不同部位护底混凝土联锁排稳定特性研究

从分析现有设计方法中混凝土联锁排失稳的动力学机理出发,根据排体内部和边缘的失稳模式及受力特点,推导出水流作用下不同部位排体的稳定厚度计算公式.研究结果表明:压载重法的失稳模式为水流拖曳力作用下的块体滚动或滑动:而抗掀动法和美国公式的失稳模式则是在水流上举力作用下的块体漂浮或掀动.就排体的不同部位而言,边缘排体在水流拖曳力及上举力共同作用下发生滚动失稳,内部排体则仅在水流上举力作用下发生漂浮失稳.此外,还结合长江口深水航道整治工程验证了公式的合理性.     

水流作用力垂向变化对块体抛放影响的综合研究

考虑块体在水体中的相对位置,综合研究了不同水深区域内水流作用力系数的变化关系。在自由水表面和河床壁面附近区域,应分别考虑水表面波动和边界层对垂线流速分布的影响,由平均流速计算得出的拖曳力系数与相对位置基本呈递增关系,而上举力系数递减;介于上述区域之间时,近似认为拖曳力系数和上举力系数不随相对位置变化。因此,在受力分析以计算石块或沙袋的抛掷位移时,应考虑水流流动作用力垂向不断变化的特点。     

基于非线性有限元法的二维水下拖缆研究

水下拖缆研究是拖曳系统设计和使用的基础。由于受到水流力的作用,水下缆索呈现复杂的特性。本文首先推导了水下拖曳缆索的静力悬链线方程,将其结果作为非线性有限元方法的初始值;接着采用二节点等参索单元建立基于完全拉格朗日表述的增量平衡方程并使用牛顿-拉谱逊迭代法求解该方程;最后,采用Matlab编程,研究了该方法的收敛性及拖缆在重力、浮力和水流力作用下的形态与张力分布,得到了不同航速条件下缆索的形态及缆索张力的一些分布规律。     

波流作用下电站排水口消能及铺面稳定性试验

海滨电站排水口受到排水水流、潮流和波浪动力的综合影响,消力池内复杂的水动力条件对铺面块石或人工块体的稳定性产生不利的影响。基于印度尼西亚某电站的实际问题,采用物理模型进行了波流作用下排水口消力池的消能特性和铺面稳定性试验。研究结果表明:该电站排水口采用扩散式消力池并结合消力墩和尾坎的消能方式可行,消力墩和圆弧型尾坎的消能和均流作用明显;波流作用下,扩散式消力池内波能有集中,排水水流虽然对波浪的传播产生阻碍,但波浪的影响仍延伸至排水口上端的明渠内,因此也应对一定范围内的明渠采取护面和护底措施。试验还优化了消力墩的型式和部分铺面块石的重量。     

基于三维浅水方程的刚性植被水流特性研究

河道中植被的存在会影响河道的过流和挟沙能力。为了研究植被对水流的作用,在已开发的准三维浅水波运动模型控制方程中加入了杆状植被阻力项,并在绕流拖曳力系数计算中考虑了刚性植被的遮蔽效应,同时引入前人提出的植被密度的概念。对改进后的模型利用前人的实验资料进行了验证。模型对植被范围以下和以上流速垂向分布模拟效果良好。利用水箱测定了植被影响下的水流流速,结果表明植被密度是影响阻力的主要因素,而植被的排列方式影响不大;数学模型模拟植被范围和以上的水流速度及紊动能量垂向分布结果与实测值符合较好。     

新型透空式块体促淤堤断面阻力特性试验*

针对一种空心四面块体促淤堤断面开展阻力特性的试验研究，并与传统抛石加护面块体促淤堤试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：1）当水流雷诺数较小、可以形成促淤堤的非淹没状态时，在同一水流雷诺数条件下，空心四面块体促淤堤断面阻力系数可以用2段折线表达，折线的拐点基本对应于促淤堤的临界淹没状态，随着水流雷诺数增大，2段折线的斜率逐渐趋同；2）当水流雷诺数较大、无法形成促淤堤的非淹没状态时，在同一水流雷诺数条件下，空心四面块体促淤堤断面阻力系数可以用单一直线表达；3）提出可用于计算空心四面块体促淤堤断面阻力系数的方法，该方法也适应于一般透水堤。     

大型沉井浮运阻力研究

利用计算流体软件FLUENT对大型圆形铜沉井浮运时受到的水阻力进行数值计算，得到了不同流速不同吃水工况下沉井外壁和沉井总体的水流力；并将FLUENT计算结果与经验公式估算结果比较分析，验证了经验公式中只规定外壁为挡水面积是不合理的。在实际浮运中沉井内壁也受到了较大的水流力，并且不可忽略。依据FLUENT数值结果对经验公式进行修正，修正后的公式考虑了内壁受到的水流力，可更准确地估算大型圆形沉井浮运时的水流力。此修正经验公式可为工程实际提供参考。     

