Modeling of gasoline fuel spray penetration in SIDI engines

The paper presents a research on the fuel injection and atomization depending on the thermodynamic quantities inside the cylinder of a combustion engine. With the use of piezoelectric outward-opening injectors the changes in the geometrical quantities of the atomized fuel in the aspect of its injection were determined. The studies concerning the influence of the individual quantities on the fuel spray penetration injected by the outward-opening injectors comprise a synthesis of the injection and atomization tests. Own mathematical equation describing the fuel spray penetration was proposed. The exponents (equation coefficients) related to the influence of the fuel pressure, air backpressure, charge density and time of fuel spray development were determined with the coefficient of determination 0.9797, indicating a congruence of the experimental data with the values obtained on the basis of the mathematical equation.     

柴油机伞喷喷嘴内部流动的数值模拟

对柴油机伞喷喷雾及喷嘴内部流动的研究现状进行了分析,利用三维计算流体动力学(CFD)程序对喷嘴内气穴多相流计算模型进行了验证,在此基础上对柴油机伞喷喷嘴内部的流动特性进行了模拟计算分析。结果表明,在伞喷喷嘴喷孔进口处形成不对称的气穴,并逐渐延伸至出口处,从而对燃油雾化产生一定影响。     

柴油掺混二甲醚喷雾粒子尺寸分布特性试验研究

为确定二甲醚掺入柴油后对燃料雾化性能的改善效果,利用阴影成像与数字图像处理技术,对不同掺混比、喷射压力以及喷孔直径等条件下的二甲醚-柴油混合燃料喷雾粒子尺寸分布特性进行了对比试验研究.结果发现:由于柴油中二甲醚的闪急沸腾作用,随着二甲醚掺混比的增加,混合燃料粒子尺寸分布曲线整体向小颗粒方向偏移,较大粒子数目较柴油明显减少,有助于降低发动机炭烟排放;喷孔直径、喷射压力等喷射参数对混合燃料雾化粒子分布有较大影响,减小喷孔直径使燃油粒子更加细化,降低喷射压力则使混合燃料雾化效果有变差的趋势.     

转子发动机喷雾特性试验研究

利用定容弹、纹影仪以及高速相机等装置,就柴油转子发动机工况下的喷雾过程进行了试验研究,重点分析了喷雾环境背压和喷射压力对喷雾特性的影响。结果表明:在转子发动机喷雾过程中,喷雾扩散速度先快速增大后逐渐减小;喷雾锥角在初次雾化阶段内急剧减小,然后在二次雾化作用下保持相对稳定。喷雾环境背压的增大,有效减小了喷雾贯穿距离,增大了喷雾锥角,说明喷雾环境背压的增大对喷雾贯穿距离和锥角都有显著的影响,从而为转子发动机喷油正时的优化提供了试验数据支持;随着喷射压力提高,喷雾贯穿距离和喷雾锥角都增大,并且增大喷射压力加强了燃油的初次雾化和二次雾化,有利于提高转子发动机喷雾质量,为优化柴油转子发动机油气混合状态创造了条件。     

Numerical modeling of hollow-cone fuel atomization,vaporization and wall impingement processes under high ambient temperatures

In the following paper, a numerical study of the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray from high-pressure swirl injectors under various ambient temperature conditions was carried out. Also, the availability of applied models and the effect of ambient temperature on spray characteristics is discussed. The Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) model combined with the Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analogy Breakup (APTAB) model, the improved Abramzon model and the Gosman model are used to calculate the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray, respectively. Spray models are implemented with the modified KIVA code. The calculation results of the spray characteristics under two ambient temperatures, including spray tip penetration, spray structure and radial distance after spray-wall impingement are compared to the experimental results obtained by the Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique. The droplet size distribution, ambient gas velocity field, vapor phase distribution and fuel film mass generated by spray-wall impingement, measurements which are generally difficult to obtain by experimental methods, are also calculated and discussed. Quantitative discussions on the effect of the ambient temperature on the spray development process are conducted. It is shown that the applied models are applicable even in the high ambient temperature condition.     

