Experimental study on the collapse strength of wide stiffened panels

Five specimens are tested under axial compression until collapse to investigate the ultimate strength of wide stiffened panels with four stiffeners. To avoid the side bays collapse and reduce the influence of the clamped boundary condition on the collapse behaviour, the tests are made on panels with two half bays plus one full bay in the longitudinal direction with simply supported condition at the end edge of loading. Initial loading cycles are used to release the residual stresses of the stiffened panels and the gap between the stiffened panels and the supported steel block. Strain gauges are installed on the plates and the stiffeners to record the distribution of strain. This series of experiments is compared to a series of tests with narrow panels (two stiffeners), which allows analysing the effect of the width on the strength of stiffened panels.     

Influence of boundary conditions on the collapse behaviour of stiffened panels under combined loads

A series of finite element analyses are conducted to investigate the influence of boundary conditions and geometry of the model on the predicted collapse behaviour of stiffened panels. Periodic and symmetric boundary conditions in the longitudinal direction are used to calculate the ultimate strength of stiffened panels under combined biaxial thrust and lateral pressure. The calculated ultimate strength of stiffened panels are compared with those by different FEM (finite element method) code and are assessed. The periodic boundary condition in the longitudinal direction for two spans or bays model provides an appropriate modelling to a continuous stiffened panel and can consider both odd and even number of half waves and thus, is considered to introduce the smaller model uncertainty for the analysis of a continuous stiffened panel.     

初始缺陷对加筋板结构极限强度的影响研究

采用非线性有限元软件Ansys研究包含3种初始缺陷加筋板结构在单轴压缩载荷作用下极限强度的变化趋势,即初始变形、残余应力和凹陷.以单筋单跨加筋板模型为研究对象,考虑初始变形,不同半径及不同速度的撞击球所形成的凹陷及残余应力对加筋板极限强度的影响.结果表明,初始缺陷的存在降低了结构的极限承载力,而且缺陷的叠加作用比单独缺陷存在时对结构极限强度的影响大;加筋板的极限强度随着凹陷深度的加深而减小;3种初始缺陷中,残余应力相对于初始变形和凹陷对结构极限强度的削弱影响更大.     

Evaluation of ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust

A series of collapse analyses is performed applying nonlinear FEM on stiffened panels subjected to longitudinal thrust. MSC.Marc is used. Numbers, types and sizes of stiffeners are varied and so slenderness ratio as well as aspect ratio of local panels partitioned by stiffeners keeping the spacing between adjacent longitudinal stiffeners the same. Initial deflection of a thin-horse mode is imposed on local panels and that of flexural buckling and tripping modes on stiffeners to represent actual initial deflection in stiffened panels in ship structures. On the basis of the calculated results, buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust is investigated. The calculated ultimate strength are compared with those obtained by applying several existing methods such as CSR for bulk carriers and PULS. Simple formulas for stiffened panels, of which collapse is dominated fundamentally by the collapse of local panels between longitudinal stiffeners, are also examined if they accurately estimate the ultimate strength. Through comparison of the estimated results with the FEM results, it has been concluded that PULS and modified FYH formulas fundamentally give good estimation of the ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust.     

Compressive tests on short continuous panels

Results of eight tests on stiffened panels under axial compression until collapse and beyond are presented. The tests consider panels with different combinations of mechanical material properties and geometric configurations for the stiffeners including the use of ‘U’-shaped stiffeners. The specimens are three bay panels with associated plate made of high tensile steel S690. Four different configurations are considered for the stiffeners that are made of mild or high tensile steel for bar stiffeners and mild steel for ‘L’ and ‘U’ stiffeners. The influence of the stiffener's geometry on the ultimate strength of the stiffened panels under compression is analyzed.     