不同潮位和浪高条件对30万吨级油船靠泊作业安全的影响

为了研究30万吨级油船在不同潮位和浪高条件下靠泊时受到的水流力,提高30万吨级油船靠泊作业的安全性,结合大连港2座30万吨级原油码头靠泊作业情况,采用《系泊设备指南》中水流力的计算方法,计算、分析在不同载重、不同潮位、不同浪高条件下靠泊的30万吨级油船所受到的横向水流力,探讨不同潮位和浪高条件对30万吨级油船靠泊作业安全的影响。结果表明:潮位下降会增大水流对油船的作用力,使较低流速的水流对油船的作用力达到甚至超过较高流速的水流对油船的作用力。针对不同潮位条件,需修改《大连港新港开敞式油码头风险评估和预警措施及应急方案》中启动拖船监护或紧急离泊措施的水流条件。     

拖曳锚安装缆绳在海床土中的嵌入特性

在深水或超深水海洋油气资源的开发中广泛应用的新型拖曳锚,由于受到安装缆绳拖曳力的作用会逐渐嵌入海床,在海床土体中安装缆绳嵌入段长度的变化规律体现了缆绳的嵌入特性,对锚板的精确定位和优化安装具有重要意义.基于嵌入缆绳单元的受力模型,建立粘性土和无粘性土中嵌入段缆绳长度的理论预测公式,分析预测受力模型的关键参数对嵌入段缆绳长度的影响,并采用可视化追踪技术对理论模型进行验证.     

不同工况下巨型沉井水流力及流场研究

水流经过沉井时,由于沉井对过水断面的压缩造成沉井周围流场的变化。为了探索不同流速、流向和水深工况下沉井受力变化,在模型试验与CFD数值模拟的基础上,采用控制变量法对沉井在着床、浮运过程中的流场变化规律进行研究;针对规范公式对大型结构计算存在的不足,提出对侧压缩系数进行修正。计算结果表明：随着流速的增加,水流力与流速呈抛物线分布;随着水流流向角的增加,沉井受到的纵向和横向水流力同时呈现增加的态势;在沉井逐渐抬升的过程中,水流呈先增加后减小的趋势,当沉井底部与河床相距超过10m后,沉井所受水流力将不受水深影响而保持稳定。     

有限深度均匀水流中圆柱横向阻力影响特性

为解决规则圆柱桩群阻力计算问题，以指导涉及规则圆柱桩群的物理模型试验和数值模拟计算等工作，在归纳总结已有研究成果的基础上，通过先进的数显式测力设备和较为准确的悬浮测力法，对有限深度均匀水流中多圆柱横向等间距不同方式的排列桩群进行了阻力测试研究，得出了有限深度均匀水流中圆柱横向阻力影响特性规律，并归纳总结出了圆柱横向阻力影响系数的经验公式。通过大量的测试试验数据证实了这些研究规律的准确性、有效性及实用性，对工程实践具有参考价值。     

亚临界区雷诺数下电磁力控制圆柱绕流场特性研究

采用脱体涡模拟方法对弱电解质中电磁力作用下圆柱绕流场及其升阻力特性进行了数值模拟与分析。研究结果表明,在亚临界区雷诺数下电磁力可以提高圆柱体边界层内的流体动能,延缓圆柱体近壁面流动分离,减弱绕流场中流向和展向大尺度涡的强度,减小圆柱体阻力及其升力脉动幅值;当电磁力作用参数大于某个临界值后,流动分离角消失,在圆柱体尾部产生射流现象,电磁力产生净推力作用,出现负阻力现象,而且升力脉动幅值显著减小且接近于零。     

Response spectrum method for extreme wave loading with higher order components of drag force

Response spectra of fixed offshore structures impacted by extreme waves are investigated based on the higher order components of the nonlinear drag force. In this way, steel jacket platforms are simplified as a mass attached to a light cantilever cylinder and their corresponding deformation response spectra are estimated by utilizing a generalized single degree of freedom system. Based on the wave data recorded in the Persian Gulf region, extreme wave loading conditions corresponding to different return periods are exerted on the offshore structures. Accordingly, the effect of the higher order components of the drag force is considered and compared to the linearized state for different sea surface levels. When the fundamental period of the offshore structure is about one third of the main period of wave loading, the results indicate the linearized drag term is not capable of achieving a reliable deformation response spectrum.     

考虑高阶拖曳力的导管架平台极端载荷响应谱方法（英文）

Response spectra of fixed offshore structures impacted by extreme waves are investigated based on the higher order components of the nonlinear drag force. In this way, steel jacket platforms are simplified as a mass attached to a light cantilever cylinder and their corresponding deformation response spectra are estimated by utilizing a generalized single degree of freedom system. Based on the wave data recorded in the Persian Gulf region, extreme wave loading conditions corresponding to different return periods are exerted on the offshore structures. Accordingly, the effect of the higher order components of the drag force is considered and compared to the linearized state for different sea surface levels. When the fundamental period of the offshore structure is about one third of the main period of wave loading, the results indicate the linearized drag term is not capable of achieving a reliable deformation response spectrum.     

