一种改进的海洋平台结构损伤诊断方法研究(英文)

In the exploitation of ocean oil and gas, many offshore structures may be damaged due to the severe environment, so an effective method of diagnosing structural damage is urgently needed to locate the damage and evaluate its severity. Genetic algorithms have become some of the most important global optimization tools and been widely used in many fields in recent years because of their simple operation and strong robustness. Based on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structure, the damage diagnosis of a jacket offshore platform is attributed to an optimization problem and studied by using a genetic algorithm. According to the principle that the structural stiffness of a certain direction can be greatly affected only when the brace bar in the corresponding direction is damaged, an improved objective function was proposed in this paper targeting measurement noise and the characteristics of modal identification for offshore platforms. This function can be used as fitness function of a genetic algorithm, and both numerical simulation and physical model test results show that the improved method may locate the structural damage and evaluate the severity of a jacket offshore platform satisfactorily while improving the robustness of evolutionary searching and the reliability of damage diagnosis.     

海洋平台振动模糊控制研究

在过去的三十年里,模糊逻辑控制在结构振动控制中得到了广泛的研究和应用.模糊逻辑控制具有很强的鲁棒性并且能够有效地处理非线性以及被控系统和外载荷的不确定性和不精确性,本文对于海洋平台振动模糊控制进行了研究.通过模态阻尼比的不确定性显示了模糊控制的鲁棒性,研究表明海洋平台的振动模糊主动控制是有效的、可行的,并且提高了平台的适用性和生存性.本文的方法毫无疑问为今后的海洋平台振动控制提供了一条新的途径.     

Damage detection in offshore structures using neural networks

This paper discusses the damage detection in offshore jacket platforms subjected to random loads using a combined method of random decrement signature and neural networks. The random decrement technique is used to extract the free decay of the structure from its online response while the structure is in service. The free decay and its time derivative are used as input for a neural network. The output of the neural network is used as an index for damage detection. It has been shown that function N is effective in damage detection in the members of an offshore structure. Experimental studies conducted on a reduced model for a real jacket structure with geometrical scale of 1:30 are used. The applied loads were random loads. Two different load spectra were used: White noise, and Pierson-Moskowitz.     

利用一种改进的模态应变能法诊断海洋平台结构的损伤（英文）

The development of robust damage detection methods for offshore structures is crucial to prevent catastrophes caused by structural failures. In this research, we developed an Improved Modal Strain Energy(IMSE) method for detecting damage in offshore platform structures based on a traditional modal strain energy method(the Stubbs index method). The most significant difference from the Stubbs index method was the application of modal frequencies. The goal was to improve the robustness of the traditional method. To demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed IMSE method, both numerical and experimental studies were conducted for different damage scenarios using a jacket platform structure. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the IMSE method in damage location when only limited, spatially incomplete, and noise-polluted modal data is available. Comparative studies showed that the IMSE index outperformed the Stubbs index and exhibited stronger robustness, confirming the superiority of the proposed approach.     

An improved modal strain energy method for damage detection in offshore platform structures

The development of robust damage detection methods for offshore structures is crucial to prevent catastrophes caused by structural failures. In this research, we developed an Improved Modal Strain Energy (IMSE) method for detecting damage in offshore platform structures based on a traditional modal strain energy method (the Stubbs index method). The most significant difference from the Stubbs index method was the application of modal frequencies. The goal was to improve the robustness of the traditional method. To demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed IMSE method, both numerical and experimental studies were conducted for different damage scenarios using a jacket platform structure. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the IMSE method in damage location when only limited, spatially incomplete, and noise-polluted modal data is available. Comparative studies showed that the IMSE index outperformed the Stubbs index and exhibited stronger robustness, confirming the superiority of the proposed approach.     

