多点脉动风速时程的随机模拟分析

有效的模拟脉动风速时程是进行桥梁风致振动分析的前提.文章采用线性滤波法,建立了脉动风速时程的AR模型,并结合AIC准则有效确定模型阶数,编辑出脉动风速时程模拟程序.通过具体工程的算例分析,验证了该脉动风速时程模拟的可行性与有效性.     

大跨度悬索桥地震响应分析

文章以坭洲水道桥为工程背景,建立大跨度悬索桥的动力计算模型,对其动力特性进行了计算分析,并基于设计加速度反应谱和人工合成地震波,采用反应谱法和线性时程方法,探讨了大跨度悬索桥的地震响应特点,同时对悬索桥装置阻尼器的减震耗能作用进行了研究。     

基于动力松弛原理的地下隧道工程初始应力场计算方法研究

文章基于动力松弛法原理,研究了显式动力算法在对隧道工程进行初始应力场计算中的应用.通过与隐式算法的比较计算,指出该方法在并行计算环境下,无论在计算收敛性还是在对计算环境的依赖性等方面均有较大优势,特别适用于地下隧道工程等中、大规模计算模型的初始应力场计算.     

基于Midas Civil的简易车桥耦合振动分析

文章以某40m预应力混凝土简支T梁为例，利用单轴车桥耦合振动数值模型及基于MidasCivil的简易车桥耦合振动模型对移动车辆荷载作用下的T梁结构动力响应情况进行计算分析。结果表明，基于MidasCivil的简易车桥耦合振动模型与数值模型的结构挠度峰值计算结果相差不大，可用于简单的车桥耦合振动分析。     

主蒸汽管道动力时程响应分析

管道的动力时程计算通常采用通用软件ANSYS进行分析。由于ANSYS软件不具备按照规范分析对管道计算结果进行评定的功能,因此使用该程序进行后处理的工作比较烦琐。PIPESTRESS程序是用于管道分析评定的专用程序。文中介绍了管道动力学时程分析的理论方法,然后对PIPESTRESS程序和ANSYS程序的计算结果进行了比较,验证了PIPESTRESS用于管道时程力分析的有效性和可靠性,最后采用PIPESTRESS程序分析和评定主蒸汽管在流体时程力作用下的响应。对管道应力分析者采用PIPESTRESS软件进行管道动力学时程分析具有一定的借鉴意义。     

大跨径连续梁桥桩土模型对比分析

文章针对大跨径连续梁桥,建立空间动力分析有限元模型,采用非线性时程波分析方法,对比桩土相互作用不同模拟方式(群桩六弹簧法、群桩效应的单桩六弹簧法、无群桩效应的单桩六弹簧法、m法)对结构响应的影响规律。结果表明:群桩六弹簧法和群桩效应的单桩六弹簧法几乎等效;无群桩效应的单桩六弹簧法较群桩效应的单桩六弹簧法桩基础刚度较大;四种桩土模拟方式对于工程项目的计算结果均可信。     

近距离桩基施工对既有盾构隧道的振动影响分析

为分析预制桩打桩施工中冲击荷载作用下邻近既有盾构隧道的动力响应，依托成都轨道交通18号线倪家桥站—火车南站区间隧道工程，引入无限元静-动力统一人工边界，结合实际工程地质条件构建“桩-土-隧”三维动力有限元-无限元耦合模型进行数值试验，对比土工离心试验结果，验证了数值模型的有效性。基于此，研究了不同打桩参数对邻近既有隧道振动的影响规律，提出针对类似工程打桩施工引起的隧道峰值振动界限值。研究结果表明：（1）衬砌最大振动速度的分布位置反映振源与隧道的相对方位。隧道受打桩影响最不利的振动位置一般出现在隧道近桩侧1/4圆弧或者1/2圆弧上；（2）振动速度随打桩深度的增加而增大，当打桩深度超过隧道底部时，打桩深度增加对隧道振动的影响不再显著；（3）当在隧道上覆土柱范围内进行打桩施工时，桩隧水平间距对隧道振动的影响小于打桩深度的影响。     

随机波浪力激励作用下悬浮隧道锚索频域动力响应

文章提出随机波浪力激励作用下悬浮隧道锚索频域动力响应的理论研究,利用虚拟激励法和Galerkin法建立表示悬浮隧道锚索动力运动的数学方法,通过等效线性法求解振动系统非线性运动方程,分析波浪参数及结构参数对振动系统在平稳和非平稳随机激励作用下的动力响应参数影响作用。通过和孙胜男方法及AQWA水动力计算软件进行结果对比,发现文章提出的方法能够在保证精度的前提下更能反映真实的海洋情况。研究成果可为随机波浪力激励作用下的悬浮隧道及其锚索的工程设计及施工提供理论参考依据。     

路面不平顺激励作用下悬浮隧道锚索的动力响应

为了研究悬浮隧道锚索在路面不平顺激励作用下的动力特性,文章在锚索振动方程中考虑了锚索的垂度效应,建立了锚索在路面不平顺激励作用下的非线性振动方程,分别运用虚拟激励法和龙格-库塔积分法对悬浮隧道锚索的振动响应进行了频域分析和时程分析,并讨论了锚索阻尼比、初张力、轨道功率谱和车速对其振动响应的影响。研究结果表明:锚索振动系统的初张力、阻尼比越大,锚索的位移功率谱密度就越小;随着车速的增加,锚索跨中位移逐渐变大;由于等效线性化的影响,频域分析得到的位移均方根比时域分析得到的位移均方根要偏小一些。     

一组油气两相管流水力学模型的评估与优选

现有的两相流水力计算模型大多数是在特定的试验条件下，得到的经验或半经验公式，应用于油气田两相流生产管线，普遍适用性较差。对国外稳态两相流软件中常用的13种水力学组合模型，在持液率计算和流型判断方面进行了改进和补充，并用JZ20—2凝析气管道的实际生产数据对这些水力模型进行评估，筛选出计算精度相对较高的EF、BBM、BBME等3种模型。统计误差分析和灰色关联法用于水力学模型评估的可靠性在实际应用中得到了证明，为工程设计者选择合理的水力计算模型提供了一种有效的方法。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.