冰区海上风机结构的冰激疲劳寿命分析

冰载荷是诱发冰区海上风机结构疲劳破坏的重要因素,通常采用加装抗冰锥体的方式将海冰的挤压破坏转化为弯曲破坏,从而减小峰值载荷并削弱冰激振动。针对锥体风机结构在冰载荷作用下的疲劳寿命开展分析。基于渤海辽东湾某海域的现场监测数据确定了有效冰期、冰厚、冰速等疲劳分析参数,在冰速0～100 cm/s、冰厚0～30 cm范围内均匀划分50种疲劳工况,并将二者的联合概率分布作为疲劳工况的发生概率;采用具有粘结-破碎功能的球体离散单元构造海冰模型,计算风机与平整冰相互作用时的冰载荷时程及对应的热点应力;采用雨流计数法提取热点应力时程中的有效循环次数,根据S-N曲线和Miner线性累积损伤准则进一步计算其冰激疲劳寿命;最后将计算结果与通过锥体结构随机冰力函数构造冰载荷时程而得到的疲劳寿命相比较,验证了基于海冰离散单元模型的冰载荷时程构造方法的安全性与可靠性。     

基于离散元模型的冰阻力数值研究

为了研究船舶冰阻力的预报方法,采用离散元模型对冰区航行船舶在平整冰中航行的冰阻力进行数值计算。船体结构由三角形网格离散,同时利用具有粘结-破碎特性的球体单元、三维拓展圆盘和拓展多面体单元构造海冰的离散元模型,并考虑拖曳力和浮力对海冰的影响。本文基于离散元方法,计算船模受到的总的冰阻力,研究海冰厚度、弯曲强度和航行速度对冰阻力的影响,并与Lindqvist经验模型计算的冰阻力进行了分析比较。研究结果可为冰区航行船舶冰阻力预报以及初步设计优化提供参考。     

冰区海上风电基础的抗冰性能分析

海上风电基础属于典型的柔性结构。由于冰与柔性抗冰结构相互作用的复杂性,长期以来尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。结构抗冰设计中大都是从极端荷载出发,只考虑最大静冰力或最大倾覆力矩。基于对渤海辽东湾柔性抗冰结构的多年监测,发现强烈的冰激振动引起柔性结构的风险性要远大于极端静冰荷载下结构的整体安全问题。为了明确冰区风电基础结构的抗冰性能及抗冰设计的合理性,文章结合基于多年现场冰与结构作用观测及冰荷载的研究成果,明确该类柔性结构与海冰作用形式及其动力特性;提出了柔性抗冰结构设计中应考虑的主要失效模式及评价方法。最后,以渤海某典型风电基础为例,对其抗冰性能进行评价。该文的研究可为寒区风电基础的抗冰设计及安全保障提供合理依据。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的抗冰导管架平台损伤识别研究

渤海海域的抗冰导管架平台每年冬季都会受到海冰作用从而产生严重的冰激振动问题.对冰振危害进行监测与分析是保障冰区现役抗冰平台安全作业和降低冰害损失的重要研究内容.本文针对导管架结构长期处于冰振情况下结构可能存在隐性损伤的问题,采用Hilbert-Huang变换的方法开展结构损伤识别的研究.首先利用通用有限元分析软件ANSYS对冰荷载作用下的导管架平台模型进行瞬态动力学分析,进而对动力响应信号进行Hilbert-Huang变换,得到信号的固有模态函数(IMF)和Hilbert能量边际谱,最后通过结构损伤前后Hilbert能量边际谱的变化构建损伤指标,分析对比不同损伤程度下该损伤指标的有效性,并探讨海冰的冰速、冰厚对该损伤指标的影响.研究工作可以为寒区导管架结构在冰振情况下的损伤识别研究提供借鉴和参考.     