导向圆弧和中孔喷射对TR燃烧系统影响的研究

为研究导向圆弧和中孔喷射对TR燃烧系统的影响,应用STAR—CD软件对TR燃烧系统进行三维数值模拟。结果表明,在导向圆弧的作用下产生的燃油二次雾化,大大加速了混合气的形成和燃烧。中孔喷射使TR燃烧系统的着火区域出现在燃烧室中心,并有序地向外扩展,燃烧室中间的空气得到有效利用。中心喷孔的直径不能过大,否则燃烧恶化,烟度上升。     

高温高压条件下柴油的雾化蒸发特性

利用高速摄影和纹影法,在可变温度和压力的定容燃烧弹中,模拟发动机的实际运转工况,进行了不同喷油压力和背景压力条件下柴油的雾化蒸发特性试验研究,得出一系列热态喷雾图像。研究表明：喷油压力越高,雾注总的贯穿距离、锥角和投影面积越大,但液核的最大贯穿距离、锥角和投影面积变化不大,显著蒸发时刻不断提前,气相部分投影面积增大,混合均匀性改善;随着背景压力的升高,气、液相贯穿距离均下降,雾注总的喷雾锥角增大,雾注面积、液核面积减小。     

基于马尔文法测量柴油雾化规律的实验研究

使用马尔文法测定在同一喷嘴孔径下不同启喷压力和同一启喷压力不同喷嘴孔径的柴油雾化特性,分析每个工况点的平均直径、特征直径、发散度、液滴尺寸数目分布,得到其变化趋势。结果表明:喷嘴孔径固定,增大启喷压力雾化效果变好;启喷压力固定,减小喷嘴孔径,雾化效果变好。     

2-甲基呋喃及其与异辛烷掺混燃料喷雾的微观特性研究

第二代生物燃料2-甲基呋喃(MF)由于其独特的物理化学性质受到学者们的广泛关注,研究MF以及它的掺混燃料在不同条件下的雾化效果也显得尤为重要。利用相位多普勒技术(PDPA),在不同喷射压力、环境温度、环境背压下,研究了MF、异辛烷以及两者等体积掺混燃料MF50喷雾的粒径与速度分布规律。结果表明:测试燃料的喷雾粒径整体分布呈现油束中心大,两端小的对称分布。微粒速度随环境背压的增加而降低,并且在低背压下速度为双峰分布,高背压下则是单峰分布。随着环境背压的增大,异辛烷粒径不断增加,MF粒径先减小再增加。     

正丁醇-柴油混合燃料喷雾特性的模拟研究

根据喷雾可视化试验的结果,利用三维CFD软件建立了正丁醇柴油喷雾的仿真模型,并验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型研究正丁醇柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性,模拟了喷雾的发展过程,计算了不同掺混比对喷雾贯穿距、液滴索特平均直径、速度场、密度场的影响。结果表明:模拟计算与可视化试验结果基本一致;随着正丁醇掺混比的增加,混合燃料的喷雾贯穿距和索特平均直径均降低,喷雾锥角变大,雾化特性变好。     

油束雾化形成机理分析

应用数字粒子图像测速技术对燃油喷雾进行了深入的研究。以可视化的测试结果为依据,提出了对燃油破碎雾化过程认识的新观点,即在喷射纵向上,把燃油雾化破碎分为初始破碎区和细化破碎区2个部分;在喷射横向上分为雾化核心区、过渡区和边缘区3个部分。研究发现燃油破碎的整个过程中出现了油团、油线、油云聚集体等燃油破碎单元。结合测试结果对上述燃油破碎单元的出现、发展和转变过程进行了深入分析。结果表明:油束雾化是一个连续渐变多状态混合叠加的过程。     

Influence of nozzle hole diameter and orifice diameter on dme spray to get the similar heat value with diesel spray using the constant volume chamber