含裂纹加筋板在压缩载荷下的剩余极限强度试验研究

在老龄化引起的船舶结构安全性问题中,裂纹损伤是结构强度衰减的一个重要因素。文章采用逐步加载法对含裂纹损伤的加筋板压缩剩余极限强度进行试验研究。设计六种典型的穿透裂纹损伤加筋板,对损伤试件进行轴向压缩试验。通过改变裂纹尺寸、位置及倾角参数并根据试验观测结果,探讨了不同裂纹参数下加筋板的屈曲破坏特点和对剩余极限强度影响。试验结果表明,不同的裂纹长度以及裂纹位置改变加筋板结构承载力的分布,影响结构应力应变场,进而改变其失效崩溃模式;倾角为45°的裂纹相对于垂直于加筋的裂纹对加筋板结构的剩余极限强度影响较小,此外初始缺陷对结构的剩余极限强度的影响也不容忽视。     

Ultimate strength assessment of stiffened panel under uni-axial compression with non-linear equivalent single layer approach

Steel stiffened panels are widely used in engineering design and construction. However, numerical modeling and analysis effort for a three-dimensional (3D) stiffened panel may be notable, especially for the ultimate limit state of ship structures. Therefore, a homogenization method is outlined that transforms 3D stiffened panel into an Equivalent Single Layer (ESL) concerning the same mechanical behavior. ESL stiffnesses are obtained with a unit cell analyses based on stiffened panel where periodicity is imposed with boundary conditions based on a first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Stiffnesses were determined from the first derivative of a membrane force and bending moment obtained with numerical simulations. The effect of initial imperfection shape was included in the analysis to account for local and global buckling behavior. ESL with non-linear stiffness was implemented in Abaqus UGENS subroutine, allowing incremental evaluation of stiffness. Ultimate strength prediction of a steel grillage model with ESL finite element analysis was in excellent agreement with detailed 3D FEM analysis. The key in this analysis was consideration of non-linear ESL stiffness as linear analysis was unable to detect the point where ultimate strength capacity of the grillage was reached.     

Collapase analysis of ship hulls

This paper presents an efficient finite element procedure for the collapse analysis of ship hulls under complicated loads. A set of finite elements, such as beam-column elements, stiffened plate elements, and shear panel elements are developed, directly accounting for the geometrical and material non-linearities and initial imperfections.

Elastic-plastic stiffness matrices for elements have been derived by combining elastic large displacement analysis theories with a plastic hinge model. The buckling and post-buckling behaviour of plates is included using an effective width concept. The procedure is effective, since few mode-points are necessary and numerical integration for evaluating stiffness matrices is avoided. Fracture mechanics criteria are introduced in order to account for tension tearing rupture and brittle failure of the material.

Practical applications to ultimate longitudinal strength analysis of ship hulls and tanker collision analysis are presented. The procedure can also be used for collapse analysis of offshore and onshore structures.     

Ultimate strength assessment of a tanker hull based on experimentally developed master curves

A geometrically similar scaling was made from small-scale specimen to full-scale stiffened panels and then their collapse behaviour is investigated. It is considered that the stiffened panel compressive ultimate strength test was designed according to geometrical scaling laws so that the output of the test could be used as representative of the stiffened panels of the compressive zone of a tanker hull subjected to vertical bending moment. The ultimate strength of a tanker hull is analysed by a FE analysis using the experimentally developed master stress-strain curves which are obtained by the beam tension test and the compressive test of the stiffened panel, and are then compared with the result achieved by the progressive collapse method.     

基于试验获取主应力应变曲线的油船极限强度评估研究(英文)

A geometrically similar scaling was made from small-scale specimen to full-scale stiffened panels and then their collapse behaviour is investigated. It is considered that the stiffened panel compressive ultimate strength test was designed according to geometrical scaling laws so that the output of the test could be used as representative of the stiffened panels of the compressive zone of a tanker hull subjected to vertical bending moment. The ultimate strength of a tanker hull is analysed by a FE analysis using the experimentally developed master stress-strain curves which are obtained by the beam tension test and the compressive test of the stiffened panel, and are then compared with the result achieved by the progressive collapse method.     

