自升式钻井平台的抗冰性能评价

自升式钻井平台属于典型的柔性结构。由于冰与柔性抗冰结构相互作用的复杂性,长期以来尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。结构抗冰设计中大都是从极端荷载出发,只考虑最大静冰力或最大倾覆力矩是否能推倒平台。基于对渤海辽东湾柔性抗冰平台的多年监测,发现强烈的冰激振动引起平台管节点疲劳失效、上部设施的非正常运行、作业人员不舒适等问题的风险性要远大于极端静冰荷载下结构的整体安全问题。文中基于多年现场冰与结构作用观测及冰荷载的研究成果,提出了柔性抗冰结构设计中应考虑的主要失效模式及评价方法。最后,以渤海某典型自升式钻井平台为例,对其抗冰性能进行评价。该文的研究可为寒区自升式平台的抗冰概念设计提供合理依据。     

冰激自升式钻井平台的动力响应分析

由于冰荷载研究的限制,冰区自升式钻井平台尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。为了合理地开展自升式平台结构的抗冰概念设计与安全评价研究,冰荷载下自升式钻井平台的动力响应分析是十分必要的。该文首先分析该类柔性结构在动冰荷载下的动力特性;其次,结合开展的自升式平台冰荷载模型实验研究,明确带齿条桩腿的自升式平台冰荷载作用形式;最后,对渤海某自升式钻井平台在典型冰况下进行冰振动力响应分析。文中的研究对冰区自升式钻井平台抗冰设计及冰振安全评估提供了合理的参考。     

负压桶型风电基础的抗冰性能

针对负压桶型风电基础的抗冰性能还不明确等问题,以渤海某桶型风电基础为例,采用ANSYS数值模拟的方法,分析该类风电基础在典型冰况下的抗冰效果。结果表明,负压桶型风电基础在极值静冰力及动冰力的作用下均具有良好的抗冰性能。     

渤海某新建升压站平台的抗冰性能分析

为了明确海上升压站平台设计中抗冰设计的合理性,以渤海某新建升压站平台为例,采用有限元数值模拟方法分析典型冰况下升压站平台的抗冰性能,与渤海典型的油气平台对比表明,动冰力下,结构的振动不明显,在极值静冰下结构具有很大的静力安全储备;新设计的升压站平台具有较好的抗冰性能。     

冰区海洋平台结构整体抗力及极值响应的概率统计特性

冰荷载是冰区海洋平台设计的控制荷载,极值冰力直接危害着平台结构整体的安全。文章以渤海辽东湾导管架海洋平台为例,考虑了海洋平台结构抗冰设计的各种不确定性;基于Pushover方法,得到了海洋平台结构的简化力学模型,分析了极值冰荷载下海洋平台结构整体抗力以及极值响应;并且采用K-S检验法,对结构整体抗力及极值冰力响应的概率统计特性进行了分析。结果表明,简化的海洋平台分析模型合理,并且结构抗力参数服从正态分布;而极值冰力下,结构顶点最大位移服从对数正态分布。以上结论可为研究冰区海洋平台整体安全可靠性分析提供参考。     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

渤海单立柱桶型基础平台冰振分析

桶形基础平台是一种新型的海洋结构,由于目前对该结构的研究集中在桶基失效及承载力方面,其抗冰振性能还很模糊。文章基于对渤海单立柱式桶基平台的多年现场监测,发现其冰振加速度响应显著,明显高于导管架平台结构。利用谱分析方法对一实际桶基平台进行了冰振疲劳寿命分析,计算结果表明,关键点疲劳寿命符合规范要求。最后,提出此类结构冰振抑制策略,为其结构抗冰设计提供依据。     

曹妃甸矿石码头一期工程冰荷载研究

结合我国冰荷载研究现状,介绍曹妃甸矿石码头结构抗冰设计研究成果及冰荷载的设计标准和计算方法,以及由此得到的一些体会和启示,供设计人员参考。     

海上测风塔结构冰振响应分析

为明确海冰作用下高耸结构的冰振响应问题,以渤海冰区海域某海上测风塔为例,对比测风塔与渤海导管架平台的动力特性,确立测风塔的冰载荷模型。基于ANSYS软件对测风塔结构在不同冰况下的抗冰性能进行分析,结果表明,冰激稳态振动下,结构的动力放大系数可达6.7;极端工况下,结构上部的振动加速度响应可达2.64g,远大于结构的抗震设防烈度(0.2g)。冰激稳态振动发生时,工作甲板法兰连接处振动加速度显著并且持续时间较长,可能造成法兰松动。该测风塔结构对抗冰性能考虑不足,应采取适当措施避免冰激稳态振动的发生。     

抗冰海洋平台的全寿命优化设计Ⅱ—算法与应用

针对抗冰海洋平台全寿命优化设计模型中的不同类型可靠度分析问题,提出了相应的计算方法,包括冰区导管架平台整体抗力和极值冰力响应的概率统计特性及整体可靠度的高效近似算法,基于首次超越破坏机制的海洋平台冰振动力可靠性分析,基于等效应力幅值近似计算的疲劳寿命分析等。最后,以渤海某抗冰平台为例,实现了全寿命总费用最小的抗冰海洋平台优化设计。结果表明,基于风险的全寿命优化模型比基于规范的静力设计和仅考虑动力的最优设计相比更加合理。     

Research on short-term dynamic ice cases for dynamic analysis of ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf

Jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf are often victims of random ice-induced vibrations. Their design originally did not account for dynamic ice loading on the jacket structures and significant ice-induced vibrations have been observed during winters. So it is urgent to find out as to how to consider the dynamic ice loading in the design stage of an ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf. In this paper, based on the state-of-art developments of dynamic ice load and ice–structure interaction, the authors proposed two different approaches to determine the short-term dynamic ice cases for dynamic analysis of ice-resistant jacket platform in the Bohai Gulf, named as the failure probability-based approach and the expected loss-based approach. Considering the variation of the ice environments and the variability of ice-resistant structure's properties, the random ice spectrum and the pseudo-excitation method (PEM) are employed to improve the efficiency of the procedure. Through finite element method (FEM) modeling of the real ice-resistant jacket platforms in the Bohai Gulf, such as MSW, MUQ and NW, the characteristics of the two proposed approaches have been investigated and compared. This paper provides an open and universal framework to assist designers and owners for determining the short-term dynamic ice cases in the Bohai Gulf, in which more information can be considered in the procedure to update and modify the results if available.     

