冰区航行船舶冰载荷研究进展综述（英文）

文章对冰载荷预报技术进行了研究与评估。给出了冰载荷的描述、定义,对预报方法进行了分类,并讨论了预报技术中的困难与难点。综述了理论预报方法和数值模拟技术,并分析了这些理论和方法的特点。指出这些预报方法的优点与缺点,并对今后的研究与开发工作给出了几点建议。     

冰载荷实船测试研究进展

由于缺乏实际冰况信息和对应的船体冰载荷预报方法,实船测试成为获取冰载荷的重要方法。随着更多极区船舶的建造和冰区航行,近年来取得了丰富的实船测试研究成果。文章系统论述了自2015年以来国内外关于冰载荷实船测试方面的研究进展,包括冰载荷实船测试数据内容和方法、从测试数据到冰载荷的换算方法、冰载荷的影响因素和空间分布特征、冰载荷概率模型和设计极值预报方法等,最后归纳得到的冰载荷实船测试方面的主要研究结论,可为冰载荷的研究提供重要参考,并且指出将冰载荷极值预报方法应用于实船设计仍需要更多的数据积累和理论探讨。     

冰水池中海冰模拟技术现状与关键问题

冰水池模型试验对发展冰区船舶海洋工程和推进极地开发利用起到至关重要的支撑作用，其中完备的海冰模拟能力是进行冰区装备模型试验研究进而开展航行作业性能和安全性预报与评估的关键技术保障。本文总结了国内外冰水池海冰模拟技术现状，比较分析了两种类型制冰技术及其模型冰的物理力学特性，给出了冰水池海冰模拟能力发展趋势；同时，明确了冰水池中海冰模拟的关键问题，剖析了先进制冰技术研发面临的技术挑战，可为进一步开展相关基础研究、探索科学的模型冰制备方法提供引导。     

极地船舶冰区航行性能的试验预报技术发展现状

对于极地船舶而言，其设计建造必须依据先验性的冰区航行安全性能认识，而目前国际上可以借鉴的实船航行经验极度匮乏，这就必须借助有效可靠的预报方法。当前海冰力学与工程学的发展仍处于机理性探索阶段，因此，在理论方法与数值模拟上尚难以形成对冰区航行性能进行可靠预报的方法。据此，国际学术界和工程界已形成共识，冰水池模型试验是当前预报与评估船舶冰区航行性能的唯一可靠途径。文中从阻力、快速性与操纵性3个方面，对极地船舶冰区航行性能的试验预报技术发展现状进行介绍，并对其中的关键技术进行梳理，以期为业界充分了解冰水池试验测试技术提供借鉴。     

冰载荷的特性研究

应用六自由度数值模型对某破冰船的连续式破冰过程进行数值模拟,得到其冰载荷的时历,并将其与试验结果进行比较,验证该方法的正确性,同时分析冰载荷动态性变化的原因。通过计算得到破冰船在不同速度及冰厚条件下的冰载荷和运动响应,以及航速与船舶冰载荷之间的关系。     

平整冰层中海工结构冰载荷研究方法综述

海工结构与平整冰层作用时,海冰的物理力学特性和冰层的失效模式会严重影响结构冰载荷的大小。首先,简要介绍海冰的物理力学特性,简述平整冰层与海工结构作用的物理过程;然后,从公式估算方法、试验测量方法和数值计算方法这3个方面对平整冰层中海工结构冰载荷的研究进展进行梳理。通过讨论公式估算方法的优缺点和适用性、试验测量方法研究的重难点以及数值计算方法的发展趋势,发现模型试验测量方法是有效的结构冰载荷研究手段。所做工作给出了海工结构冰载荷的研究趋势和面临的问题,可为领域学者的研究提供一定的参考。     

船舶水动力砰击预报技术综述

文章对水动力砰击预报技术进行了研究与评估.介绍了水动力砰击现象的描述、定义,对预报方法和理论进行了分类,并讨论了预报技术中的困难与难点.综合叙述了预报方法的理论分析与数值模拟,指出这些预报方法的优点与缺点,并对今后的研究与开发工作给出几点建议.     

