具有自由液面效应的圆柱绕流三维数值模拟

基于计算流体力学软件CFX、应用RNG k-ε湍流模型、结合流体体积法(VOF法)模拟均匀流场中半沉浸三维圆柱运动,分析自由液面对圆柱尾迹以及圆柱表面水动力特征参数的影响。结果表明:在自由液面流场中,雷诺数较高时,自由液面对流场流动的影响较小;而雷诺数一定时,自由液面对流场的影响随着傅汝德数的增加而增加;在自由液面作用下,圆柱的时均阻力系数和时均压力系数随流场的傅汝德数和雷诺数的增加而减小。     

Experimental investigation on hydrodynamics of floating cylinder in oscillatory and steady flows by forced oscillation test

In this paper the hydrodynamic characteristics of a floating cylinder are investigated via forced oscillation experiments in towing tank. The effects of Keulegan–Carpenter number, Reynolds number, reduced velocity and overtopping on hydrodynamics of the floating cylinder in oscillatory and steady flow are studied. The results show a considerably difference of the hydrodynamic characters between the floating and the fully immerged cylinders due to the influences of free surface. The growth of the reduced velocity, a proven notable effect on hydrodynamics, will lead to the increase of added mass coefficient and the decrease of drag coefficient. Meanwhile the overtopping, a particular phenomenon for the floating cylinder, render the added mass coefficients reach up to 3.6 while for the drag coefficient small influences were made.     

三维有限长旋转圆柱水动力性能的实验及数值分析（英文）

The hydrodynamic performance of a three-dimensional finite-length rotating cylinder is studied by means of a physical tank and numerical simulation. First, according to the identified influencing factors, a hydrodynamic performance test of the rotating cylinder was carried out in a circulating water tank. In order to explore the changing law of hydrodynamic performance with these factors, a particle image velocimetry device was used to monitor the flow field. Subsequently, a computational field dynamics numerical simulation method was used to simulate the flow field, followed by an analysis of the effects of speed ratio, Reynolds number, and aspect ratio on the flow field. The results show that the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of the cylinder increase first and then decrease with the increase of the rotational speed ratio. The trend of numerical simulation and experimental results is similar.     

有限深度均匀水流中圆柱横向阻力影响特性

为解决规则圆柱桩群阻力计算问题，以指导涉及规则圆柱桩群的物理模型试验和数值模拟计算等工作，在归纳总结已有研究成果的基础上，通过先进的数显式测力设备和较为准确的悬浮测力法，对有限深度均匀水流中多圆柱横向等间距不同方式的排列桩群进行了阻力测试研究，得出了有限深度均匀水流中圆柱横向阻力影响特性规律，并归纳总结出了圆柱横向阻力影响系数的经验公式。通过大量的测试试验数据证实了这些研究规律的准确性、有效性及实用性，对工程实践具有参考价值。     

不同浸没深度下水平圆柱体的水动力特性试验研究

顺应式的漂浮柔性圆柱型结构物,如深海养殖结构物的浮圈结构、波浪能发电装置的浮体部分等,大多是部分浸没的。目前,学术界和工程界对部分浸没圆柱的水动力特性了解甚少,也使这些新型结构物在设计和分析时面临着一系列的困难。文章利用在拖曳水池中对水平圆柱进行强迫振荡的试验方法,研究了不同浸没深度的水平圆柱体在流、波浪以及波-流耦合作用下的水动力特性,获得了拖曳力系数和附加水质量系数在不同浸没深度下与Reynolds数、KC数和Vr的关系。通过研究发现:(1)在纯流作用下,由于自由液面的存在,超过半浸没的圆柱体的拖曳力系数在超临界范围内将大于全浸没圆柱;(2)在波浪作用下的半浸没圆柱的水动力系数完全不能等同于全浸没圆柱的一半来进行考虑;(3)流的存在对水动力系数的影响比较显著,会导致惯性力系数的增大。     

近冰面航行潜艇阻力及绕流场分析

[目的]采用数值模拟方法探究潜艇近冰面航行时的水动力性能。[方法]选取Suboff全附体潜艇模型为研究对象,在STAR-CCM+软件中采用RANS方法,再结合SST k-ω湍流模型和体积分数法计算艇体的水动力性能。然后进行网格无关性验证以及近冰面水动力特性分析的方法验证,以确定计算方法的有效性。[结果]结果表明,潜艇近冰面航行时,潜艇的总阻力系数CT在同一弗劳德数下随潜深的增加而减小,在同一潜深下随弗劳德数的增加而减小;在同一弗劳德数下,当无量纲深度大于1.63时,潜深几乎不影响艇体的阻力系数。[结论]研究表明,潜艇的总阻力系数受弗劳德数以及潜深的影响较大,随着潜深的增大,潜深对阻力系数的影响将逐渐减小。     