The effects of free surface and end cell on flow around a finite circular cylinder with low aspect ratio

Vortex-induced motion is an oscillatory phenomenon which occurs to a floating body with low aspect ratio. The basic phenomenological study about the effects of free surface and end cell on flow around a finite fixed circular cylinder was investigated in this study using particle image velocimetry and hydrodynamic force measurement. It was found from the former experiment that the wake of the cylinder is influenced by the both end cell and free surface. Blowup and back flow are generated from the end cell, and their effects are suspended by free surface. The result of hydrodynamic force measurement showed the effect of Reynolds number, Froude number, and the aspect ratio of the floating body on the hydrodynamic force. Fluctuating components of hydrodynamic coefficients decrease for increasing Reynolds number, Froude number, and the aspect ratio. On the other hand, the mean drag coefficient increases as Froude number increases and decreases as the aspect ratio increases. The interpretation to these results was discussed in comparison with flow structures observed in the experiment. In addition, it was found that the effect of Reynolds number on the mean drag coefficient changes at different aspect ratios. A possible interpretation to this phenomenon was proposed.     

沟槽面减阻效果影响因素及减阻机理的分析

采用雷诺平均N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算V型沟槽面的湍流边界层流动和粘性阻力,研究了沟槽尖峰形状和雷诺数对减阻效果的影响规律,初步分析了沟槽面减阻机理.指出:沟槽尖峰处的圆角半径越小其减阻效果越好,沟槽斜面中下部的壁面应力随着圆角半径的减小而降低,但尖峰处的局部壁面应力会随之增大;来流速度对沟槽减阻率的影响很大,对于一种尺度的V型沟槽,存在着一个具有较好减阻效果的来流速度范围,而沟槽面在沿来流方向上的布置位置对减阻效果的影响非常小;沟槽尺度对减阻效果很剧烈;沟槽尖峰处生成的二次涡是产生减阻效果的根本原因,二次涡的强弱与沟槽减阻率的大小紧密相关.     

波高对桩柱最大水平波浪力新算法精确性影响

对Morison方程进行适当变形、推演,得到了一种可直接计算近海平台支撑物所受最大水平波浪力的计算方法。将此计算方法与经典计算法进行对比。对比发现,当阻力相对于惯性力起主要作用时,新算法与经典算法所得结论完全一致。当惯性力相对于阻力起主要作用时,新算法存在一定偏差,在该情况下,使用Matlab辅助计算,得到了波高对桩柱最大水平波浪力新算法精确性的影响曲线。     

水下亚声速圆盘空化器射弹超空泡流动数值计算方法研究（英文）

To deal with the effect of compressible fluids on the supercavitating flow over the subsonic disk cavitator of a projectile, a finite volume method is formulated based on the ideal compressible potential theory. By using the continuity equation and Tait state equation as well as Riabouchinsky closure model, an "inverse problem" solution is presented for the supercavitating flow. According to the impenetrable condition on the surface of supercavity, a new iterative method for the supercavity shape is designed to deal with the effect of compressibility on the supercavity shape, pressure drag coefficient and density field. By this method, the very low cavitation number can be computed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data and empirical formula. At the subsonic condition, the fluid compressibility will make supercavity length and radius increase. The supercavity expands, but remains spheroid. The effect on the first 1/3 part of supercavity is not obvious. The drag coefficient of projectile increases as the cavitation number or Mach number increases. With Mach number increasing, the compressibility is more and more significant. The compressibility must be considered as far as the accurate calculation of supercavitating flow is concerned.     

Numerical calculation of supercavitating flows over the disk cavitator of a subsonic underwater projectile

To deal with the effect of compressible fluids on the supercavitating flow over the subsonic disk cavitator of a projectile, a finite volume method is formulated based on the ideal compressible potential theory. By using the continuity equation and Tait state equation as well as Riabouchinsky closure model, an “inverse problem” solution is presented for the supercavitating flow. According to the impenetrable condition on the surface of supercavity, a new iterative method for the supercavity shape is designed to deal with the effect of compressibility on the supercavity shape, pressure drag coefficient and density field. By this method, the very low cavitation number can be computed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data and empirical formula. At the subsonic condition, the fluid compressibility will make supercavity length and radius increase. The supercavity expands, but remains spheroid. The effect on the first 1/3 part of supercavity is not obvious. The drag coefficient of projectile increases as the cavitation number or Mach number increases. With Mach number increasing, the compressibility is more and more significant. The compressibility must be considered as far as the accurate calculation of supercavitating flow is concerned.