计算小波分布判定海洋平台结构损伤方法研究

由于海洋平台结构长期处于恶劣的海洋环境中,并受到各种载荷的交互作用,结构容易产生各种形式的损伤。因此,对海洋平台进行实时监测有着十分重要的现实意义。本文以单筒简易导管架平台为例,主要在结构损伤的判定和定位两方面对海洋平台的实时结构健康监测进行研究,结果表明通过对结构响应信号进行小波分析,小波变换系数和小波包能量分布可以很好地定义损伤识别指标。     

考虑细长杆件不同坠落角度的海洋平台甲板损伤预报方法

[目的]在海洋平台吊装作业中,因吊机设备老化以及违规操作等而造成的坠物事故在海洋平台作业中时有发生,其中在杆件结构,如套管、钻铤等设备方面的问题最为常见,因杆件坠落时接触面积小,常会导致板架结构的损伤破坏。[方法]选取细长杆件坠物撞击甲板结构的场景开展结构损伤研究。在此基础上,考虑坠落角度对结构损伤的影响,确定结构损伤变形模型,并运用塑性力学理论,建立考虑杆件坠落角度影响的结构损伤解析预报方法。[结果]结果显示,小角度坠落场景下的结构损伤变形大,结构吸能高,根据结构响应可将坠落角度分为4个角度区间;解析计算结果与仿真计算得到的吸能曲线在数值以及变化趋势上相近。[结论]在杆状结构以一定角度撞击甲板结构时,甲板产生的塑性变形区域形状会随着撞深而产生变化,针对各阶段甲板变形特点的解析计算对海洋平台甲板板架结构抗撞设计评估具有一定的指导意义。     

Detecting damage to offshore platform structures using the time-domain data

A new method that uses time-domain response data under random loading is proposed for detecting damage to the structural elements of offshore platforms. In our study, a time series model with a fitting order was first constructed using the time-domain of noise data. A sensitivity matrix consisting of the first differential of the autoregressive coefficients of the time series models with respect to the stiffness of structural elements was then obtained based on time-domain response data. Locations and severity of damage may then be estimated by solving the damage vector whose components express the degrees of damage to the structural elements. A unique aspect of this detection method is that it requires acceleration history data from only one or a few sensors. This makes it feasible for a limited array of sensors to obtain sufficient data. The efficiency and reliability of the proposed method was demonstrated by applying it to a simplified offshore platform with damage to one element. Numerical simulations show that the use of a few sensors＇ acceleration history data, when compared with recorded levels of noise, is capable of detecting damage efficiently. An increase in the number of sensors helps improve the diagnosis success rate.     

A method for structural damage detection considering scour depth under the pile-soil interaction

The structure of an offshore wind turbine accumulates damage during its service life, while its surrounding soil is continually scoured. However, the existing damage detection technique based on structural mode ignores scouring, which will cause damage misjudgment in engineering application. Therefore, the effect of scour depth on structural damage detection need to be studied urgently. In this paper, the pile and its surrounding soil are constructed into a vibration system, and the change of soil constraint state caused by scouring is reflected in structural mode. Based on that, a new structural damage detection method considering the pile-soil interaction is developed, which is suitable for engineering reality. Then, from a comparison between the calculated result and preset damage in the numerical simulations and model experiments, the proposed method is validated. The results show that the interference factors caused by scouring increase with the increase of scour depth, which causes the deterioration of damage identification effects gradually, and even masks the preset damage in the end. Finally, an optimized FE model based on the actual scour depth is presented, which reduces the number of interference factors and improves the effect of damage detection significantly.     

腐蚀和裂纹损伤下海洋平台极限强度试验研究

根据墨西哥湾某一典型固定式海洋平台为原型,按照刚度相似性和几何相似性,分别设计并制作了完好模型、腐蚀模型、裂纹模型,并对三个试验模型开展极限强度试验研究,试验结果表明腐蚀、裂纹损伤严重影响试验模型极限承载力,且试验模型失效模式各不相同.同时,采用非线性有限元方法,分别对三个试验模型进行计算,将计算结果与试验结果对比分析,验证了该方法在固定式海洋平台极限强度计算方面的有效性.     

环境激励下自升式海洋平台损伤诊断

为探究适用于海洋平台结构的有效损伤诊断方法,针对某自升式平台的比例模型开展环境激励下损伤诊断试验研究。分别采用频域法中的增强频域分解法和时域法中的随机子空间法处理测试数据,提取前三阶的固有频率、振型和阻尼比等模态参数,并结合频率和振型识别结果计算节点柔度矩阵。通过分析平台模型模态参数和节点柔度矩阵的变化率,识别预先设置的结构损伤。试验结果表明,两种模态识别方法均能有效识别环境激励下的平台模型模态参数,其中利用固有频率变化率能够有效判断结构是否产生损伤,利用振型和柔度矩阵的变化率能够实现损伤的准确定位。     