我国海冰工程研究回顾

20世纪60年代末，我国在结冰的渤海海域发现了油气资源，进而促进了海冰问题的研究，相继开展了大规模海冰调查、海冰生消与运动、海冰物理力学行为、冰荷载、抗冰结构设计及海冰管理等方面的研究，并进行了全方位的国际合作与交流。我国的海冰研究成果不仅保障了渤海油气开发的建设与运行，而且对于目前在黄海和渤海冰区的风电场基础设施建设也提供了强有力的技术支持。文中将从冰区海洋资源开发的角度，回顾我国海冰研究历程。     

海上升压站平台电缆管的抗冰性能

为明确冰区海上升压站平台及其电缆管的抗冰性能,以渤海某拟建风电场为例,对海上升压站平台及其电缆管在100年一遇海冰条件下的响应进行数值模拟分析。结果表明,该升压站平台及其电缆管具备一定的抗冰性能,但在极端海冰条件下,平台上部振动响应较大,应注意防护上部设施及电缆管的安全运行。     

海上测风塔结构冰振响应分析

为明确海冰作用下高耸结构的冰振响应问题,以渤海冰区海域某海上测风塔为例,对比测风塔与渤海导管架平台的动力特性,确立测风塔的冰载荷模型。基于ANSYS软件对测风塔结构在不同冰况下的抗冰性能进行分析,结果表明,冰激稳态振动下,结构的动力放大系数可达6.7;极端工况下,结构上部的振动加速度响应可达2.64g,远大于结构的抗震设防烈度(0.2g)。冰激稳态振动发生时,工作甲板法兰连接处振动加速度显著并且持续时间较长,可能造成法兰松动。该测风塔结构对抗冰性能考虑不足,应采取适当措施避免冰激稳态振动的发生。     

导管架式一体化风机在冰载荷作用下的耦合响应研究

海上风电是世界上发展最快的可再生能源之一.寒区蕴藏着丰富的风能资源,设计和建造用于结冰海域的风电结构的关键要求是其应具备一定的抗冰性能.本文研究了全耦合导管架式海上风力发电机在冰载荷作用下的结构动态响应;在数值仿真软件FAST中建立了一体化风机数值模型,该模型包含其空气动力属性、水动力属性、机械属性和结构弹性属性;研究了导管架风机基础的直立桩腿和加装了抗冰锥体后的桩腿的抗冰性能差异;并计算分析了不同冰厚和冰速对于风机动态响应的影响.结果表明:海冰厚度越大,导管架底座的结构响应和振荡幅度越大;海冰速度越大,其结构响应和振荡频率越快;导管架桩腿在安装抗冰锥体后的结构响应和振荡幅度明显降低.本文还计算分析得到了抗冰性能最佳的锥体角度.     

冰激自升式钻井平台的动力响应分析

由于冰荷载研究的限制,冰区自升式钻井平台尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。为了合理地开展自升式平台结构的抗冰概念设计与安全评价研究,冰荷载下自升式钻井平台的动力响应分析是十分必要的。该文首先分析该类柔性结构在动冰荷载下的动力特性;其次,结合开展的自升式平台冰荷载模型实验研究,明确带齿条桩腿的自升式平台冰荷载作用形式;最后,对渤海某自升式钻井平台在典型冰况下进行冰振动力响应分析。文中的研究对冰区自升式钻井平台抗冰设计及冰振安全评估提供了合理的参考。     

基于离散元方法的海冰数值模拟

介绍了海冰离散元模型的建立过程，通过模拟海冰与结构相互作用的过程来研究冰载荷的作用规律，并探讨海冰速度、海冰厚度以及结构直径对结构所受冰载荷的影响。结果表明，离散元方法可以较好地表现海冰破碎形式并能准确预测冰载荷，且冰载荷与3种影响因素都为正相关关系，其中海冰厚度对冰载荷的影响最为明显。     

