不同部位护底混凝土联锁排稳定特性研究

从分析现有设计方法中混凝土联锁排失稳的动力学机理出发,根据排体内部和边缘的失稳模式及受力特点,推导出水流作用下不同部位排体的稳定厚度计算公式.研究结果表明:压载重法的失稳模式为水流拖曳力作用下的块体滚动或滑动:而抗掀动法和美国公式的失稳模式则是在水流上举力作用下的块体漂浮或掀动.就排体的不同部位而言,边缘排体在水流拖曳力及上举力共同作用下发生滚动失稳,内部排体则仅在水流上举力作用下发生漂浮失稳.此外,还结合长江口深水航道整治工程验证了公式的合理性.     

块体形状对水流拖曳力的影响

在计算块体受到的水流拖曳力时,常借鉴针对球体所提出的公式,然而它并不能客观地反映出块体形状对拖曳力产生的影响。文中将块体形状概化为长方体,通过水槽试验测量了水流作用下不同尺度的大颗粒块体受到的水平拖曳力,研究了块体形状对水流拖曳力的影响,并提出了考虑块体形状影响的拖曳力计算公式。     

基于三维浅水方程的刚性植被水流特性研究

河道中植被的存在会影响河道的过流和挟沙能力。为了研究植被对水流的作用,在已开发的准三维浅水波运动模型控制方程中加入了杆状植被阻力项,并在绕流拖曳力系数计算中考虑了刚性植被的遮蔽效应,同时引入前人提出的植被密度的概念。对改进后的模型利用前人的实验资料进行了验证。模型对植被范围以下和以上流速垂向分布模拟效果良好。利用水箱测定了植被影响下的水流流速,结果表明植被密度是影响阻力的主要因素,而植被的排列方式影响不大;数学模型模拟植被范围和以上的水流速度及紊动能量垂向分布结果与实测值符合较好。     

小流向角下的30万吨级油船水流力试验

现行的《港口工程荷载规范》没有体现出小流向角对船舶水流力的影响,而船舶水流力的变化与流向角及流速密切相关。为精细化研究小流向角及流速对系泊船舶的作用力影响规律,基于物理模型试验,研究流速为1. 0、1. 5、2. 0 m/s,流向角θ为0°～15°的条件时30万吨级油船的船舶水流力的变化规律。结果表明,纵向力和横向力均随着流速的增大而增大;当流向角θ为0°～15°时,纵向水流力与使用规范公式的计算结果吻合较好,横向水流力的试验结果约为计算值的2倍。     

潮流条件下的桩基冲刷深度研究

潮流对桩基局部冲刷的折减系数将随着相对流速和相对周期的增加而增大。在对称潮流涨急流速等于临界起动流速条件下,潮流冲刷折减系数仅为0.4～0.6之间;而当涨急流速超过2.1倍临界起动流速时,潮流冲刷折减系数达到0.9以上,因此使用冲刷折减系数时需要注意流速的大小。文章提出了"查图法"和"微分迭代法"两种方法来计算潮流条件下的桩基局部冲刷,经过验证计算结果与实测值吻合良好。实际海洋水动力环境是不断变化的,考虑非恒定水动力环境对桩基局部冲刷深度的影响机制将提高对冲刷深度预测精度。     

不同潮位和浪高条件对30万吨级油船靠泊作业安全的影响

为了研究30万吨级油船在不同潮位和浪高条件下靠泊时受到的水流力,提高30万吨级油船靠泊作业的安全性,结合大连港2座30万吨级原油码头靠泊作业情况,采用《系泊设备指南》中水流力的计算方法,计算、分析在不同载重、不同潮位、不同浪高条件下靠泊的30万吨级油船所受到的横向水流力,探讨不同潮位和浪高条件对30万吨级油船靠泊作业安全的影响。结果表明:潮位下降会增大水流对油船的作用力,使较低流速的水流对油船的作用力达到甚至超过较高流速的水流对油船的作用力。针对不同潮位条件,需修改《大连港新港开敞式油码头风险评估和预警措施及应急方案》中启动拖船监护或紧急离泊措施的水流条件。     