连续破冰模式下极地破冰船艏部冰载荷计算方法研究

极地破冰船在破冰过程中的冰载荷预报是破冰船设计过程中亟待解决的问题。论文根据能量守恒原理提出了连续破冰模式下冰载荷的分析方法;运用非线性有限元软件模拟破冰船的连续破冰过程,获得不同冰厚和不同船速下的船艏碰撞力时历曲线。通过理论计算及数值仿真结果的对比分析,证实作者提出的连续式冰载荷理论计算公式和数值仿真方法的可行性。计算方法及计算结果对于破冰船结构设计具有重要的参考价值。     

船-冰碰撞的模型试验方法研究

为揭示船-冰碰撞过程中冰载荷的时空演变历程,对模型试验方法进行探索和研究。在对船-冰碰撞过程与相关规范技术背景进行分析的基础上采用触觉式压力传感系统,实现了对船-冰碰撞载荷的辨识、整体作用轨迹的勾勒,及载荷局部空间分布与时间历程特征的提取。然后通过对试验参数的逐级率定,形成了完备的船-冰碰撞模型试验方法。试验数据表明,在船-冰碰撞的冰水池模拟中,宜采用船体固定拖曳撞击自由漂浮冰体的模拟方式,撞击位置宜设定在船体的首柱附近区域,浮冰质量至少为1.5倍的船体排水量,浮冰边缘角度以90°为宜。论文提出的局部载荷空间分布与时间历程特征的测试与提取方法可为今后船-冰碰撞载荷时空演变规律的深入认识提供参考。     

基于离散元模型的冰阻力数值研究

为了研究船舶冰阻力的预报方法,采用离散元模型对冰区航行船舶在平整冰中航行的冰阻力进行数值计算。船体结构由三角形网格离散,同时利用具有粘结-破碎特性的球体单元、三维拓展圆盘和拓展多面体单元构造海冰的离散元模型,并考虑拖曳力和浮力对海冰的影响。本文基于离散元方法,计算船模受到的总的冰阻力,研究海冰厚度、弯曲强度和航行速度对冰阻力的影响,并与Lindqvist经验模型计算的冰阻力进行了分析比较。研究结果可为冰区航行船舶冰阻力预报以及初步设计优化提供参考。     

First year ice interactions on Molikpaq: Measurements and experiments

The Molikpaq is a steel mobile arctic structure which has been used for exploration of hydrocarbon reserves on the Canadian Beaufort shelf. In early 1986, the Molikpaq experienced numerous interactions with various ice features at Amanuligak I-65. An extensive ice loads investigation program was conducted as a joint industrial project. Ishikawajima-Harima Heary Industries (IHI) has proposed a method to estimate the global ice load on an arctic structure by utilizing results from ice tank experiments. Experiments were conducted in the IHI ice model tank using a model of the Molikpaq. A comparison between the measured ice loads and the estimated ice loads was made and it was found to be in fair agreement, in spite of some uncertainties involved in both the measured and the estimated ice loads. In this paper, instrumentation which the Molikpaq employed in the investigation program is briefly introduced. Failure modes of ice features observed in the program are also mentioned. The basic idea behind the dual parameters testing and estimating method (DuPTEM) is described. The model experiments and the results are then outlined. The comparison between the measured and estimated ice loads is shown. Finally, uncertainties in both the estimated and the measured ice loads are discussed.     

冰区加强船冰载荷仿真计算与轴系设计

根据船舶的冰级符号与母型船的原始设计,进行极限冰载荷计算并确定轴系直径,然后在频域内进行扭振计算,满足稳态扭振要求;在此基础上,进行瞬态扭振计算,得到时域内的轴系响应扭矩,对相关参数进行校核。     

Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls

A numerical model is introduced in this paper to investigate both global and local ice loads on ship hulls. This model is partly based on empirical data, by which the observed phenomena of continuous icebreaking can be well reproduced. In the simulation of a full-scale icebreaking trial, the interdependence between the ice load and the ship’s motion is considered, and the three degree-of-freedom rigid body equations of surge, sway and yaw are solved by numerical integration. The variations in the level ice thickness and in the strength properties of ice can also be taken into account. The simulated ice loads on ship hulls are discussed through two case studies, in which the ship’s performance, the statistics of ice-induced frame loads, and the spatial distribution of ice loads around the hull are analyzed and compared with field measurements. As far as we know the present paper is the first to integrate all the features above. It is hoped that further studies on this numerical model can supplement the field and laboratory measurements in establishing a design basis for the ice-going ships especially for ships navigating in the first-year ice.     

