经过海峡的双层流体由底部波动产生的斜向波散射问题研究(英文)

The problem of oblique wave(internal wave) propagation over a small deformation in a channel flow consisting of two layers was considered.The upper fluid was assumed to be bounded above by a rigid lid,which is an approximation for the free surface,and the lower one was bounded below by an impermeable bottom surface having a small deformation;the channel was unbounded in the horizontal directions.Assuming irrotational motion,the perturbation technique was employed to calculate the first-order corrections of the velocity potential in the two fluids by using Green’s integral theorem suitably with the introduction of appropriate Green’s functions.Those functions help in calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function representing the bottom deformation.Three-dimensional linear water wave theory was utilized for formulating the relevant boundary value problem.Two special examples of bottom deformation were considered to validate the results.Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples(having the same wave number) shows that the reflection coefficient is an oscillatory function of the ratio of twice the x-component of the wave number to the ripple wave number.When this ratio approaches one,the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and the interface,and the reflection coefficient becomes a multiple of the number of ripples.High reflection of incident wave energy occurs if this number is large.Similar results were observed for a patch of sinusoidal ripples having different wave numbers.It was also observed that for small angles of incidence,the reflected energy is greater compared to other angles of incidence up to.These theoretical observations are supported by graphical results.     

Determining the hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion

A combination of methods was developed that can determine hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion. Firstly, a potential-based boundary-element method was used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure, induced resistance and lift. Then the frictional resistance component was determined by the viscous boundary layer theory. Finally, a particular empirical technique was applied, to determine the region of upwash geometry and determine spray resistance. Case studies involving four models of Series 62 planing craft were run. These showed that the suggested method is efficient and capable, with results that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.     

Determining the hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion

A combination of methods was developed that can determine hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion.Firstly,a potential-based boundary-element method was used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure,induced resistance and lift.Then the frictional resistance component was determined by the viscous boundary layer theory.Finally,a particular empirical technique was applied.to determine the region of upwash geometry and determine spray resistance.Case studies involving four models of Series 62 planing craft were run.These showed that the suggested method is efficient and capable,with results that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.     

船体周围Stokes波浪流耦合VOF模型的数值模拟（英文）

The surface wave generated by flow around a ship hull moving near free surface of water is simulated numerically in this study. The three-dimensional implicit finite volume method(FVM) is applied to solve Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equation. The realizable k-ε turbulence model has been implemented to capture turbulent flow around the ship hull in the free surface zone. The volume of fluid(VOF) method coupled with the Stokes wave theory has been used to determine the free surface effect of water. By using is a six degrees of freedom model, the ship hull's movement is numerically solved with the Stokes wave together. Under the action of Stokes waves on the sea, the interface between the air and water waves at the same regular pattern and so does the pressure and the vertical velocity. The ship hull moves in the same way as the wave. The amplitude of the ship hull's heave is less than the wave height because of the viscosity damping. This method could provide an important reference for the study of ships' movement, wave and hydrodynamics.     

Diffraction of oblique water waves by small uneven channel-bed in a two-layer fluid

Obliquely incident water wave scattering by an uneven channel-bed in the form of a small bottom undulation in a two-layer fluid is investigated within the frame work of three-dimensional linear water wave theory. The upper fluid is assumed to be bounded above by a rigid lid, while the lower one is bounded below by a bottom surface having a small deformation and the channel is unbounded in the horizontal directions. Assuming irrotational motion, perturbation technique is employed to calculate the first-order corrections to the velocity potentials in the two fluids by using Fourier transform approximately, and also to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function representing the bottom deformation. Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples shows that the reflection coefficient is an oscillatory function of the ratio of twice the component of the wave number along x-axis and the ripple wave number. When this ratio approaches one, the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and interface, and the reflection coefficient becomes a multiple of the number of ripples. High reflection of incident wave energy occurs if this number is large.     

