不同加载速率下碱渣K_0固结试验研究

以天津碱厂碱渣为研究对象,进行不同加载速率连续加载方式下完全侧限K_0固结试验,研究连续加载条件下K_0固结过程中碱渣的变化。试验结果表明:加载速率越高,碱渣结构瞬间的破坏程度越大,产生的应变越大,加载速率对初期的沉降和稳定性有明显的影响。不同加载速率下相同的应力对应的应变不同,轴向应力加载速率越大,应变越大,加载阶段完成大部分变形。在轴压作用下孔压上升很快且接近轴压值,试验过程中产生超静孔隙水压力。试验初期,加载速率越大,固结速度越快,排水量越多,稳压阶段不同加载速率的固结速度比较接近。碱渣表面附着强结合水,受颗粒表面引力的控制,碱渣弹性强,黏性高,具有较强的亲水性。     

循环荷载波形变化对天津滨海软土刚度软化特性的影响

为研究循环荷载波形对结构性软土刚度软化的影响,以天津滨海新区天津港保税区海积软土为研究对象,对其施加不同波形、不同幅值的循环荷载。试验结果表明:当循环荷载应力幅值较小时,软土刚度软化速率慢,不同波形循环荷载对软土刚度软化影响差别不大;当循环荷载较大时,软土刚度软化速率加快,荷载波形变化对结构性软土刚度软化速率影响明显,其中方波循环荷载作用下软土刚度软化的速率最大,正弦波次之,三角波最小。通过对比分析不同波形、不同应力幅值荷载作用下软土软化指数衰减曲线,得到综合考虑荷载波形和应力幅值的软化指数经验公式。     

不同加载方式下土石混合体抗压强度的规律性研究

土石混合体的非均匀性决定了其在等应力(柔性)以及等位移(刚性)两种加载方式下的力学性能的不同。基于CDEM软件及块石随机生成算法,分别采用等应力和等位移两种加载方式,对土石混合体的单轴压缩进行了数值分析,得到了不同加载方式下土石混合体单轴抗压强度随含石率的变化曲线。结果表明:1)土石混合体等应力加载的抗压强度较等位移加载的抗压强度低,且随着含石率的增加,两者差异逐渐增大;2)两种加载方式下,土石混合体的单轴抗压强度随着含石率的增加而增加,且含石率超过30%后强度增加速率加快;3)随着含石率的增加,土石混合体的宏观应力应变曲线呈现强化趋势。     

饱和粉土三轴等p应力路径试验特性研究

为了研究粉土结构受力拉伸和压缩演化过程,以饱和粉土为研究对象,采用振动三轴试验系统,进行饱和粉土等p应力路径试验,分析压缩和拉伸试验过程中粉土的变化,揭示受力影响下粉土变化规律及产生原因,探讨各类参数之间的关系,试验结果表明:拉伸试验和压缩试验中相同围压条件下粉土越密实应力峰值越大。同种粉土拉伸或压缩试验,围压越大应力峰值越大。干密度小的粉土拉伸试验和压缩试验孔压开始上升之后趋于平稳且相同粉土同种试验围压越高相同应变对应的孔压越高。干密度大的粉土拉伸试验和压缩试验孔压的曲线都会出现一个峰值且同种试验围压越大相同应变对应的孔压越大。拉伸试验有效应力比小于1,相同围压下粉土结构越密实有效应力比越大。压缩试验有效应力比最大值大于1,有效应力比随应变的增加趋于稳定,干密度大的粉土有效应力比随围压的增大而减小。研究成果可以为饱和粉土分布地区相关工程设计及施工提供试验数据参考。     

循环荷载波形变化对结构性软土变形及能量特性的影响

针对循环荷载波形变化对结构性软土变形的影响,以天津滨海新区临港工业区海积软土为研究对象,对其土样施加不同波形、不同幅值的循环荷载,并对不同波形、不同幅值作用下软土的耗散能发展曲线进行研究,并提出两种发展模式下的结构性软土耗散能的演化方程。结果表明,在考虑荷载波形的情况下,循环荷载幅值较小(30 kPa)时,累积塑性应变发展缓慢,波形变化对塑性应变发展趋势的影响很小;循环荷载较大(40、60、80 kPa)时,累积塑性应变快速增加,方波荷载作用下的累积塑性应变发展最快,正弦波荷载次之,三角波荷载作用下的塑性应变发展最慢。     

长江口软基围堤施工的加载速率效应

针对长江口某围堤施工软土堆载过程中的稳定性问题,进行不同加载模式下的应力路径试验,分析长江口软黏土的应力-应变关系、结构损伤特性、强度及应变率发展模式,为该围堤工程的施工速率选取及施工过程中的稳定性控制提供技术依据。结果表明:在不考虑固结的前提下,土体的不排水抗剪强度几乎不受加载模式影响;最终强度与达到破坏时的应变大小无关,但与分级加载时间和分级静置时间存在相互作用关系;土体失稳时的应变率与加载速率和静置时间均有一定关系,且加载速率的影响更大;当加荷超过不排水抗剪强度的80%时,或分级最大应变率逐渐偏离加载初期的线性变化,土样濒临破坏。     