Glacial ice impacts: Part I: Wave-driven motion and small glacial ice feature impacts

Glacial ice features in the northern and central Barents Sea may threaten ships and offshore structures. Particularly, small glacial ice features, which are difficult to detect and manage by concurrent technologies, are of concern. Additionally, small glacial ice features are more susceptible to wave-driven oscillatory motions, which increases their pre-impact kinetic energy and may damage ships and offshore structures. This paper is part of three related papers. An initial paper (Monteban et al., 2020) studied glacial ice features’ drift, size distribution and encounter frequencies with an offshore structure in the Barents Sea. The following two papers (Paper I and Paper II) further performed glacial ice impact studies, including impact motion analysis (Paper I) and structural damage assessment (Paper II). This paper (Paper I) studies the wave-driven motion of small glacial ice features and their subsequent impact with a given offshore structure. The aim here is to develop a numerical model that is capable of efficiently calculating the relative motion between the ice feature and structure and to sample a sufficient amount of impact events from which statistical information can be obtained. The statistical information entails the distributions of the impact location and associated impact velocities. Given the distributions of the impact velocities at different locations, we can quantify the kinetic energy for related impact scenarios for a further structural damage assessment in Paper II (Yu et al., 2020).In Paper I, a numerical model that separately calculates the wave-driven oscillatory motion and the mean drift motion of small glacial ice features is proposed, implemented and validated. Practical and fit-for-purpose hydrodynamic simplifications are made to simulate and sample sufficient impact events. The numerical model has been favourably validated against existing numerical results and experimental data. A case study is presented where a 10 m wide glacial ice feature is drifting under the influence of surface waves towards an offshore structure. The case study shows that if an impact happens, the overall impact location and impact velocity can be best fitted by the Normal and Weibull distributions, respectively. Additionally, the impact velocity increases with impact height. Moreover, the impact velocity increases and the impact range is more dispersed in a higher sea state. It is also important to notice that the approaches and methods proposed in this paper adhere to and reflect the general requirements stated in ISO19906 (2019) and NORSOK N-003 (2017) for estimating the design kinetic energy for glacial ice impacts.     

Experimental and analytical investigations on the response of stiffened plates subjected to lateral collisions

Rational structural design of ships or offshore platforms against collisions requires prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates generated by lateral impact. In predicting the extent of collision damage, most researchers employ numerical analysis methods using commercial software packages. Like other structural problems, any nonlinear dynamic analysis methods should be substantiated with relevant test data prior to being employed for design. Unfortunately, full-scale collision tests on marine structures are very rare. Still, results from collision tests on marine structural elements can help to substantiate theoretical methods for collision analyses. Lateral collision test data for unstiffened plates are available, but it is difficult to find results from tests on stiffened plates in the open literature. In this paper, the results of lateral collision tests on 33 stiffened plates are reported. A simplified analytical method is developed for the prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates due to lateral collisions and this method is substantiated with the test results. Also proposed is a simple criterion with which the occurrence of crack damage can be judged.     

基于小波变换的海洋平台结构损伤检测

基于结构动力特性的海洋工程结构损伤检测是一个非常有工程应用价值的研究课题。特别是对于海洋平台水线以下的结构损伤,一般通过结构的频率、振型和频响函数等的变化用来发现损伤。但是对于早期的损伤(通常损伤量很小),上述结构动力特性参数的变化可能很小从而不足以反映结构的这种早期微小损伤。文章提出采用小波变换的方法来进行小损伤的检测,将结构的频响函数(FRF)和加速度响应进行小波变换,很好地预报了损伤的存在。文中还以某海洋平台为例,进行了模型试验,从而验证了提出方法的可行性。     

单点系泊系统将军柱疲劳分析

渤海某FPSO的单点系泊装置固定塔架由导管架、将军柱和上部组块构成,其中将军柱是系泊力的主要承受构件之一,其结构安全至关重要。由于系泊力是典型的交变载荷,作用在结构上会产生疲劳损伤,因此有必要对将军柱进行在位期间的疲劳分析。本文提出一种长期海况下海上固定装置疲劳计算方法,通过AQWA软件建立单点系泊系统的多体耦合水动力模型模型,根据渤海的海况环境资料计算出FPSO运动时域内所受到的的系泊力;基于S-N曲线方法与Miner线性累计损伤理论,通过nCode Designlife疲劳计算软件计算将军柱结构的疲劳寿命和管节点的疲劳损伤;评估结构的疲劳强度,分析易发生疲劳的关键节点位置,并给出增加管节点疲劳寿命的建议及设计方法,为相同类型的海上固定式结构物的结构设计及疲劳分析提供有益的参考及借鉴。     