Distributed mass/discrete floe model for pack ice rheology computation

A new model, called the distributed mass/discrete floe model, is proposed for performing practical computations of mesoscale pack ice rheology. This model possesses the advantages of both the continuum and the discrete element models: it can express the discrete nature of pack ice, for which it is difficult to use a continuum model, and requires a much shorter computation time than a discrete element model. The pack ice is divided into ice bunches in which the floes, assumed to be distributed uniformly, are modeled as inelastic disks or rectangles floating on the water. The ice interaction forces are formulated from the relationship between the impulse on the bunch and the variation of momentum in the bunch. The ocean flow is calculated simultaneously with the floe movement using a multilayer model. In a circulating water channel, drift tests of physical model floes were performed in order to investigate the characteristics of their motion and interaction with ocean structure models. Near the structure, the floe motion depends on the floe shape. Disk floes show a lateral motion in front of the structure. They flow out around both sides of the structure and the number of floes in front of the structure decreases with the lapse of time. On the other hand, rectangular floes scarcely flow laterally. The number of floes in front of the structure remains constant over time. These experiments indicate that when the motion of pack ice around a structure is simulated, it is important to consider the floe shape. The disk floe motion and the rectangular floe motion can be regarded as extreme cases of pack ice motion. Actual pack ice motion may be between these two extremes. Computations were carried out using the distributed mass/discrete floe (DMDF) model. Simulation results were compared with the circulating water channel experiment results and sea ice motion in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. The DMDF model predicted the circulating water channel drift test results quite closely. The DMDF model results also compared quite well with the sea ice motion.     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

Numerical simulation of level ice impact on landing craft bow considering the transverse isotropy of Baltic Sea ice based on XFEM

Ice bending is a major failure mechanism of level ice when ships and marine structures interact with level ice. This paper aims to investigate the ice bending and ice load when level ice collides on ships and marine structures using numerical simulation method, and compare the numerical results with field test. The fracture of ice is simulated with extended finite element method (XFEM), and cohesive zone concept is used to describe the crack propagation. In order to consider the characteristics of S2 columnar ice, a transversely isotropic elastic material model is used for the ice bulk elements, and a transversely isotropic Tsai-Wu failure criterion is adopted to predict the initiation of cracks. A well-controlled field test of a landing craft bow colliding with level ice in Baltic Sea is simulated to verify the numerical scheme. The ice plate's continuous deformation, crack initiation and crack propagation at different impact velocities and angles are simulated and the results are discussed. In the simulation, the bending crack emerges at the midline of the top surface of ice plate, then propagates towards free boundary, and finally a circumferential crack forms. It is found that with the impact velocity increases, the bending load increases and the fracture size (perpendicular distance from the crack to the contact edge) decreases. And as the angle between the landing craft bow and vertical direction increases, the bending load and the fracture size decrease. The simulated results corresponds well with the field test. The competition between the circumferential crack and radial crack is also found in the simulation and will be discussed in this paper. The results show that this method well simulates the bending of level ice and predict the ice load, and provides a good approach for investigating the mechanism of different forms of level ice fracture.     

Repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice

This study investigates the repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice. Ice-tank test campaigns normally do not perform multiple repetitions of tests with the same initial conditions. Therefore, the repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice is not well understood. Data from two test campaigns are analysed. The first test campaign studied the interaction between a 4-legged structure with a vertical waterline and several broken and intact level ice conditions. In the second test campaign, a ship hull geometry was tested. We analyse selected test cases from each test campaign. The ice-tank tests are reproduced using a 3-D discrete element method (DEM) model. Each analysed test case is simulated 20 times. The only difference between each simulation is the initial position of the ice floes. The numerical simulation results show that changes in the initial floe positions can cause large changes in the statistical properties of the ice load. Often, a single random interaction event can be identified that is responsible for the change in the results. Such interaction events can cause additional floe accumulation ahead of the structure, thereby influencing the load statistics for a large portion of the interaction length. The observed events occur both in the numerical simulations and in the physical ice-tank tests. This result indicates that ice-tank tests with broken ice have a poor repeatability; a change in an uncontrolled condition, such as the exact initial floe positions, can lead to a large variation in the experimental results.     

