沙漠公路驾驶员心理、生理特性研究

采用驾驶适宜性检测仪器,在塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线进行驾驶员心理、生理特性的现场测试.结果表明,沙漠公路特殊的环境条件,使得驾驶员表现出有别于一般绿洲公路的心理和行为特性,其主要表现在:驾驶员动体视力较静体视力的平均降幅为44.75%,最高竟达到93%;速度估计和复杂反应时间均小于全国平均;复杂反应错误次数和处置判断错误次数均高于绿洲公路.灰色关联分析表明,沙漠公路驾驶员的年龄、驾龄、驾车时间以及气温与驾驶员的各项生理、心理特性指标都具有较强的相关性,关联度最高达到0.837,其中驾车时间对各项指标的影响最大.     

感知特性类驾驶行为与驾驶适宜性检测单项指标相关性研究

本文以驾驶员在驾驶行车过程中的驾驶行为特性为分析基础,分析了感知特性类驾驶行为。并利用"营运车辆驾驶人适宜性甄别检测系统及系列检测装置"专题项目采集到的驾驶适宜性检测数据和获得的受检驾驶员最近三年来的安全行车记录数据作为相关性研究的基础数据。在将检测数据进行处理后,利用SPSS统计分析软件进行了正态分布检验、安全类驾驶行为与危险类驾驶行为的独立样本检验,然后利用双变量相关性对感知特性类驾驶行为与适宜性检测评价指标进行关联分析,分析结果表明:不同特性类的驾驶行为与适宜性检测指标的相关性有大小之分。     

国外机场陆侧交通流特性分析

由于航空枢纽的特殊性,其陆侧交通特性与其他交通枢纽周边交通特性有着很大的差别,机场陆侧交通特性分析是网络规划的关键与基础性问题。本文从交通流的类别、分布以及高峰时间三个方面,对机场陆侧交通的特性进行了较为详细的分析。     

钢管混凝土构件自振特性分析

钢管混凝土构件的自振特性（自振频率和振型）是结构动力特性分析和抗震设计的重要参数。文章根据结构自振特性分析理论,利用有限元模型对钢管混凝土构件的自振频率和振型进行了模拟分析,并阐述了自振频率和振型在桥梁损伤检测中的应用情况。     

涪江斜拉索跨越管桥结构自振特性分析

涪江斜拉索管道跨越工程是中坝至青白江输气干线上的重要工程,呈现高次超静定、高柔性的结构特点,结构工作在几何非线性状态。要准确分析结构在各种荷载下的静、动力响应规律,就必须首先对管桥结构的自振特性进行合理科学的分析。基于结构自身特性,利用子空间迭代法对斜拉索管桥的各阶自振周期、频率、振型进行分析,得到的自振特性与现场测试结果一致,这说明采用的分析方法正确可行,从而为进一步的管桥动载荷响应规律分析提供了条件。     

公路隧道软弱围岩施工开挖受力特性研究

软弱围岩公路隧道开挖工程中经常遇到事故,因此研究隧道施工开挖围岩受力及变形特性对工程建设具有积极的指导意义。本文通过MIDAS有限元分析软件,构建了软弱围岩-隧道-岩土体相互耦合作用下的力学模型,研究分析了隧道开挖过程中围岩应力场分布、锚杆轴力、二次衬砌内力、拱顶下沉及隧道净空收敛规律。对进一步研究隧道开挖施工围岩受力特性研究提供了借鉴意义。     

学校周边道路交通管理设施设置研究

文章分析了学校周边道路交通特性和学生过街交通行为特性,并结合学校周边交通管理设施设计原则,提出了一套人性化、完善的设施设置方法,为提高学生上下学过街安全性,引导过往车辆顺畅通行,完善交通管理设施设置方法提供参考。     

搭载汽油机的在用车排放超标原因实验研究

文章通过大量的实验,针对性的对超标在用车进行治理,以改善排放特性,并对检测数据进行分析、研究来判断在用车排放污染物超标的原因是该实验研究的目的。     

基于车牌数据的行程速度特性及交通状态评估

针对目前基于车牌的数据信息量大、覆盖范围广,但数据利用率低、资源浪费严重等问题,进行基于车牌的数据挖掘研究。分析已有数据处理方法及可能存在的问题,提出基于聚类思想的时间间隔获取方法,并对提取的行程时间数据进行异常判别和修复。利用相关方法计算平均行程速度,采用统计学分析方法研究了行程速度的时变特性,得到不同天相同时段平均行程速度的稳态变化规律。通过平均行程速度与速度标准差的量化关系研究,获得一天中不同时段行程速度的波动情况,最后设计以速度阈值为判断准则的交通状态评估算法,实例分析结果与实际交通状况一致,说明算法的科学性和有效性,可为交通管理部门提供可靠的决策依据。     