New simplified approach to collapse analysis of stiffened plates

A new simplified model for collapse analysis of stiffened plates is developed in the framework of the idealized structural unit method (ISUM). By idealizing material and geometrical nonlinearities, larger structural units are defined as an element in ISUM than in conventional finite element analysis (FEA). The proposed stiffened plate model consists of ISUM plate elements and beam-column elements. The formulation of the plate element is performed by introducing accurate shape functions to simulate the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of plate panels. Combining plate and beam-column elements allows for both local buckling of the plate panel and overall buckling of the stiffener.Fundamental collapse modes of plate panels and stiffened plates are investigated by conventional FEA. According to the observed characteristics, the new simplified model is formulated. Comparisons with FEA demonstrate the accuracy of the simplified model and its high applicability to typical stiffened plates in marine structures.     

基于ALE算法的无转角和有转角铝制加筋板楔形体水弹性砰击的数值模拟研究

文章采用基于任意拉格朗日—欧拉(ALE)算法的显式有限元技术研究水弹性砰击现象,针对已开展的铝制加筋板楔形体结构入水砰击模型实验,开展了数值模拟比较工作。该楔形体底部斜升角为20度,底部两侧是包含三根纵骨和两根横梁的加筋板结构,两侧结构刚度不同。预报了模型无转角和有转角典型工况的砰击入水过程,得到的入水加速度、底部加筋板结构纵骨应力和横梁响应与模型实验结果吻合较好。研究表明该ALE算法具备模拟船舶局部结构的水弹性砰击流固耦合问题的能力。     

复合材料船体纵向极限强度可靠性分析

把船体甲板或船底板结构视为是一系列加筋板单元的组合，然后利用复合材料梁柱理论计算船体加筋板单元构件的极限承载能力，最后用Smith法计算复合材料船体的极限承载能力。由于复合材料船体纵向极限强度的极限状态方程不能简单地用船体各参数显式表达，故将近年发展起来的响应面法与JC法相结合，对复合材料船体纵向极限强度进行了可靠性分析。并讨论了影响船体纵向极限强度可靠性各变量的敏感性。     

船体复合材料帽型加筋板渐进破坏分析

复合材料加筋板复杂的破坏过程与失效形式增加了应用难度。以面外均布载荷与面内压缩联合作用下的夹芯复合材料帽型加筋板为研究对象,在通过试验结果验证非线性有限元方法准确性的基础上,基于复合材料的hashin准则与胶层界面的最大应力准则展开渐进破坏分析,讨论了极限载荷、破坏模式及失效机理。采用有限元子模型技术对中段破坏区域建模,基于Shokrieh-Hashin准则进行局部破坏分析,讨论蒙皮的铺层损伤规律。结果表明:加筋板呈整体一阶屈曲破坏,极限载荷为316.8 kN;壁板下蒙皮的纤维压缩失效是导致加筋板整体破坏的原因;各铺层的面内失效规律基本相同,蒙皮的纤维压缩失效从外层逐渐向内层扩展,且扩展速率逐渐降低。     

含凹陷损伤FPSB典型加筋板剩余极限强度研究

本文选取一型FPSB典型加筋板结构,在考虑初始缺陷的情况下采用非线性元法,通过对比研究,选定了(1/2 1 1/2)的加筋板模型以及合适的边界条件、网格尺寸。分别研究了三种不同凹陷形状对加筋板极限强度的影响,选定了以弧形凹坑为主要研究对象的凹陷形式。分别研究了凹陷损伤加筋板随凹痕深度、凹痕长度、凹痕宽度、凹痕位置变化时结构在单轴受压情况下的极限强度变化情况。本文的计算结果可对此型FPSB加筋板结构在凹陷损伤后的极限强度评估提供一定的参考。     

A computational investigation of the effects of localized corrosion on plates and stiffened panels

Structural components are prone to corrosion damage, especially when exposed to a sea environment. This article describes an investigation on the effects of local corrosion applied to plates and stiffened panels typically found in ship structures. Finite element investigations of initial buckling, ultimate collapse and post-ultimate responses are presented and described through the use of load-shortening collapse curves. Geometric imperfections and residual stresses were included in the model and results are compared to analytical calculations and available experimental measurements. This improved knowledge of the structural integrity of a damaged ship structure can be used to develop more efficient maintenance practices.     

