理提供理论支撑。     

Development a new power management strategy for power split hybrid electric vehicles

Reduction of greenhouse gas emission and fuel consumption as one of the main goals of automotive industry leading to the development hybrid vehicles. The objective of this paper is to investigate the energy management system and control strategies effect on fuel consumption, air pollution and performance of hybrid vehicles in various driving cycles. In order to simulate the hybrid vehicle, the combined feedback–feedforward architecture of the power-split hybrid electric vehicle based on Toyota Prius configuration is modeled, together with necessary dynamic features of subsystem or components in ADVISOR. Multi input fuzzy logic controller developed for energy management controller to improve the fuel economy of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle with contrast to conventional Toyota Prius Hybrid rule-based controller. Then, effects of battery’s initial state of charge, driving cycles and road grade investigated on hybrid vehicle performance to evaluate fuel consumption and pollution emissions. The simulation results represent the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed control strategy. Also, results indicate that proposed controller is reduced fuel consumption in real and modal driving cycles about 21% and 6% respectively.