钢桁架连续梁桥结构受力特性静载试验分析

在复杂的自然环境中兴建大型基础设施时,通常会用到施工便桥。其中,钢桁架连续梁桥因具有施工速度快、拼装工艺简便、环境适应性强、承载能力较强等优势而广泛应用到施工便桥中,因此,目前对于钢桁架连续梁桥的受力特性研究显得尤其重要。为了全面了解此类桥梁受力特性,以西藏加查水电站施工便桥为例,通过对该桥进行静载试验并对结果进行分析研究,进一步完善现有钢桁架连续梁桥设计计算理论,为今后类似桥梁的结构受力特性研究提供参考。     

Perceived and actual costs of operating cars

The perception that drivers have of car operating costs is an important factor in determining modal split characteristics. Theoretical figures derived from discriminant analysis models suggest that drivers perceive only petrol costs, but this has not been cor roborated by detailed surveys. This report examines in detail perceived and actual journey to work petrol costs of a sample of London commuters. The perception is also examined of related factors, such as petrol consumption and distance, in an attempt to throw some light on the perception mechanism itself.     

Multiple criteria and fuzzy based evaluation of logistics performance for intermodal transportation

This paper presents a framework to evaluate the logistics performance of intermodal freight transportation. Fuzzy set techniques are applied to assess the logistics performance within the decision process of freight operators. Using a fuzzy‐based approach, fuzzy‐AHP is applied to assess the criteria by different judgment procedures. Consequently, fuzzy‐MCDM is used to assess operators' perception of the logistics performance via proper assignment of numerical scores. The subjective judgments for hierarchical criteria are transformed into fuzzy degrees of score. The methodology provides an alternative approach to facilitate the importance of a set of performance criteria. It can also entail use of improved corresponding parameters to develop a better freight transport system.     

The speed control effect of highway tunnel sidewall markings based on color and temporal frequency

The low‐luminance monotonous environment in the middle section of highway tunnels offers few reference points and is prone to cause severe visual illusion. Thus, drivers tend to underestimate their driving speed, which can induce speeding behaviors that result in rear‐end collisions. Therefore, discovering low‐cost methods of traffic engineering that reduce this visual illusion and ensure a steady driving speed is an important challenge for current highway tunnel operations. This study analyzes the effects of sidewall markings in typical highway tunnels, specifically observing how their colors and temporal frequencies affect the driver's speed perception in a low‐luminance condition. A three‐dimensional model of the middle section of highway tunnels was built in a driving simulator. Psychophysical tests of speed perception were carried out by the method of limits. The precision of the simulation model was then checked by comparing the results to field test data. The simulation tests studied the stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time in relation to sidewall markings in different colors (red–white combined, yellow–white combined, and blue–white combined). Furthermore, based on the optimal color, the effects of sidewall marking with different temporal frequencies (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 32 Hz) on the speed perception of drivers were also analyzed. The test results reveal that the color and temporal frequency of sidewall marking have a significant impact on the driver's stimulus of subjectively equal speed and reaction time. The subjects have the highest speed overestimation and an easy speed judgment with the red–white combined sidewall marking. Within the temporal frequency range of 4.45–7.01 Hz, the subjects have a certain degree of speed overestimation (less than 20%), and the speed perception is sensitive to the temporal frequency changes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

隧道口减光设施对照明的影响研究

近年来,伴随着我国基础设施建设的不断推进,隧道里程不断增多,隧道照明系统的重要性日益突出,因此对隧道洞口驾驶员视觉特性、减光设施的特点及减光效果进行研究,具有重要的意义。本文通过对隧道洞口驾驶员的视觉特性进行研究,分别论述各种洞口减光设施的特点,并以南京扬子江路隧道、富贵山隧道、双龙街立交隧道的检测数据为基础,计算减光设施对洞口亮度的影响,以及隧道内加强照明的亮度需求的降低程度,进一步分析得出采用减光设施对照明设施建设的投资影响以及可节约的照明养护成本等。     

Impact of weather on urban transit ridership

Utilizing daily ridership data, literature has shown that adverse weather conditions have a negative impact on transit ridership and in turn, result in revenue loss for the transit agencies. This paper extends this discussion by using more detailed hourly ridership data to model the weather effects. For this purpose, the daily and hourly subway ridership from New York City Transit for the years 2010–2011 is utilized. The paper compares the weather impacts on ridership based on day of week and time of day combinations and further demonstrates that the weather’s impact on transit ridership varies based on the time period and location. The separation of ridership models based on time of day provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between trip purpose and weather for transit riders. The paper investigates the role of station characteristics such as weather protection, accessibility, proximity and the connecting bus services by developing models based on station types. The findings indicate substantial differences in the extent to which the daily and hourly models and the individual weather elements are able to explain the ridership variability and travel behavior of transit riders. By utilizing the time of day and station based models, the paper demonstrates the potential sources of weather impact on transit infrastructure, transit service and trip characteristics. The results suggest the development of specific policy measures which can help the transit agencies to mitigate the ridership differences due to adverse weather conditions.     