不同浸没深度下水平圆柱体的水动力特性试验研究

顺应式的漂浮柔性圆柱型结构物,如深海养殖结构物的浮圈结构、波浪能发电装置的浮体部分等,大多是部分浸没的。目前,学术界和工程界对部分浸没圆柱的水动力特性了解甚少,也使这些新型结构物在设计和分析时面临着一系列的困难。文章利用在拖曳水池中对水平圆柱进行强迫振荡的试验方法,研究了不同浸没深度的水平圆柱体在流、波浪以及波-流耦合作用下的水动力特性,获得了拖曳力系数和附加水质量系数在不同浸没深度下与Reynolds数、KC数和Vr的关系。通过研究发现:(1)在纯流作用下,由于自由液面的存在,超过半浸没的圆柱体的拖曳力系数在超临界范围内将大于全浸没圆柱;(2)在波浪作用下的半浸没圆柱的水动力系数完全不能等同于全浸没圆柱的一半来进行考虑;(3)流的存在对水动力系数的影响比较显著,会导致惯性力系数的增大。     

泥沙颗粒沿水深方向的受力研究

对于研究泥沙群体性运动和实际工程的人来说,单颗粒泥沙的运动一直是研究问题的基础和关键。天然泥沙颗粒几乎都是非均匀的,其运动形式也具有随机性,这就造成颗粒附近流场的随机性。国内外学者对单颗粒泥沙受力情况的研究由来已久,文章采用Flow3D软件对单颗粒泥沙在定常流下的受力进行了数值模拟,得出了拖曳力系数和上举力系数关于泥沙颗粒直径、流速等因素的一定规律。     

跨海桥梁大尺寸承台波浪力数值模拟研究

随着跨海桥梁深水化,桥墩尺寸和波浪荷载不断增加。为提高跨海桥梁安全性,通过Fluent软件建立了三维数值波浪水槽,进行了波浪作用大尺寸承台的数值模拟,分析了波高、淹没系数、周期以及承台长度对承台波浪力的影响。研究结果表明:在文章计算范围内,承台波浪力和波高基本呈线性变化关系。随着淹没系数C_s增大,承台水平力先增加后减小,而承台垂向力先减小后增加再减小。承台相对水平力f_x随承台相对长度kb先增后减,当kb=1.3左右时相对水平力达到最大。承台相对垂向力f_z随kb变化关系受承台淹没系数C_s影响:当C_s<1时,承台相对垂向力f_z随kb增加逐渐减小,其中当kb趋近于0时f_z=K_p,当kb趋近于+∞时f_z=0;当C_s>1时,承台相对垂向力f_z随kb增加先增后减,其中当kb趋近于0和+∞时f_x均趋近于0。     

深水钢悬链线立管顺流向非线性动力分析

深水钢悬链线立管在外部流体作用下的动力响应在立管的性能优化设计中是非常重要的.文章考虑了深水钢悬链线立管轴向大应变的特性以及弯曲刚度和内流的影响,利用Hamilton原理和拉格朗日应变理论建立了立管的二维动力学模型.将外部流体的非线性作用力用Morison方程表示,通过Hermite插值函数对动力学方程进行离散,采用平均加速度法求解立管的动力响应.探讨了外部流体的非线性作用力对海洋立管顺流向动力响应的影响以及不同流速和拖曳力系数与海洋立管共振响应幅值的关系.     

Experimental investigations on hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets of a typical offshore aquacultural structure in steady current

A series of physical experiments were performed in steady current to investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets which constitute a main part of offshore aquacultural platforms. The hydrodynamic characteristics of only the cylinder, only nets and combined cylinder-net structures are measured and analyzed systematically under different current velocities, inflow angles and solidity ratios of nets. Based on experimental data, fitted formulas for hydrodynamic coefficients of a single resin net are proposed and compared to previously published empirical formulas. It is observed that the existence of the cylinder brings an increment up to 9.2% to drag coefficient of net panels whose solidity ratios are higher than 0.347, whereas this effect is negligible for nets with lower solidity ratios and perpendicular to the inflow. For nets inclined with 45°, the increment of the drag coefficient of net panels due to the existence of the cylinder is more significant (up to 22.9%) than that for perpendicularly placed nets. Furthermore, the existence of nets also leads to a noticeable increase in the drag coefficient of the cylinder, up to 40.18% for a relatively large net solidity ratio of 0.458, representative of biofouling condition. The increment increases with the rise of the solidity ratio of nets and it is larger for nets placed perpendicularly to the inflow than inclined. Effects of the cylinder and nets on lift coefficients of each other are a bit complicated, leading to an increase or reduction of lift coefficients depending on the inflow velocity, inflow angle and net solidity ratios. Finally, it is worth noting that the hydrodynamic interaction between the cylinder and nets deserves to be considered in current practice of hybrid methods by combining potential flow theory, Morison and screen models for aquacultural structures, especially for biofouling conditions.     