极地船舶吊舱结构冰载荷计算方法研究

该文根据国外船级社规范,初步探索了一套适用于吊舱结构冰载荷应用分析的计算方法.选取典型吊舱作为计算对象,对两种典型冰况作用条件下的吊舱包结构开展有限元计算工作,验证了本方法的工程适用性.与采用挪威船级社和中国船级社新推荐方法得到的吊舱冰载荷计算结果相比,本方法得到的计算结果没有出现非常离散的情况,差别不大.     

Experimental study on a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water. Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed.     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

考虑冰、浪等复杂载荷工况的半潜式平台应力与运动响应特征

半潜平台在极地深水海域应用广泛,经常面对冰、浪等复杂载荷。本文从应力时程和运动时程两方面分析了半潜平台在波浪载荷,海冰载荷以及冰-浪联合载荷作用下的响应特征。结果表明,虽然海冰载荷的存在具有一定程度的抑波作用,平台的震荡得到缓解,但是冰-浪联合载荷会导致平台关键节点部位所受应力幅值大幅增加,并超过海冰和波浪单独作用产生的应力之和,对半潜平台的结构安全造成较大威胁。因此在研究、设计极地海域半潜平台时应同时考虑冰、浪对平台的影响。     

Structural design considerations for ships operating in arctic regions北大核心CSCD

冰脊和冰山与极地船体发生碰撞将影响船体结构安全,并决定船体结构设计载荷。船体结构设计应遵循基于风险的设计原则,通常涉及以下极限状态设计准则:1)服务极限状态(SLS);2)最终极限状态(ULS);3)疲劳极限状态(FLS);4)事故极限状态(ALS)。最终极限状态和事故极限状态对应于发生概率极低的船与冰脊作用以及冰山撞击事件,旨在确保船体结构不会完全损毁。然而,对于较低概率水平的冰载荷分析,需进行较大数据量的工况分析,计算耗时无法承受。为此,引入环境等值轮廓方法,来大幅减少冰载荷分析所需工况数量,并给出设计工况最有可能的冰体参数组合方式。结合最终极限状态和事故极限状态,举例说明这一方法的运用方式。环境等值轮廓方法可为现有极地船舶船体结构设计方法提供有效补充。     

Short-term statistics of ice loads on ship bow frames in floe ice fields: Full-scale measurements in the Antarctic ocean

Ship operation and ice loading in floe ice fields have received considerable interest during recent years. There have been several numerical simulators developed by different institutes which can simulate ship navigation through floe ice fields and estimate ship performance and local ice loads. However, public data obtained from full-scale measurement covering comprehensively ship performance and ice loads under various ice thicknesses, concentrations and floe sizes are rare. The 2018/19 Antarctic voyage of the Polar Supply and Research Vessel (PSRV) S.A. Agulhas II gathered considerable data of the ship in floe ice fields under various thicknesses, concentrations, and floe sizes. The aim of this paper is to carry out statistical analysis to seek suitable probability distributions which adequately fit the measured ice load and therefore suitable to be used as parent distributions for long-term estimation. For this aim, three categories of probability distributions, namely standard distributions, truncated distributions and mixture distributions are tested. It is found that truncated distributions can fit the load data better than standard distributions bounded at the threshold. In addition, mixture distributions are shown to have promising features, which fit the data well and are able to separate distribution components. Subsequentially, the well-performed distributions are used as parent distributions to make long-term load estimations. The estimation results demonstrate that long-term estimations are sensitive to the selection of parent distribution, which addresses the importance of finding correct distribution to model short-term ice loads. The data of ten selected cases will be published for the use of other researchers.