Damage detection of offshore jacket structures using frequency domain selective measurements

The development of damage detection techniques for offshore jacket structures is vital to prevent catastrophic events. This paper applies a frequency response based method for the purpose of structural health monitoring. In efforts to fulfill this task, concept of the minimum rank perturbation theory has been utilized. The present article introduces a promising methodology to select frequency points effectively. To achieve this goal, modal strain energy ratio of each member was evaluated at different natural frequencies of structure in order to identify the sensitive frequency domain for damage detection. The proposed methodology opens up the possibility of much greater detection efficiency. In addition, the performance of the proposed method was evaluated in relation to multiple damages. The aforementioned points are illustrated using the numerical study of a two dimensional jacket platform, and the results proved to be satisfactory utilizing the proposed methodology.     

海上风机支撑结构的时域和频域疲劳对比研究

对海上风机支撑结构进行动力响应分析,求出结构危险节点的载荷谱和功率谱密度函数,结合疲劳损伤模型和Dirlik概率模型,分别在时域和频域内对支撑结构进行疲劳寿命分析.由于时域法计算疲劳寿命需进行应力循环计数,这一过程需处理的数据庞大,耗时长.频域法省去应力循环计数,代之以概率密度函数,可相对准确、快速地计算结构的疲劳寿命.分析结果表明,采用Dirlik概率模型的频域分析法能较准确地反映海上风机支撑结构在随机载荷作用下的疲劳损伤情况,计算结果误差在可接受范围内.     

Hysteretic damping model for laterally loaded piles

Fatigue assessment is a critical design aspect for many offshore structures. Soil-foundation interaction has a direct impact on the system dynamic response of these structures. While the stiffness of the soil-foundation interaction influences the system's natural frequency, the damping influences the amplification of the structural response to environmental excitations. This paper presents a simplified model for estimating the soil damping due to nonlinear soil response for pile foundations, which have wide applications in the offshore industry, such as for supporting jacket platforms, wind turbines and wellhead facilities. The proposed model is fundamentally linked to the damping response of the soil measured at element level therefore it offers design engineers an efficient and accurate way to estimate soil-pile interaction damping based on site-specific soil data. Approaches to include the suggested model for structural analysis are also proposed.     

圆筒型FPSO上部模块支撑结构疲劳分析

与船型FPSO相比,圆筒型FPSO没有明显的总纵弯曲,上部模块与船体结构之间通常采用刚性支墩来连接,水平运动所产生的弯矩和装/卸载引起的船体垂向变形对模块支撑结构的影响较为显著。因此,以“希望6号”圆筒型FPSO上部模块支撑结构为研究对象,基于DNVGL船级社规范,介绍一种简化疲劳分析方法。以FPSO运动加速度和船体变形载荷作为载荷输入条件,利用SESAM/GeniE软件进行有限元分析,得到结构在所有组合工况下应力的扫描计算结果。根据作业海域各个方向波浪发生的概率,运用简化疲劳分析方法计算得到所关注节点的疲劳损伤和各个工况对结构节点疲劳损伤度的贡献。结果表明,所关注节点的疲劳强度均满足设计疲劳强度要求;同一节点的疲劳损伤对不同浪向的敏感度不一样。该简化疲劳分析方法同样适用于承受周期性载荷的FPSO上部模块主结构和其他型式海洋结构物的疲劳分析。     

海上养殖平台系泊系统耦合动力响应与疲劳计算

以某管架式海上养殖平台为例,计算平台-系泊系统耦合时域动力响应与系泊系统疲劳寿命,分析锚链拉力统计特性、平台运动规律、疲劳损伤成分比例等因素的影响。研究发现系泊系统动力响应具有明显的非线性特征,定常漂移力对本平台系泊系统极限载荷有重要影响,而波频振荡是产生疲劳损伤的主要因素。计算结果表明,系泊缆能够有效限制平台运动,且疲劳寿命满足设计要求,可为类似平台的设计和安全性评估提供参考。