基于DES方法的三维圆柱受迫振动数值模拟

基于OpenFOAM平台对雷诺数3900下的三维固定圆柱绕流和雷诺数30000下的三维圆柱受迫振动进行数值模拟,对湍流的模拟采用SA-DDES离散涡模型.针对三维圆柱绕流问题,采用PISO算法耦合求解速度-压力场,对圆柱绕流的基础参数如St数、平均阻力系数和平均升力系数等与试验进行了比较,结果吻合良好.针对三维圆柱受迫振动问题,采用PIMPLE算法耦合求解速度-压力场,对不同频率下振幅比为0.3的阻力系数、尾涡形态进行了计算,阻力平均系数与实验值相比吻合较好.     

Towards a model of hydrodynamic damping for a circular cylinder with helical strakes at low KC

This paper investigates the hydrodynamic damping of a circular cylinder with helical strakes at Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number from 0.07 to 3 in the presence of steady currents. Experiments were performed with a straked cylinder oscillating in either in-line or cross currents over Reynolds number (based on the oscillating velocity amplitude) varying from 1260 to 54,000. With in-line current being present, the measured drag coefficients of the straked cylinder are found to depend on the ratio between the oscillating velocity amplitude and the steady current velocity. This phenomenon is further confirmed by computational fluid dynamics using large-eddy simulations. The drag coefficients obtained from the numerical simulations agree well with the experimentally determined values. Similar phenomenon is observed for the cases with cross background current. Based on the experimental data, empirical formulae are proposed to evaluate drag coefficients. These results are of importance in estimating the resonant motion and the fatigue life of risers, e.g. water intake risers, in the flow regime of low KC. Finally, recommendations are provided for fatigue analysis of risers with helical strakes from the perspective of engineering practice.     

Effect of bed vicinity on vortex shedding and force coefficients of fluid flow on an offshore pipeline

The effect of rigid bed proximity on flow parameters and hydrodynamic loads in offshore pipelines exposed to turbulent flow is investigated numerically. The Galerkin finite volume method is employed to solve the unsteady incompressible 2D Navier–Stokes equations. The large eddy simulation turbulence model is solved using the artificial compressibility method and dual time-stepping approach. The proposed algorithm is developed for a wide range of turbulent flows with Reynolds numbers of 9500 to 1.5×10⁴. Evaluation of the developed numerical model shows that the proposed technique is capable of properly predicting hydrodynamic forces and simulating the flow pattern. The obtained results show that the lift and drag coefficients are strongly affected by the gap ratio. The mean drag coefficient slightly increases as the gap ratio increases, although the mean lift coefficient rapidly decreases. The vortex shedding suppression happen at the gap ratio of less than 0.2.     

亚临界区雷诺数下电磁力控制圆柱绕流场特性研究

采用脱体涡模拟方法对弱电解质中电磁力作用下圆柱绕流场及其升阻力特性进行了数值模拟与分析。研究结果表明,在亚临界区雷诺数下电磁力可以提高圆柱体边界层内的流体动能,延缓圆柱体近壁面流动分离,减弱绕流场中流向和展向大尺度涡的强度,减小圆柱体阻力及其升力脉动幅值;当电磁力作用参数大于某个临界值后,流动分离角消失,在圆柱体尾部产生射流现象,电磁力产生净推力作用,出现负阻力现象,而且升力脉动幅值显著减小且接近于零。     

基于CFD仿真计算的襟翼舵水动力研究

襟翼舵作为一种可靠的、高升力的舵在最近几年内引起了广大设计工作者的重视影响,同时也有不少成熟的研究成果。对襟翼舵的研究主要集中在展弦比,主副舵面积比,转角比等方面,这些因素对襟翼舵的整体影响规律也已得到不少专家的解释。本文主要研究襟翼舵主副舵间间隙大小以及尺度效应对其水动力性能的影响,以普通NACA0020翼型为基本剖面建立不同间隙大小的襟翼舵模型,采用RANS方法计算得到了不同缝隙大小以及不同缩尺比下的襟翼舵升力阻力以及压力分布,并对周围涡结构以及流场进行分析,发现升力系数随着缝隙增大而减小,阻力系数先减小再增大的规律。同时随着襟翼舵尺度的增大,升力系数会随之增大,阻力系数会随之减小。文中以计算模型和实验数据进行对比,两者误差在5%以内,证明了计算结果的可靠性。     

