中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究（英文）

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力。对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要。本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比。结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力。通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度。此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响。基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议。     

基于离散元模型的冰阻力数值研究

为了研究船舶冰阻力的预报方法,采用离散元模型对冰区航行船舶在平整冰中航行的冰阻力进行数值计算。船体结构由三角形网格离散,同时利用具有粘结-破碎特性的球体单元、三维拓展圆盘和拓展多面体单元构造海冰的离散元模型,并考虑拖曳力和浮力对海冰的影响。本文基于离散元方法,计算船模受到的总的冰阻力,研究海冰厚度、弯曲强度和航行速度对冰阻力的影响,并与Lindqvist经验模型计算的冰阻力进行了分析比较。研究结果可为冰区航行船舶冰阻力预报以及初步设计优化提供参考。     

冰区航行船舶冰阻力研究方法综述

船舶在冰区航行时的冰阻力性能一直是国内外关注和研究的重点。冰阻力的研究主要集中在经验方法、数值模拟和实验研究三个方面。同时,由于冰区船舶在航行过程中频繁地与冰层或浮冰产生碰撞,海冰的材料结构和力学性质对冰阻力的研究有重要影响。文章从冰的物理力学特性出发,简要回顾几种重要的冰本构关系模型及其适用性;并从经验方法及试验与数值模拟相结合两个角度,回顾和讨论浮冰区和平整冰区中船舶的冰阻力性能研究进展;最后,基于研究现状提出尚需进一步解决的问题。文章旨在介绍冰区船舶冰阻力性能的研究进展,望能为后续冰阻力研究提供参考。     

不同类型层冰载荷作用下船首结构响应研究

由于北极地区冰情复杂,分布着大量无规则浮冰,因此极地运输船在航行过程中难免会与冰区浮冰发生碰撞,引起船体结构响应。本文基于Ls-dyna软件构建船水冰全耦合模型,对极地运输船舶与规则层冰和不规则层冰发生碰撞分别开展数值模拟,对冰厚和航速2种不同工况条件下的船首结构损伤变形及碰撞力均值进行对比分析。研究发现,不规则层冰载荷下引起的船体结构响应更为剧烈,碰撞力均值更大,为北极冰区运输船的航行安全提供了参考。     

基于环向裂纹法的冰激载荷船舶运动响应研究

为保证船舶在冰区安全航行和船上机械设备安全，需要考虑冰激载荷特性引起的船舶运动响应问题。论文以一艘极地运输船作为研究对象，采用基于半经验公式的数值方法模拟连续破冰情况下船舶所承受的冰载荷，求解冰区船舶在平整冰区域直航过程中由冰载荷冲击引起的运动响应，计算分析横荡、纵荡和垂荡3自由度冲击加速度，同时基于中国船级社规范，选取PC3冰级，计算规范要求的冲击加速度，将两者计算结果进行对比，揭示了在不同冰厚、弯曲强度和船-冰摩擦系数下加速度的变化趋势。此数值模拟方法对冰区船舶设计与冰区航行具有一定的指导意义。     

冰-水耦合作用下船舶与浮冰碰撞动响应数值仿真研究

船舶在碎冰区航行时会受到浮冰的碰撞,为了准确模拟浮冰碰撞载荷作用下的船体局部结构承载特征,应当考虑碰撞过程冰-水耦合作用的影响。本文采用瞬态动力学分析程序MSC.Dytran对某水面舰船在碎冰区航行时受浮冰碰撞的动态过程进行数值仿真,得到了受浮冰碰撞下的船体结构响应、碰撞载荷及碰撞过程中的能量转化特征,对浮冰尺度、碰撞位置、舰船航速对船体结构响应及碰撞载荷的影响进行了分析并给出了相应的结论。本文研究工作对于碎冰区航行舰船的载荷确定及结构设计具有重要的参考价值。     

基于参数化设计的浮冰区船舶冰阻力研究

基于Voronoi图采用参数化设计工具对不规则几何形状的浮冰开展参数化建模,参照真实冰区测量信息,利用遗传算法对浮冰尺度概率分布开展了优化研究。考虑不同浮冰尺度范围,采用有限元方法对船舶在浮冰区航行的冰阻力进行了数值计算。研究发现:大尺度浮冰相对于小尺度浮冰而言,破碎更为剧烈;优化浮冰尺度概率分布的冰阻力峰值总体而言大于优化前,平均值则较小;数值计算结果在较大浮冰尺度范围内与经验值较为吻合,浮冰阻力平均值随浮冰平均尺度增大呈负指数幂函数减小趋势。文中提供了一种对浮冰尺度概率分布进行校正和优化的方法,对船舶在浮冰区的阻力预报具有一定参考价值。     