Numerical Simulation of the Stokes Wave for the Flow around a Ship Hull Coupled with the VOF Model

The surface wave generated by flow around a ship hull moving near free surface of water is simulated numerically in this study. The three-dimensional implicit finite volume method(FVM) is applied to solve Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equation. The realizable k-ε turbulence model has been implemented to capture turbulent flow around the ship hull in the free surface zone. The volume of fluid(VOF) method coupled with the Stokes wave theory has been used to determine the free surface effect of water. By using is a six degrees of freedom model, the ship hull’s movement is numerically solved with the Stokes wave together. Under the action of Stokes waves on the sea, the interface between the air and water waves at the same regular pattern and so does the pressure and the vertical velocity. The ship hull moves in the same way as the wave. The amplitude of the ship hull’s heave is less than the wave height because of the viscosity damping. This method could provide an important reference for the study of ships’ movement, wave and hydrodynamics.     

表面噪声矢量场空间相关特性射线声学建模(英文)

Spatial correlation of sound pressure and particle velocity of the surface noise in horizontally stratified media was demonstrated,with directional noise sources uniformly distributed on the ocean surface.In the evaluation of particle velocity,plane wave approximation was applied to each incident ray.Due to the equivalence of the sound source correlation property and its directivity,solutions for the spatial correlation of the field were transformed into the integration of the coherent function generated by a single directional source.As a typical horizontally stratified media,surface noise in a perfect waveguide was investigated.Correlation coefficients given by normal mode and geometric models show satisfactory agreement.Also,the normalized covariance between sound pressure and the vertical component of particle velocity is proportional to acoustic absorption coefficient,while that of the surface noise in semi-infinitely homogeneous space is zero.     

片体间距对高速三体船水动力性能影响的比较分析(英文)

This paper numerically investigates the influence of separation variation of the outriggers on the hydrodynamic performance of a high speed trimaran (HST) aiming at improving its applicability in diverse realistic disciplines. The present investigation was performed within the framework of the 2-D slender body method (SBM) by calculating the resistance of three symmetric trimaran series moving in a calm free surface of deep water. Each trimaran series comprises of 4681 configurations generated by considering 151 staggers (50%≤α≤+100%), and 31 separations (100%≤β≤400%) for 81 Froude numbers (0.20≤Fn≤1.0). In developing the three trimaran series, Wigley-st, AMECRC-09, and NPL-4a models were used separately for both the main and side hulls of each individual series models. A computer macro named Tri-PL was created using the Visual Basic for Applications. Tri-PL sequentially interfaced Maxsurf then Hullspeed to generate the models of the three trimaran series together with their detailed hydrostatic particulars, followed by their resistance components. The numerical results were partially validated against the available published numerical calculations and experimental results, to benchmark the Tri-PL macro and hence to rely on the analysis outcomes. A graph template was created within the framework of SigmaPlot to visualize the significant results of the Tri-PL properly.     

船首形状对自由液面水下航行体阻力影响的试验研究（英文）

In this paper, towing tank experiments are conducted to study the behavior of flow on a model of the underwater vehicle with various shapes of bows, i.e. tango and standard bows in free surface motion tests. The total resistances for different Froude numbers are considered experimentally. The towing tank is equipped with a trolley that can operate in through 0.05–6 m/s speed with ±0.02 m/s accuracy. Furthermore, the study is done on hydrodynamic coefficients i.e. total, residual and friction resistance coefficients, and the results are compared. Finally, the study on flow of wave fields around bows is done and wave filed around two bows are compared. The Froude number interval is between 0.099 and 0.349. Blockage fraction for the model is fixed to 0.005 3. The results showed that the residual resistance of the standard bow in 0.19 to 0.3 Froude number is more than the tango bow in surface motion which causes more total resistance for the submarine. Finally, details of wave generated by the bow are depicted and the effects of flow pattern on resistance drag are discussed.     