Numerical investigation of mooring line damping and the drag coefficients of studless chain links

The chain/wire rope/chain combination is a commonchoice for mooring offshore floating platforms. However, data ofthe drag coefficients of chain links are rather limited, resulting inuncertainties with the calculations of the drag force, and hence thedamping of the mooring system. In this paper, the importance of theselection of the drag coefficient is first investigated. Thecomputational fluid dynamics （CFD） method is then used todetermine the drag coefficients of a studless chain under steadyflows. Numerical model validation is first completed by simulatinga smooth circular cylinder under steady flows. In particular, theperformance of different turbulence models is assessed through thecomparisons between the calculations and the experimental results.The large eddy simulation （LES） model is finally selected for thesimulation of steady flows past a chain. The effects of the Reynoldsnumber on the drag coefficient of a stud-less chain is also studied.The results show that the calculated drag coefficients of a stud-lesschain are fairly consistent with the available experimental data.     

电磁力控制翼型三维绕流场特性的数值研究

在弦长雷诺数Re_L=2.97×10~6下,采用脱体涡模拟方法对弱电解质中电磁力作用下翼型绕流场特性进行了数值模拟,研究了电磁力作用控制翼型失速攻角时绕流场中三维流动特性及失速问题的规律和机理。结果表明:电磁力作用可有效改善翼型周围的流场结构,显著减小翼型绕流场三维特性,并使翼型表面流体动能增加,当电磁力作用足够大时,其表面涡量转变为正向涡量。同时,电磁力作用可增加翼型升力,减小阻力,显著减小升阻力脉动特性,提高翼型升阻比,还可以显著延缓翼型失速特性,增加失速攻角,提高工作性能。     

Experimental investigations on hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets of a typical offshore aquacultural structure in steady current

A series of physical experiments were performed in steady current to investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets which constitute a main part of offshore aquacultural platforms. The hydrodynamic characteristics of only the cylinder, only nets and combined cylinder-net structures are measured and analyzed systematically under different current velocities, inflow angles and solidity ratios of nets. Based on experimental data, fitted formulas for hydrodynamic coefficients of a single resin net are proposed and compared to previously published empirical formulas. It is observed that the existence of the cylinder brings an increment up to 9.2% to drag coefficient of net panels whose solidity ratios are higher than 0.347, whereas this effect is negligible for nets with lower solidity ratios and perpendicular to the inflow. For nets inclined with 45°, the increment of the drag coefficient of net panels due to the existence of the cylinder is more significant (up to 22.9%) than that for perpendicularly placed nets. Furthermore, the existence of nets also leads to a noticeable increase in the drag coefficient of the cylinder, up to 40.18% for a relatively large net solidity ratio of 0.458, representative of biofouling condition. The increment increases with the rise of the solidity ratio of nets and it is larger for nets placed perpendicularly to the inflow than inclined. Effects of the cylinder and nets on lift coefficients of each other are a bit complicated, leading to an increase or reduction of lift coefficients depending on the inflow velocity, inflow angle and net solidity ratios. Finally, it is worth noting that the hydrodynamic interaction between the cylinder and nets deserves to be considered in current practice of hybrid methods by combining potential flow theory, Morison and screen models for aquacultural structures, especially for biofouling conditions.     

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) dynamics of a tensioned flexible cylinder subjected to uniform cross-flow

This paper presents the experimental results of a study on the effects of axial applied tension on the vibration amplitude, the suppression of vibration, hydrodynamic force coefficients and in-line (IL) and cross-flow (CF) frequency responses during vortex-induced vibration of a horizontally mounted flexible cylinder with a low mass ratio (cylinder’s mass/mass of displaced water), low bending-stiffness, and high aspect ratio (length/diameter 200) in the subcritical Reynolds number regime (Re = 1000–16000). The effect of tension is studied by applying four different tensions. It was revealed that higher applied tensions, which reduce the vibration amplitude, could significantly raise the hydrodynamic lift force coefficient. In addition, higher applied tensions generate narrower lock-in bandwidths. After the highest vibration amplitude and during the region of lower vibration amplitudes, within the first lock-in region (in the first mode of vibration), power spectral densities show broad bandwidth, while within other regions and higher modes they appear narrow-banded. The ratio of the dominant IL to CF frequency is approximately equal to 2.0, except for the lower reduced velocities, where the ratio values reach 3.83 for the highest tension accompanied by widening of the region in which this ratio is over 2.0. This ratio is 2.76 for the lowest applied tension with a narrower region.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的船舶风力助推转子绕流特性