Low heating value (LHV) of di-methyl ether (DME) is lower than that of diesel. To get the similar heat value with diesel from the diesel engine operation, single injection quantity of DME should be increased. This investigation was tried to increase the injection quantity of DME by the modified diesel injector and investigated the penetration length and spray angle of DME spray. DME was injected by using three-type modified diesel injectors those nozzle-hole diameters (Injector 1: 1.66 mm, Injector 2 and 3: 0.25 mm) and orifice diameters were different (Injector 1 and 2: 0.6 mm, Injector 3: 1 mm). Spray characteristics of DME was investigated with a various ambient pressures (2.5, 5.0 MPa) in the constant volume chamber and a fuel was injected by varied injection pressure from 35 to 70 MPa by interval of 5 MPa using a DME common rail fuel injection system. The result shows that DME injection quantity by Injector 3 was 1.69 ~ 2.02 times larger than that of diesel injection quantity by Injector 1. In this case, DME spray got the similar heat value compared with diesel spray. The penetration speed of DME spray by Injector 3 was the fastest, thus when the spray development was end, the penetration length of DME spray by Injector 3 was the longest compared with the other cases. In case of the spray angle, Injector 2 and 3 had the similar spray angle and these were larger than that of diesel and DME sprays by Injector 1. As the result, Injector 3 was the solution for how to solve the low heating value of DME.     

直喷汽油机中乙醇汽油宏观喷雾特性的试验研究

采用高速摄像技术在定容弹内对直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷雾特性进行了试验研究,以揭示喷油压力、环境压力对乙醇-汽油不同掺混比燃料的喷雾锥角、前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积的影响。结果表明,随着喷油压力的增大,喷雾锥角、前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积均增大;随着环境压力的增大,喷雾锥角增大,前锋面速度和喷雾投影面积减小。     

Measurement of fuel vapor concentration in flash boiling spray by infrared extinction/scattering technique

The MPI (multi-point injection) technique is widely used for gasoline engines due to its high responsiveness and high controllability. The pressure in the intake manifold becomes lower than the saturated vapor pressure of some components of gasoline in some operating conditions, and this causes the flash boiling phenomenon of the components. This phenomenon has great influence on spray atomization and vapor formation.In this study, the distribution of fuel vapor concentration of n-pentane was observed by applying the Infrared Extinction/Scattering method. The fuel vapor concentration can be calculated from the intensities of transmitted infrared light, under various spray conditions including the flash boiling spray.     

Comparison of two injection systems in an HSDI diesel engine using split injection and different injector nozzles

The demand for reduced pollutant emissions has motivated various technological advances in passenger car diesel engines. This paper presents a study comparing two fuel injection systems and analyzing their combustion noise and pollutant emissions. The abilities of different injection strategies to meet strict regulations were evaluated. The difficult task of maintaining a constant specific fuel consumption while trying to reduce pollutant emissions was the aim of this study. The engine being tested was a 0.287-liter single-cylinder engine equipped with a common-rail injection system. A solenoid and a piezoelectric injector were tested in the engine. The engine was operated under low load conditions using two injection events, high EGR rates, no swirl, three injection pressures and eight different dwell times. Four injector nozzles with approximately the same fuel injection rate were tested using the solenoid injection system (10 and 12 orifice configuration) and piezoelectric system (6 and 12 orifice design). The injection system had a significant influence on pollutant emissions and combustion noise. The piezoelectric injector presented the best characteristics for future studies since it allows for shorter injection durations and greater precision, which means smaller fuel mass deliveries with faster responses.     