Interaction of two three-dimensional explosion bubbles

The interaction of two underwater explosion bubbles was mathematically analyzed in this paper. Based on the assumption of potential flow, high-order curved elements were used to discretize the boundary integral equation and solve it. Assuming that gas inside the bubble follows the isentropic rule, the Euler-Lagrange method was used to trace the evolution of the bubble, and when calculating the singular integral, the singularity of the double-layer singular integral was eliminated by reconstructing a principal-value integral of double-layer potential so that a more precise result could be obtained. Elastic mesh technique (EMT) was also used when tracing the evolution of the bubble interface, and numerical smoothing wasn't needed. A comparison of calculations using this three-dimensional model with results of the Reyleigh-Plesset bubble model shows that the three-dimensional model and calculation method in this paper is practical. This three-dimensional model was applied to simulate the interaction of two bubbles under the action of gravity, and the dynamic characteristics of two bubbles near the surface was also analyzed. Bubbles influenced by surface effects and gravity present severe non-linearity. This paper provides a reference for research into the dynamics of multi-bubbles.     

An analytical investigation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional biplanes operating in the vicinity of a free surface

In the present article, the classical two- and three-dimensional lifting theories are generalized to the biplane operating in proximity to a free surface. The singularity distribution method is employed to calculate the lifting force for a two-dimensional biplane subjected to wing-in-ground effect in the vicinity of a free surface, and the three-dimensional correction is carried out by the aid of the Prandtl lifting line theory. The essential techniques lie in finding the three-dimensional Green’s function for the system of horseshoe vortices operating above a free surface and ensuring numerical implementation. Extensive numerical examples are carried out to show the lift coefficient for the two- and three-dimensional biplanes in the vicinity of a free surface with the variation of the clearance-to-chord ratio and the height-to-chord ratio. Incidentally, the induced (inviscid) drag coefficients as well as the lift-to-drag ratio for a three-dimensional biplane are also computed. Good agreement can be found among results obtained from this study and the experiment.     

基于MSC.Patran的水翼升力求解方法研究

根据已有的水翼升力面理论计算方法及成果,对水翼模型进行部分简化,并借助MSC.Patran实现了水翼模型和流场计算域的参数化建模,设置边界和工况后,对水翼航行中的升力使用有限元法进行迭代求解。与已有规律和试验结果对比表明,使用参数化建模和有限元法可以计算出水翼的升力以及自由面的形变数据。不仅减少了手工劳动,而且预报了水翼的升力及分布。     

近水面水翼影响的船舶兴波时域计算研究

近水面水翼的兴波由升力线的自由面兴波来表达,船体的兴波考虑升力线兴波的干扰影响,三维时域格林函数法用于船体的兴波分析计算.以Wigley船型为数值计算例,考虑近水面水翼的影响,分别对单体船和双体船进行了船舶兴波计算研究,提供了兴波波形和兴波阻力的计算结果.以系列60船型为数值计算例,把计算的结果与发表的有关结果进行对比,具有较好的吻合.本文还对船舶自由表面兴波波形进行了时域数值仿真.     

近自由面三维水翼的水动力时域分析

基于格林定理,将Bankine源和偶极子置于边界面上,用时间步进法计算了近自由面条件下的三维水翼的势流场.其中在自由面采用线性自由面边界条件,在尾涡面上采用偶极子布置以满足Kutta条件.影响系数中的奇异积分及非奇异积分都采用一种精确积分的方法计算.文中确定了计算模型和参数,给出了不同航速、展长及浸深下的数值计算结果,并与相关文献结果进行了对比,证实了该方法是一种可靠、有效的时域算法.     