基于CFD的半潜式钻井服务支持平台拖航阻力数值分析

通过分离涡模拟法（detached eddy simulation,DES）对半潜式钻井服务支持平台拖航阻力进行了研究,重点对平台拖航阻力、阻力系数和平台表面附近流场分布等特性进行了研究。研究表明：流方向下平台各结构所受阻力各不相同,下浮体占据总阻力比最大（尤其是90°来流方向下）。阻力系数及升力系数时历曲线变化具有“脉动性”。通过平台表面附近流场分布可以分析涡形成及受力原因,逆方向流及涡之间相互作用使得阻力有所减小。     

翼板扰流器的参数对海底管线水动力特性的影响

利用计算流体力学数值模拟方法,结合RNG k-ε湍流模型,对安装翼板扰流器的海底管线绕流进行了二维数值模拟。以不同布置形式的翼板扰流器为研究对象,通过改变间隙比和翼板高度,探讨其对海底管线绕流水动力特性的影响。计算结果表明：间隙比为0．3时,翼板扰流器抑制的效果更好,受力情况良好,且A60型翼板管线效果最佳;间隙比相同时升力系数和阻力系数随着翼板高度的增加而增大。建议实际工程中,应尽量避免翼板管线的悬空高度,同时可在管线的不同展向安装不同角度的翼板扰流器,以破坏涡旋发放的规律性。     

基于 DES 方法的张力腿平台主体结构水动力特性研究

考虑张力腿平台立柱和浮箱之间的相互影响,通过分离涡模拟法（DES）对均匀流下张力腿平台主体三维水动力流特性进行了研究,讨论了张力腿平台阻力系数、升力系数及其频谱、压力系数和尾涡等特性。研究表明：阻力系数和升力系数时历曲线变化具有一定的周期性和“脉动性”;下游立柱受到上游立柱尾涡作用,导致下游立柱阻力系数较上游立柱阻力系数略大;下游立柱升力系数幅值较上游立柱升力系数幅值大,下游立柱泄涡具有明显的周期性特点;升力系数时历变化呈现紊乱,频谱图中谱峰个数越多且带宽越大。立柱表面压力系数呈现出“W”型且张力腿平台主体周围具有不同垂向流态形式,稳定脱落周期下通过压力系数最大值判断撞击点等特殊位置,压力系数最小值判断尾涡所附位置;尾涡具有高度各向相异性,不同来流方向下张力腿平台主体尾后出现不同尾涡结构和流形态。     

Numerical simulation of piggyback pipelaying under current loadings

For piggyback pipelaying operations, current-induced force and its effect on the piggyback pipe have not been thoroughly studied. In the present study, an improved method in hydrodynamic load calculation and structural modelling is proposed to simulate the pipelaying of a piggyback pipeline. In order to obtain the mean drag and lift force coefficients for the piggyback pipeline subjected to different inflow angles, two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed by modelling the piggyback pipeline as two cylinders attached to each other without gap. Then, the acquired force coefficients are used to calculate the hydrodynamic loads through a user-defined function in OrcaFlex based on a cross-flow principle approach. The interaction between the pipeline and the piggyback cable is modelled using two types contact elements which are ring penetrator and non-penetrating contact. The present proposed method is compared with other two widely used engineering methods based on (1) the equivalent diameter and (2) two separate cylinders without accounting for hydrodynamic interaction, in terms of the top tension, and the bending moments at Hang-off Clamps (HOC) and sagbend of the pipeline. The comparison shows that the two widely used engineering methods are not always conservative in force and response predictions. Hence, it is important to consider the hydrodynamic and structural interactions between the piggyback cable and the pipeline. With different current directions, the bending moments at the HOC predicted by the present method vary from 40% lower to 100% higher than those predicted by the two widely used engineering methods.     