高压共轨柴油机燃烧与排放模型的研究

利用高速闪光摄影技术,对高压喷射喷雾体空间发展规律进行了试验分析,提出了一个计算高压喷射喷雾体发展的数学公式;在正确描述高压燃油喷雾的基础上,建立了一个能预测高压共轨柴油机性能和排放的准维燃烧模型,此模型改进了燃油喷射模型及碳烟的生成与氧化模型,考虑到燃烧区的区间传热和缸内工质的对流辐射传热,对一台高压共轨柴油机进行了仿真计算。计算与试验结果对比分析表明,改进后的燃烧与排放模型能较好地反映缸内各区的燃烧与排放情况。     

双组分燃油蒸馏及喷雾闪沸特性研究

在较高燃油温度及较低环境背压下,直喷喷雾易发生闪沸。闪沸喷雾具有贯穿距小、易于雾化等优势,能够有效降低发动机排放、提高燃油经济性,在直喷发动机中具有较好应用前景。然而随着涡轮增压的使用,进气压力的提高导致喷雾较难达到闪沸状态。针对这种现象,在研究混合燃油蒸馏特性后提出了通过向高沸点燃油中添加低沸点燃油的方式来促进喷雾的闪沸。试验燃料为一系列不同比例低沸点燃油(异戊烷)与高沸点燃油(正十一烷)组成的混合燃油,通过蒸馏测试探究了不同组分燃料的蒸馏特性;通过在定容弹内拍摄不同燃油温度、环境背压下的燃油喷雾的米氏散射图,研究了混合燃油形态变化规律。结果表明,不同于单一油品仅在沸点时沸腾产生馏出物,混合燃油是在一定的温度范围内均会沸腾产生蒸馏物,表现为3段式蒸馏曲线;混合燃油蒸馏前期大部分馏出物为低沸点燃油,表明混合燃油受热时,低沸点燃油会优先蒸发;对喷雾宏观形态的测量结果表明,向高沸点燃料中添加低沸点燃油能够使喷雾在高背压下达到闪沸状态,且40%体积分数是最佳的添加量;另外,油温越高添加低沸点燃油对喷雾闪沸的促进效果越好。     

高压共轨燃油喷雾特性的试验研究与模型修正

利用高速闪光摄像技术建立了燃油喷雾特性试验台架,在不同喷射压力(80 MPa,102 MPa,130 MPa)和不同喷射背压(2 MPa,3 MPa)下对高压共轨电控喷油器的燃油瞬态喷雾特性进行了研究,并用Matlab编程对喷雾图像进行了处理,测量了不同工况下油束的贯穿度和锥角。通过试验数据,利用最小二乘非线性曲线拟合方法对高压喷射油束模型进行了修正,模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明修正后的油束模型能更好地预测高压喷射时的油束贯穿度和锥角。     

Effects of injection parameters on the spray characteristics of swirl and slit injectors using the Mie-scattering method

We investigated the effects of injection parameters such as injection pressure, ambient pressure, and ambient temperature on spray characteristics. We calculated the turbulence occurring point (t _c ), defined as the time required to generate a vortex, and the deceleration point (t _b ), defined as the time when spray penetration begins to decelerate, to elucidate the breakup mechanism of the test injectors. The spray velocity coefficient (C_v) was obtained to evaluate the spray characteristics. As the ambient pressure increases in the case of a slit injector, C_v decreases. We investigated the effects of nozzle tip shape according to injection pressure, ambient pressure, and fuel properties on spray characteristics and provide a C_v value of 0.38 for the swirl injector with a spray angle of 60° and the slit injector under atmospheric conditions. The value of C_v in the case of a slit injector was reduced by increasing the ambient pressure. Our results suggest that C_v of a swirl injector is constant regardless of changes in ambient pressure, injection pressure, and fuel properties. On the other hand, C_v of a slit injector is altered by changes in ambient pressure.     

二甲醚／柴油混合燃料在压燃式发动机上的应用

为探索二甲醚/柴油混合燃料作为柴油机替代燃料的应用性能,对D20二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性进行了试验研究;同时,开展了直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料动力性能、经济性能及排放性能研究。结果表明:在同样的环境背压下,D20混合燃料的油束与柴油相比较,贯穿度有所缩短,喷雾锥角有所增大;柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料时,通过适当调整循环油量,发动机的动力性可以超过原柴油机,最低当量比油耗下降4.5%,烟度指标下降70%以上,NOx排放降低30%~50%;二甲醚/柴油混合燃料是一种能实现高比功率、低排放的石油替代燃料。