近自由表面大展弦比超空泡水翼的研究

本文采用非线性超空泡水翼二维解,考虑了重力效应及水翼兴波速度势,应用升力线理论对近自由表面三维超空泡水翼进行了研究,并以平板水翼为例作了计算,所得的结果比Furuya1975年的工作有所推进。     

近冰面航行潜艇阻力及绕流场分析

[目的]采用数值模拟方法探究潜艇近冰面航行时的水动力性能。[方法]选取Suboff全附体潜艇模型为研究对象,在STAR-CCM+软件中采用RANS方法,再结合SST k-ω湍流模型和体积分数法计算艇体的水动力性能。然后进行网格无关性验证以及近冰面水动力特性分析的方法验证,以确定计算方法的有效性。[结果]结果表明,潜艇近冰面航行时,潜艇的总阻力系数CT在同一弗劳德数下随潜深的增加而减小,在同一潜深下随弗劳德数的增加而减小;在同一弗劳德数下,当无量纲深度大于1.63时,潜深几乎不影响艇体的阻力系数。[结论]研究表明,潜艇的总阻力系数受弗劳德数以及潜深的影响较大,随着潜深的增大,潜深对阻力系数的影响将逐渐减小。     

The effect of finite depth on 2D and 3D cavitating hydrofoils

The iterative numerical method that has been developed for cavitating hydrofoils and surface piercing bodies moving inside a numerical towing tank is modified and extended to the case of fully submerged, both two- and three-dimensional cavitating hydrofoils in water of finite depth, and the effects of subcritical speed, critical speed and supercritical speed are investigated in detail. The iterative numerical method based on Green’s theorem allows separating the cavitating hydrofoil problem, the free surface problem and finite bottom problem both in two and three dimensions. The cavitating hydrofoil surface, the free surface and the surface of finite bottom are modeled with constant strength dipole and constant strength source panels. While the kinematic boundary condition is applied on the hydrofoil surface, a dynamic condition is applied with a cavity closure condition on the cavity surface. The source strengths on the free surface are expressed in terms of perturbation potential by applying the linearized free surface conditions. No radiation condition is enforced for downstream and transverse boundaries. The source strengths on the bottom surface are zero because of vanishing normal velocity. The method is applied to 2D and 3D cavitating hydrofoils, and the effect of finite bottom on lift and drag coefficients, cavity number and wave elevation is investigated.     

电磁力控制翼型三维绕流场特性的数值研究

在弦长雷诺数Re_L=2.97×10~6下,采用脱体涡模拟方法对弱电解质中电磁力作用下翼型绕流场特性进行了数值模拟,研究了电磁力作用控制翼型失速攻角时绕流场中三维流动特性及失速问题的规律和机理。结果表明:电磁力作用可有效改善翼型周围的流场结构,显著减小翼型绕流场三维特性,并使翼型表面流体动能增加,当电磁力作用足够大时,其表面涡量转变为正向涡量。同时,电磁力作用可增加翼型升力,减小阻力,显著减小升阻力脉动特性,提高翼型升阻比,还可以显著延缓翼型失速特性,增加失速攻角,提高工作性能。     

具有自由液面效应的圆柱绕流三维数值模拟

基于计算流体力学软件CFX、应用RNG k-ε湍流模型、结合流体体积法(VOF法)模拟均匀流场中半沉浸三维圆柱运动,分析自由液面对圆柱尾迹以及圆柱表面水动力特征参数的影响。结果表明:在自由液面流场中,雷诺数较高时,自由液面对流场流动的影响较小;而雷诺数一定时,自由液面对流场的影响随着傅汝德数的增加而增加;在自由液面作用下,圆柱的时均阻力系数和时均压力系数随流场的傅汝德数和雷诺数的增加而减小。     

基于多目标粒子群算法的翼剖面优化设计

船舶桨舵等装置均有水翼剖面组成,为了得到水动力性能更好的桨舵装置,需要对水翼进行优化设计。基于iSIGHT优化平台,采用粒子群优化算法,以保证水翼剖面升阻比和改善水翼表面压力分布为优化目标,进行多目标水翼优化。通过改变水翼剖面的拱度分布和厚度分布进行优化设计。优化后得到的最优剖面相对于原始剖面,明显增加了剖面的最小压力系数,并适当提高了升阻比,从而提高了水翼剖面的空泡性能和升力性能。因此,验证了利用多目标粒子群算法进行翼型优化设计的可行性。