Dynamic ice loads for offshore wind support structure design

For offshore wind farms which are planned in sub-arctic regions like the Baltic Sea and Bohai Bay, support structure design has to account for load effects from dynamic ice-structure interaction. There is relatively high uncertainty related to dynamic ice loads as little to no load- and response data of offshore wind turbines exposed to drifting ice exists. In the present study the potential for the development of ice-induced vibrations for an offshore wind turbine on monopile foundation is experimentally investigated. The experiments aimed to reproduce at scale the interaction of an idling and operational 14 MW turbine with ice representative of 50-year return period Southern Baltic Sea conditions. A real-time hybrid test setup was used to allow the incorporation of the specific modal properties of an offshore wind turbine at the ice action point, as well as virtual wind loading. The experiments showed that all known regimes of ice-induced vibrations develop depending on the magnitude of the ice drift speed. At low speed this is intermittent crushing and at intermediate speeds is ‘frequency lock-in’ in the second global bending mode of the turbine. For high ice speeds continuous brittle crushing was found. A new finding is the development of an interaction regime with a strongly amplified non-harmonic first-mode response of the structure, combined with higher modes after moments of global ice failure. The regime develops between speeds where intermittent crushing and frequency lock-in in the second global bending mode develop. The development of this regime can be related to the specific modal properties of the wind turbine, for which the second and third global bending mode can be easily excited at the ice action point. Preliminary numerical simulations with a phenomenological ice model coupled to a full wind turbine model show that intermittent crushing and the new regime result in the largest bending moments for a large part of the support structure. Frequency lock-in and continuous brittle crushing result in significantly smaller bending moments throughout the structure.     

海上风力发电机组支撑结构动力响应特性研究

支撑结构设计是大型海上风电机组设计的重要部分。文章分析了海上风电机组的各种环境载荷,并以3MW风力机组为例计算其所受环境载荷,包括作用在支撑结构顶端的由风机叶轮转动引起的水平轴向力、作用在塔筒上的风载荷以及作用在基础上的海流、海浪载荷,并采用非线性弹簧来模拟基础与海底土层之间的相互作用。在考虑风轮影响情况下,利用有限元法对支撑结构进行了模态分析。最后,分析了环境载荷作用下支撑结构的动态响应。计算结果表明,在对海上风力发电机组进行动态响应计算时,环境载荷之间的相互耦合作用不能忽略。     

波浪运动对风机基础结构的动力响应影响

随着海上风电的发展，海上风机基础的动力响应越来越引起人们的关注。在以往的设计中，一般只考虑静态的波浪力，忽略波浪的动力响应，根据静态波浪力来校核基础结构强度。本文以海上固定式三桩钢结构风机基础，江苏沿海潮间带海域的环境条件和地质数据，论述其波浪动力响应对结构的影响。     

基于监测的宽窄抗冰锥体结构判据分析（英文）

Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly related to structure width, sea ice parameters, and clearing modes of broken ice. This paper proposes three clearing modes for broken ice acting on conical structures: complete clearing, temporary ice pile up, and ice pile up. In this paper, sea ice clearing modes and the formation requirements of dynamic ice force are analyzed to explore criteria determining wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures. According to the direct measurement data of typical prototype structures, quantitative criteria of the ratio of a cone width at waterline(D) to sea ice thickness(h) is proposed. If the ratio is less than 30(narrow conical structure), broken ice is completely cleared and a dynamic ice force is produced; however, if the ratio is larger than 50(wide conical structure), the front stacking of broken ice or dynamic ice force will not occur.     

抗冰海洋平台的全寿命优化设计I-理论与模型

文章基于投资—效益准则,建立了抗冰平台全寿命总费用最小的优化设计模型;考虑了多种类型的性能要求(结构、设备、人员),并建立了相关判据;提出了包括结构的初始费用、维修费用和期望损失费用的冰区海洋平台全寿命总费用评估模型;提出了平台结构主要功能的确定及描述方法、相应的功能失效损失值估计模型。     

预应力混凝土风机结构在环境载荷与5兆瓦负载下的三维分析模拟（英文）

A concrete gravity base structure may not be suitable for offshore weak soil because of its heavy weight. Therefore, a conceptual model for a concrete offshore wind turbine structure suitable for weak soils is proposed. The proposed model is composed of a prestressed concrete(PSC) supported by a pile foundation. For a three-dimensional analysis of the large concrete structure, wave pressures based on the diffraction wave theory are developed using a three-dimensional solid finite element method. Static and dynamic analyses were performed to achieve the conceptual model of a PSC structure subjected to ocean environmental loads and a 5-MW turbine load on southwest coast in Korea. From the analysis, the maximum displacement and stresses of the proposed model did not exceed the allowable values from design standard, and the first mode of natural frequency of the structure was in a safe range to avoid resonance. The proposed model has enough structural stability to withstand external loads, and it is expected to be used in locations suitable for concrete gravity structures.