基于CFD仿真计算的襟翼舵水动力研究

襟翼舵作为一种可靠的、高升力的舵在最近几年内引起了广大设计工作者的重视影响,同时也有不少成熟的研究成果。对襟翼舵的研究主要集中在展弦比,主副舵面积比,转角比等方面,这些因素对襟翼舵的整体影响规律也已得到不少专家的解释。本文主要研究襟翼舵主副舵间间隙大小以及尺度效应对其水动力性能的影响,以普通NACA0020翼型为基本剖面建立不同间隙大小的襟翼舵模型,采用RANS方法计算得到了不同缝隙大小以及不同缩尺比下的襟翼舵升力阻力以及压力分布,并对周围涡结构以及流场进行分析,发现升力系数随着缝隙增大而减小,阻力系数先减小再增大的规律。同时随着襟翼舵尺度的增大,升力系数会随之增大,阻力系数会随之减小。文中以计算模型和实验数据进行对比,两者误差在5%以内,证明了计算结果的可靠性。     

Hydrodynamics study of a BCF mode bioinspired robotic-fish underwater vehicle using Lighthill’s slender body model

This paper investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of the rectilinear motion of a robotic fish underwater vehicle. This 2-joint, 3-link multibody vehicle model is biologically inspired by a body caudal fin carangiform fish propulsion mechanism. Navier–Stokes equations are used to compute the unsteady flow fields generated due to the interaction between the vehicle and the surrounding incompressible and Newtonian fluid (water) environment. The NACA 0014 airfoil aerodynamic profile has been designed to boost the swimming efficiency by reducing drag as the vehicle undergoes an undulatory/oscillatory motion. Using the Lighthill slender body model, a traveling wave mathematical function is defined to undulate the robotic fish posterior (caudal) region while the motion tracking is carried out by dynamic meshing technique. The results obtained show that though the net lift force approaches to zero, the net thrust or negative drag coefficient maintains a finite value dependent on kinematic parameters like tail beat frequency (TBF) and amplitude span (AS) at a given propulsive wavelength and the forward velocity of the vehicle. The results reveal the effects of TBF and AS on the coefficient of drag friction and the thrust force. Drag coefficients obtained from the simulations are compared and validated with the experimental results. The hydrodynamic results are found to be similar to the kinematic study results and suggest that TBF and AS play the most effective roles in the bioinspired propulsion technique. Relation of these parameters with propelling thrust force and forward velocity is also in conjunction over a given range of TBF and AS values.     

Effect of bed vicinity on vortex shedding and force coefficients of fluid flow on an offshore pipeline

The effect of rigid bed proximity on flow parameters and hydrodynamic loads in offshore pipelines exposed to turbulent flow is investigated numerically. The Galerkin finite volume method is employed to solve the unsteady incompressible 2D Navier–Stokes equations. The large eddy simulation turbulence model is solved using the artificial compressibility method and dual time-stepping approach. The proposed algorithm is developed for a wide range of turbulent flows with Reynolds numbers of 9500 to 1.5×10⁴. Evaluation of the developed numerical model shows that the proposed technique is capable of properly predicting hydrodynamic forces and simulating the flow pattern. The obtained results show that the lift and drag coefficients are strongly affected by the gap ratio. The mean drag coefficient slightly increases as the gap ratio increases, although the mean lift coefficient rapidly decreases. The vortex shedding suppression happen at the gap ratio of less than 0.2.     

升力鳍伺服系统非定常水动力特性的研究

重点研究了升力鳍升力及转矩与鳍角的非定常水动力特性。通过对鳍升力和转矩的非定常水动力特性试验数据的分析,提出了升力鳍系统的鳍角与升力的换算关系应建立在非定常水动力的基础上。以Theodorsen理论为基础,利用水动力试验数据,修正了基于Theodorsen理论的计算升力系数的公式,提出了修正的升力转矩非定常水动力的数学模型,经实例计算仿真结果与水池试验结果比较,验证了该数学模型的正确性。利用该数学模型直接计算升力,可以省去复杂的、可靠性低、误差大的升力测量装置及复杂的升力计算。该研究也进一步充实了升力鳍非定常水动力特性的理论研究,解决了升力计算的问题。     

整流罩对深海立管水动力影响的数值模拟研究

应用CFD大涡模拟方法,对附有整流罩的深海立管的水动力影响效果进行了三维数值模拟。对不同的弦厚比在雷诺数分别为3 900、10 000和20 000条件下进行模拟分析,得到立管后方阻力系数、升力系数、斯特劳哈尔数及其频谱等特性。模拟结果表明:整流罩对立管升力和阻力有明显的抑制效果,相较于光滑立管,阻力系数均值降幅最大达到24.1%,升力系数均方根值降幅最大达到81.1%。阻力系数均值随弦厚比的增加先减小后趋于平稳升力系数均方根值随弦厚比的增加而增加。对比结果显示,弦厚比为1.2~1.6时,整流罩对立管的升力和阻力抑制效果较好。