Prediction of hull girder moment-carrying capacity using kinematic displacement theory

The hull girder moment capacity of a very large crude oil carrier (VLCC) called Energy Concentration (EC), for which many benchmark studies have been carried out using the simple progressive collapse method (SPCM), is predicted. In this study, three approaches are used to represent the load-shortening behavior, so-called average compressive strength, of a stiffened panel, comprising the hull section: 1) kinematic displacement theory (KDT); 2) nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA); and 3) simple formulas in the common structural rule (CSR) for tankers. Load-shortening curves for various kinds of stiffened panels in EC are compared for five different scenarios with variations of load-shortening approaches and initial imperfections. In order to verify the effect of load-shortening on the prediction accuracy of the hull girder moment-carrying capacity, load-shortening curves are imported into an SPCM-based in-house program called Ultimate Moment Analysis of Damaged Ships (UMADS). Comparison of the hull girder ultimate strength for general heeling conditions, including hogging and sagging conditions, reveals that the load-shortening curves significantly affect the hull girder moment-carrying capacities. Based on our comparison of these capacities with other benchmark results, it is concluded that nonlinear FEA provided the most conservative results, KDT provided the second most conservative results, and the CSR formulas predicted the upper bound.     

单根加筋板整体屈曲临界应力计算与分析

目前,对加筋板稳定性的研究多采用有限元法,缺乏理论指导。本文忽略材料非线性的影响,利用理论方法求解四边简支加筋板的整体屈曲临界应力。对有单根加强筋的加筋板,首先假设板的挠曲函数,接着将其代入板和加强筋的边界方程和协调方程,最后解线性方程组的特征方程得到加筋板的临界应力计算公式。为了验证该公式正确与否,选取多个算例,利用有限元软件Abaqus和Nastran进行数值仿真,与理论解比较后得出本文推导的公式是正确的,并得出临界应力随γ和δ的变化趋势。     

Post-buckling behaviour and strength of multi-stiffened aluminium panels under combined axial compression and lateral pressure

This paper presents the results of complementary numerical study done in the continuation of the activities carried out by the Committee III.1 “Ultimate Strength” of ISSC'2003 (Ref. [28] ).The main focus of the paper concerns the post-buckling behaviour and strength characteristics of the aluminium multi-stiffened panels under combined axial compression and lateral pressure.The finite element model proposed by the Committee III.1 “Ultimate Strength” of ISSC'2003 is used in the present investigation. Material is aluminium alloy AA6082-T6 and the multi-stiffened panel is a triple-span structure. Stiffeners are of either extruded or non-extruded angle-bar profiles. An initial deflection is imposed on the model in a procedure similar to that applied by the Committee III.1. General purpose finite element code ANSYS is used for non-linear elastic–plastic analyses.Main objectives are to study the influence of initial deflections and also HAZ on the post-buckling behaviour and collapse characteristics of aluminium stiffened panels under combined axial compression and lateral pressure. Different values of lateral pressure are exerted on the model in a systematic manner to simulate various levels of lateral pressure loading on multi-stiffened aluminium panels used in the construction of high-speed crafts.     

A computational investigation of the effects of both-sides general corrosion on the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour and strength of stiffened plates

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the post-buckling behaviour and ultimate strength of imperfect corroded stiffened steel plates used in ships and other marine-related structures. A series of elastic–plastic large deflection finite element analyses is performed on stiffened steel plates suffering general corrosion wastage with random distribution. General corrosion is introduced into the finite element models using a random thickness surface model. The effects of corroded stiffened plate parameters on the post-buckling and ultimate strengths are evaluated in detail. The stiffeners of different symmetrical or unsymmetrical cross-sections are introduced into the models for analysis. Some distinctions are explored and highlighted between the behaviours of steel plates suffering general corrosion in unstiffened and stiffened cases. Finally, a proposal is given in order to simulate the average stress–average strain relationship of stiffened steel plates having both-surface general corrosion wastage.