冰区航行船舶推进轴系扭转振动研究

本文以低速柴油机船舶推进轴系为研究对象,在对4叶螺旋桨单片桨叶与冰块相互作用激励力矩时域曲线基础之上,得到螺旋桨与冰块作用的总激励力矩时域曲线和频域曲线；采用集总参数法和系统矩阵法分别构建轴系振动模型和振动方程,对未考虑冰载荷和考虑冰载荷激励力矩作用下进行了轴系振动理论计算；同时通过实船测试验证了未考虑冰载荷激励力矩作用时振动数学模型和理论分析方法的正确性,对降低船舶轴系振动和提高船舶安全性具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Vibration characteristics analysis of ring-stiffened conical shells based on power series method北大核心CSCD

[目的]旨在利用解析法求解环肋圆锥壳的振动方程,对环肋圆锥壳的振动特性进行理论研究。[方法]首先,对圆锥壳分段处理,将圆锥壳沿母线方向、环向和法向的位移分别写成幂级数解的形式,并推导出幂级数项前系数的递推关系式;然后,采用梁模型模拟不同环肋数对圆锥壳振动响应特性的影响;接着,将圆锥壳分段及其环肋边界条件、位移和内力矩阵进行组装求解,得到在外部简谐力激励下圆锥壳的振动响应特性,并将所得结果与ANSYS有限元数值方法的计算结果进行对比,验证所提计算方法的有效性。最后,运用所提理论方法进行环肋圆锥壳的振动特性分析。[结果]结果显示,圆锥壳安装的环肋可明显抑制圆锥壳的振动,具体表现为响应幅值降低、固有频率升高,且在相同频段内共振峰数量减小;增大壳体厚度会引起壳体振动响应幅值降低以及固有频率升高;此外,增大半锥角、轴线长度和环肋数均可降低环肋圆锥壳的振动响应幅值。[结论]研究表明,所用方法对环肋圆锥壳振动的理论研究具有一定意义。     

基于监测的宽窄抗冰锥体结构判据分析（英文）

Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly related to structure width, sea ice parameters, and clearing modes of broken ice. This paper proposes three clearing modes for broken ice acting on conical structures: complete clearing, temporary ice pile up, and ice pile up. In this paper, sea ice clearing modes and the formation requirements of dynamic ice force are analyzed to explore criteria determining wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures. According to the direct measurement data of typical prototype structures, quantitative criteria of the ratio of a cone width at waterline(D) to sea ice thickness(h) is proposed. If the ratio is less than 30(narrow conical structure), broken ice is completely cleared and a dynamic ice force is produced; however, if the ratio is larger than 50(wide conical structure), the front stacking of broken ice or dynamic ice force will not occur.     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力.对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要.本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力.通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度.此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响.基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议.     

Classification criterion of narrow/wide ice-resistant conical structures based on direct measurements

Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly related to structure width, sea ice parameters, and clearing modes of broken ice. This paper proposes three clearing modes for broken ice against conical structures: complete clearing, temporary ice pile up, and ice pile up. In this paper, sea ice clearing modes and the formation requirements of dynamic ice force are analyzed to explore criteria determining wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures. According to the direct measurement data of typical prototype structures, primary quantitative criterion of the ratio of a cone width at waterline (D) to sea ice thickness (h) is proposed. If the ratio is less than 30 (narrow conical structure), broken ice is completely cleared and a dynamic ice force is produced; however, if the ratio is larger than 50 (wide conical structure), the front stacking of broken ice or dynamic ice force will not occur.     

冰载荷对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响

船舶在冰区航行时,将遭受浮冰的挤压,船舷侧部位的加筋板会受到冰载荷的作用。以单筋单跨加筋板为研究对象,采用非线性有限元法对冰载荷下加筋板轴向压缩极限强度进行分析。研究冰载荷的大小、加载区域面积和加载区域位置的不同对极限强度的影响规律。结果表明,冰载荷大小一定,冰载荷作用区域面积逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度随着面积的增加基本呈线性增加。冰载荷作用区域位置距离加筋板中心点距离逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度逐渐增加,且随着相对距离的增加,对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响越来越大。这些结果可用于指导冰区船舶结构的设计以及维护。