冰级船主机功率理论预报方法研究

强非线性冰载荷对极地航行商船的阻力和主机功率计算均提出巨大挑战。以往计算冰级船主机功率时,通常采用规范法的经验公式。尽管经验公式计算简便,但由于没有考虑航速变化对主机功率的影响,计算结果往往过于保守。本文基于离散元的理论方法和数值模型,采用阻力–速度曲线法建立了冰区加强型商船主机功率计算方法。借鉴中国商船"永盛轮"首航北极的实际航行经验,将预报方法应用于B1冰级的36 000 t冰级多用途船的主机功率计算中。计算结果表明,该方法计算获得的主机功率较规范法小。该预报方法将为我国极地商船设计与制造提供技术支撑。     

基于流固耦合方法的船舶破冰阻力参数敏感性研究

本文基于带有塑性应变失效准则的弹性断裂失效模型建立平整冰有限元模型,采用LS-Dyna流固耦合方法对船舶在平整冰条件下航行的冰载荷开展了数值模拟,选取航速和平整冰厚度作为敏感性参数,分析了参数变化对破冰阻力的影响。研究发现:各方向上的冰载荷在时域上均存在一定的周期性,冰层在船艏撞击和浮力作用下,通常以多种破坏模式的混合方式同时出现;船舶在平整冰环境下的破冰阻力随航速和冰厚的提高基本呈线性增加的趋势,不同航速及冰厚条件下的破冰阻力数值计算结果与Lindqvist经验值的误差分别在-7.5%～13.1%和-10.8%～19.4%范围内,采用LS-Dyna流固耦合方法对船舶破冰阻力进行预报具有较高精度。     

冰区航行中船体结构冰压力分布特性的离散元分析

冰区船舶表面冰压力分布规律是其结构安全预警和冰载荷监测的重要辅助信息.本文采用基于GPU(Graphics Processing Unit)并行和粘结-破碎模型的离散元方法模拟平整冰在不同冰况条件下的破碎过程,进而获得船体结构表面的冰压力分布和大小.在冰压力的计算中,考虑时间上的累积效应,即累积最大值和累积平均值,从多个角度分析了船体结构表面的冰压力危险区域和冰压力分布特性.通过船体结构直行破冰的离散元模拟,分析了船体结构的总体冰载荷和局部冰压力.为验证本文方法在船体结构冰压力分析中的可靠性,根据冰载荷的IACS规范计算了船体结构与大块浮冰自由碰撞过程,对比分析了碰撞点上的冰压力.计算结果表明,离散元计算结果与规范对比误差保持在6.7％～18.1％之间.本文方法为冰区船舶的设计研发提供了可靠的分析手段,其计算结果可为船体结构的冰区航行安全预警和冰载荷监测提供合理的辅助决策信息.     

Numerical estimation of ship resistance in broken ice and investigation on the effect of floe geometry

In this paper, a numerical model based on the non-smooth discrete element method is presented to investigate the effect of ice floe shape on ship resistance under low-concentration broken ice condition where ice fields consist of relatively small and unbreakable floes. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated by the comparison with a series of experiments conducted by the authors with artificial ice floes made from polypropylene (PP) material. The mean ice resistance estimated by the numerical model is in fairly good agreement with both the experimental results and those from the existing semi-empirical formulas. Additionally, the floe shape effect captured in the experiment, i.e. “rectangle-like” floes results in higher resistance than “elliptic-like” floes, is also predicted by the numerical model. Then, the validated numerical model is used to further investigate the effect of floe shape on ship resistance. It has been found that the rectangle floe results in higher ice resistance than other studied floe shapes. The ratio between the maximum and minimum caliper diameters of floe shows little influence on the ice resistance of ship. Finally, the effect of ice thickness on the ice resistance is also discussed.     

船舶与冰排碰撞结构响应研究

冰排的层厚、流速以及特性在很大程度上影响船舶与冰排碰撞的结构响应。本文分别建立船舶和冰排的有限元模型,采用LS-DYNA进行碰撞接触计算,模拟船艏与冰排发生碰撞。主要考虑相同条件下分别改变冰排厚度、运动状态以及物理性质等单个碰撞参数,对比研究不同碰撞工况下船舶的损伤变形、碰撞力等结构响应差异。得出上述因素对船—冰碰撞的影响规律,为提高船舶抗冰载荷设计提供参考。     

Short-term statistics of ice loads on ship bow frames in floe ice fields: Full-scale measurements in the Antarctic ocean

Ship operation and ice loading in floe ice fields have received considerable interest during recent years. There have been several numerical simulators developed by different institutes which can simulate ship navigation through floe ice fields and estimate ship performance and local ice loads. However, public data obtained from full-scale measurement covering comprehensively ship performance and ice loads under various ice thicknesses, concentrations and floe sizes are rare. The 2018/19 Antarctic voyage of the Polar Supply and Research Vessel (PSRV) S.A. Agulhas II gathered considerable data of the ship in floe ice fields under various thicknesses, concentrations, and floe sizes. The aim of this paper is to carry out statistical analysis to seek suitable probability distributions which adequately fit the measured ice load and therefore suitable to be used as parent distributions for long-term estimation. For this aim, three categories of probability distributions, namely standard distributions, truncated distributions and mixture distributions are tested. It is found that truncated distributions can fit the load data better than standard distributions bounded at the threshold. In addition, mixture distributions are shown to have promising features, which fit the data well and are able to separate distribution components. Subsequentially, the well-performed distributions are used as parent distributions to make long-term load estimations. The estimation results demonstrate that long-term estimations are sensitive to the selection of parent distribution, which addresses the importance of finding correct distribution to model short-term ice loads. The data of ten selected cases will be published for the use of other researchers.     