风力转子推进装置节能环保,降低推力成本,有利于船舶行业的绿色发展。基于多松弛格子Boltzmann方法,对并列风力助推转子绕流进行数值模拟。首先模拟单圆柱绕流的流动特性,以验证程序的可靠性,重点探究双圆柱的间距比和转速比对圆柱绕流特性的影响。获取圆柱的升阻力系数以及尾流流型,验证临界转速比的存在。结果显示:旋转可以有效地抑制涡的生成和脱落,当转速比达到临界转速比时,漩涡彻底消失,流场变得稳定;时均升力系数的绝对值和时均阻力系数随转速比的增大分别增大和减小。     

三维水翼升力线理论(英文)

Prandtl’s lifting line theory was generalized to the lifting problem of a three-dimensional hydrofoil in the presence of a free surface. Similar to the classical lifting theory, the singularity distribution method was utilized to solve two-dimensional lifting problems for the hydrofoil beneath the free surface at the air-water interface, and a lifting line theory was developed to correct three-dimensional effects of the hydrofoil with a large aspect ratio. Differing from the classical lifting theory, the main focus was on finding the three-dimensional Green function of the free surface induced by the steady motion of a system of horseshoe vortices under the free surface. Finally, numerical examples were given to show the relationship between the lift coefficient and submergence Froude numbers for 2-D and 3-D hydrofoils. If the submergence Froude number is small free surface effect will be significant registered as the increase of lift coefficient. The validity of these approaches was examined in comparison with the results calculated by other methods.     

带自由液面有限长圆柱绕流数值模拟

[目的]为了探究自由液面及自由端对典型钝体绕流问题的影响,对带自由液面的有限长圆柱绕流进行研究。[方法]基于延时分离涡模拟(DDES)技术和分段线性界面重构(PLIC)方法,利用自主开发的naoe-FOAM-SJTU求解器开展数值模拟。[结果]结果显示,自由液面和自由端的存在增大了局部位置的升、阻力,推迟了圆柱表面流动分离的发生;相较于深吃水位置,自由液面附近流向的速度"恢复"延缓,横向的速度呈向外运动的趋势;自由液面的变形产生了大量细碎的漩涡,自由端的卷拧状漩涡在一定程度上抑制了卡门涡街的发展。[结论]研究表明,目前采用的数值方法能够准确捕捉复杂流场,同时,自由液面和自由端的存在将显著改变流场沿吃水方向的分布。     

LBM方法数值模拟飞溅流动的影响因素研究

文章采用格子Boltzmann单相自由面模型模拟飞溅流动问题,以楔形体入水问题为模拟对象,研究了网格精细度、计算域、水动力相似参数对飞溅效果的影响。研究表明,亿量级网格下入水飞溅射流及飞溅端部的细小液滴结构十分清晰,模拟结果明显优于百万量级、千万量级网格;计算域超过模型尺度3倍后飞溅效果不受影响;以自由液面面积S的增长率η为比较参数,当Re数、Fr数较小时对飞溅效果有明显影响,大于一定数值后,飞溅效果基本一致。     

Optimization of submerged floating tunnel cross section based on parametric Bézier curves and hybrid backpropagation - genetic algorithm

The cross-section geometry of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) has a large effect on hydrodynamic characteristics, structural behavior and service level, making the tunnel cross section the primary factor in optimizing efficiency. Minimizing the mean drag and the dynamic variability in the lift of the SFT cross section under bi-directional (i.e., tidal) flow has a dramatic impact on the reduction of structural displacements and mooring loads. Based on a parametric Bézier curve dynamically comprising the leading-edge radius, tunnel height and width to define the SFT geometry, a sensitivity analysis of the Bézier curve parameters for a fixed aspect ratio with prototype dimensions under uniform flow conditions was conducted by applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and the pressure distribution around the SFT cross-section surface was analyzed. A theoretical method comprising the Kármán vortex street parameters was employed to verify the CFD simulation results. In order to determine the SFT cross section with optimal hydrodynamic properties, the mean drag and Root Mean Square (RMS) lift coefficients were selected as optimization objectives, and four Bézier curve parameters were the input variables, in a neural network and genetic algorithm optimization process (a hybrid BP-GA structure), which is less likely to become trapped in local minima. The results show the optimal tunnel cross section has a mean drag and a RMS lift coefficient reduced by 0.9% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the original CFD dataset.