Understanding neighbourhood design impact on travel behaviour: An application of structural equations model to a British metropolitan data

The objective of this study is to explore whether changes in neighbourhood characteristics bring about changes in travel choice. Residential self-selection is a concern in the connections between land-use and travel behaviour. The recent literature suggests that a longitudinal structural equations modelling (SEM) approach can be a powerful tool to assess the importance of neighbourhood characteristics on travel behaviour as opposed to the attitude-induced residential self-selection. However, the evidence to date is limited to particular geographical areas and evidence from one country might not be transferrable to another because of differences in land-use patterns and land-use policies. The paper is to address the gap by extending the evidence using British data. The case study is based on the metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear, North East of England, UK. A SEM is applied to 219 respondents who reported residential relocation. The results identify that neighbourhood characteristics do influence travel behaviour after controlling for self-selection. For instance, the more people are exposed to public transport access, the more likely they drive less. Neighbourhood characteristics also impact through their influence on car ownership. A social environment with vitality also reduces the amount of private car travel. These findings suggest that land-use policies at neighbourhood level can play an important role in reducing driving.     

沥青路面抗滑性能影响因素识别研究进展

沥青路面作为公路建设的重要内容,其抗滑性能是道路安全问题的核心,探究其影响因素可以为提高路面抗滑性能提供依据。国内外学者对此做了大量研究,也取得了相应的进展。本文对国内外的研究成果进行了系统的归纳总结,将公路沥青路面抗滑性能影响因素分为了沥青混合料的材料特性、环境因素、车辆特性3个主要方面,其中在沥青混合料的材料特性方面,研究认为集料的结构特性与混合料配合比对抗滑性的影响较大;环境因素方面,研究认为温度对于抗滑性的影响较大;车辆特性对抗滑性的影响方面,研究认为主要体现在轮胎特性与荷载方面。此外随着行车速度的增加,路面的抗滑性能呈现降低趋势。     

The socio-economics of travel behavior and environmental burdens: A Detroit,Michigan regional context

The transportation industry—particularly light-duty vehicles—is a significant contributor of greenhouse gasses, accounting for about one-third of overall emissions in the U.S. Research to date has studied various factors that impact travel behavior of residents with varying socio-economic characteristics. However, research on the socio-economic characteristics of residents and their impact on environmental burdens within a single urban region, as measured by fuel consumption and vehicular emissions, is recognized as under-represented in the U.S. planning and transportation literature. This study focuses on the Detroit region, Michigan, a unique case study due to the scale of suburbanization and urban decline, yet representative of many mid-western cities. The article explores how socio-economic characteristics impact travel patterns and environmental burdens within six Detroit region neighborhoods. Data on individual travel behavior and personal vehicle characteristics gathered from a mail survey enabled an analysis into how associated environmental burdens varied with socio-economic composition. The analysis explores contributions to environmental burdens between poorer urban and wealthier suburban populations.     

Residential moving intentions at highway locations: The trade-off between nuisances and accessibility in the Netherlands

This study investigates how highway nuisances are traded off against accessibility gains and other residential characteristics in the moving intentions of people living near highways. It studies a potential mediating role for residential satisfaction and potential mitigating relationships with highway nuisance perceptions. Structural Equation Modelling was used to test a proposed framework based on survey data collected from 1220 respondents living within 1000 m from a highway in the Netherlands.The results show that higher levels of perceived highway nuisances are associated with increased intentions to move, mediated by lower residential satisfaction. However, better perceived accessibility was not associated with either lower moving intentions or lower highway nuisance perception. Highway usage/interest and other residential characteristics – such as satisfaction with buildings, traffic safety, and amount of greenery – seem to countervail perceived highway nuisances as they reduce moving intentions and reduce highway nuisance perception. Finally, the results show that some groups – for example home owners – were less inclined to move (direct effect), independently of their residential satisfaction.From a practical perspective, a more inclusive perspective on highway planning, which accounts for accessibility and other residential characteristics as potential compensators and mitigators for highway nuisances, would be effective to reduce residential stress which could prevent protest and consequent cost overruns of projects.     

基于关联规则的重大道路交通事故影响因素分析

相比于一般交通事故,重大道路交通事故的特征及其影响机理会有所差异,本文旨在研究重大道路交通事故的分布特征及其主要影响因素。收集2014至2018年的重大道路交通事故数据,从驾驶员行为、车辆状况、道路线形和时空分布方面对重大道路交通事故的基本特征进行分析,采用关联规则技术深入挖掘重大道路交通事故多因素的影响机理。从人、车、道路和环境四个方面,重点讨论了重大道路交通事故中的两因素和三因素交互作用的影响机理,并据此提出了针对性的事故预防措施。