极地物探船冰载荷有限元计算方法

采用LS-DYNA有限元软件建立极地物探船的船-水域-海冰有限元模型，计算得到该型船在设计破冰厚度和设计航速下的冰载荷量和冰载荷时程曲线，并进一步研究冰体单元尺寸对冰载荷计算结果的影响。研究表明，冰载荷最大值随冰体有限元单元尺寸减小而减小。对比相关冰载荷经验公式计算结果，最终确定合理的冰体单元尺寸。研究结果对极地物探船的结构设计和结构安全性评估具有重要意义。     

Ship resistance when operating in floating ice floes: A combined CFD&DEM approach

Whilst climate change is transforming the Arctic into a navigable ocean where small ice floes are floating on the sea surface, the effect of such ice conditions on ship performance has yet to be understood. The present work combines a set of numerical methods to simulate the ship-wave-ice interaction in such ice conditions. Particularly, Computational Fluid Dynamics is applied to provide fluid solutions for the floes and it is incorporated with the Discrete Element Method to govern ice motions and account for ship-ice/ice-ice collisions, by which, the proposed approach innovatively includes ship-generated waves in the interaction. In addition, this work provides two algorithms that can implement computational models with natural ice-floe fields, which takes floe size distribution and randomness into consideration thus achieving high-fidelity modelling of the problem. Following validation against experiments, the model is shown accurate in predicting the ice-floe resistance of a ship, and then a series of simulations are performed to investigate how the resistance is influenced by ship speed, ice concentration, ice thickness and floe diameter. This paper presents a useful approach that can provide power estimates for Arctic shipping and has the potential to facilitate other polar engineering purposes.     

Ship resistance when operating in floating ice floes: Derivation,validation, and application of an empirical equation

With the effects of global warming, the Arctic is presenting a new environment where numerous ice floes are floating on the open sea surface. Whilst this has improved Arctic shipping navigability in an unprecedented way, the interaction of such floes with ships is yet to be understood to aid the designing of ships and route planning for this region. To further explore this topic, the present work develops a procedure to derive an empirical equation that can predict the effects of such floes on ship resistance. Based on a validated computational approach, extensive data are extracted from simulations of three different ships with varying operational and environmental conditions. The ice-floe resistance is shown to strongly correlate with ship beam, ship buttock angle, ship waterline angle, ship speed, ice concentration, ice thickness and floe diameter, and the regression powers of each of the parameters on resistance are ascertained. This leads to a generic empirical equation that can swiftly predict ice-floe resistance for a given ship in a given condition. Subsequently, demonstrations are given on the incorporation of the derived equation into a set of real-time Arctic ship performance model and voyage planning tool, which can predict a ship's fuel consumption in ice-infested seas and dynamically suggest a route with the least safety concern and fuel consumption. Moreover, the equation is validated by providing ice resistance prediction for experimental and full-scale conditions from multiple sources, showing high accuracy. In conclusion, the empirical equation is shown to give valid and rapid estimates for ice-floe resistance, providing valuable insights into ship designs for the region, as well as facilitating practical applications for polar navigation.     

冰载荷对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响

船舶在冰区航行时,将遭受浮冰的挤压,船舷侧部位的加筋板会受到冰载荷的作用。以单筋单跨加筋板为研究对象,采用非线性有限元法对冰载荷下加筋板轴向压缩极限强度进行分析。研究冰载荷的大小、加载区域面积和加载区域位置的不同对极限强度的影响规律。结果表明,冰载荷大小一定,冰载荷作用区域面积逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度随着面积的增加基本呈线性增加。冰载荷作用区域位置距离加筋板中心点距离逐渐增加时,加筋板的轴向压缩极限强度逐渐增加,且随着相对距离的增加,对加筋板轴向压缩极限强度的影响越来越大。这些结果可用于指导冰区船舶结构的设计以及维护。     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

冰区航行船层冰作用下的结构响应

船冰碰撞是一个复杂的动力学过程,如何得到碰撞中的冰载荷一直是船舶碰撞研究领域的热点之一.本文分别建立300000 t冰区航行船和层冰的有限元模型,基于弹塑性理论及非线性有限元理论,利用MSC.Dytran对其碰撞进行数值仿真,模拟了船首及层冰的接触碰撞过程,最终得到船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞力、船首结构响应、船航速变化及能量耗散等参数.分析船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞机理及特性,并对冰区航行船特别是其船壳提出结构加强的建议,为设计冰区航行船提供一定的参考.