侧限固结时应力比对粗粒土变形的影响

粗粒土侧限变形特性是量化港口填料在不同荷载作用下沉降的重要依据。基于12组不同应力比侧限固结试验,得出侧限条件下加卸荷次数及应力比对粗粒土应变增量的变化趋势,建立粗粒土应变及塑性应变计算模型,并在二维及三维空间下验证了所建模型合理性。结果表明,堆载应力在土体中存在最大影响深度;当应力比相同时,侧限条件下应变增量及塑性应变增量与增量荷载数值无关。粗粒土受荷载循环作用时应变及塑性应变随应力比增大均呈指数函数变化,且其界限应力比处于2. 124～2. 461。建议在港口施工填筑时对地基上部进行多次强夯加固处理,营运阶段应控制最大堆载量并均匀平铺堆场,以降低填筑区的不均匀沉降量。     

基于GTN损伤模型的Q690钢及其对接接头断裂性能评估

[目的]Q690高强度钢作为半潜式起重拆解平台的特殊部位用钢,评估其焊接接头的断裂强度,是研究平台结构断裂力学行为及运营寿命的基础.[方法]首先,对Q690高强度钢及其对接接头进行轴向拉伸试验,获得对应的应力?应变曲线;然后,基于GTN模型,构建Q690高强度钢及其焊接接头的拉伸断裂曲线方程,其中GTN损伤模型的计算参...     

半潜式平台波浪砰击测试方法与载荷特性研究

本文采用模型试验的方法对半潜式钻井平台受到的水平波浪砰击载荷进行了研究.为了克服模型结构动力响应的影响,试验时设计了专用的测量单元用于监测波浪砰击载荷,并采用小波分析的方法对砰击载荷试验数据进行降噪处理.试验结果表明:半潜式平台水平波浪砰击载荷的发生频率和砰击冲量随有义波高的增加而增加,但砰击载荷幅值则体现了显著的非线性和随机性特征,砰击载荷冲量的随机性和发散性则相对较小;平台立柱与箱型甲板连接处的砰击载荷较大,大多数海况下后立柱砰击频率和砰击载荷幅值比前立柱更高.     

西门子助力大船海工“海洋石油982”钻井平台DP3闭环短路试验一次成功

正西门子DP3闭环动力解决方案成功应用于A5000型深水半潜式钻井平台半潜式平台DP3闭环短路试验一次成功继"蓝鲸1号"和"蓝鲸2号"深水半潜式钻井平台之后的又一成功案例配备了西门子DP3闭环动力解决方案的A5000型"海洋石油982"深水半潜式钻井平台近日顺利完成海上DP3闭环动力控制试验,实现了半潜式平台DP3闭环短路试验的一次成功。该钻井平台由大连船舶重工集团海洋工程有限公司(大船海工)承建,船东为中海     

循环载荷下AH32钢低周疲劳与累积塑性破坏交互作用试验研究

文章对AH32钢在循环载荷下低周疲劳破坏和累积塑性破坏的交互作用进行了试验研究.试验中分析了平均应力、应力幅值及应力比对低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和累积塑性应变的影响.试验结果表明,较大的循环载荷下发生两种失效模式,由裂纹扩展导致的低周疲劳失效和较大的塑性应变导致的累积塑性破坏.在试验结果的基础上,文中提出了考虑低周疲劳破坏和累积塑性破坏交互作用的失效模型,模型结果与试验结果较为吻合,说明其具有一定的可行性.     

基于累积塑性破坏的船体板低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命研究

船体板的总体断裂破坏往往是低周疲劳破坏与累积塑性破坏两种破坏模式耦合作用的结果,故在船体板低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命评估中,其基于累积塑性应变的船体板低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命分析能够更为符合实际地评估船体板的总体断裂承载能力。船体板低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命由宏观可检测裂纹扩展到临界裂纹而发生破坏这段区间的寿命。船体在实际航行中受到多次波浪外载作用而使其进入塑性变形不断累积或不断反复的破坏过程,并最终导致低周疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展而使结构破坏,其破坏形式分别对应于增量塑性变形破坏（或棘轮效应）或交变塑性变形破坏（或低周疲劳）。局部塑性变形的累积会加剧低周疲劳裂纹不断扩展,因而基于累积塑性破坏研究船体板低周疲劳扩展寿命更为合理。文中以船体板单次循环载荷后塑性应变大小为基础,依据累积递增塑性破坏过程及弹塑性理论,计算经过N次变幅循环载荷后船体板累积塑性应变值,结合循环应力—应变曲线获得相应的稳定的迟滞回线,确定裂纹尖端应力应变曲线及确定相关塑性参量并依据选取的断裂判据判定裂纹扩展。建立循环载荷下基于累积递增塑性破坏的船体板低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的计算模型考虑应力比对此裂纹扩展寿命计算模型的影响。由该方法计算出的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命将对正确预估船舶结构的低周疲劳强度从而提高船舶安全性有重要意义。     

Estimation of wind loads on VLFS of semisubmersible type

This paper presents the results of investigation of wind lift force on VLFS of semisubmersible type. In the present study, wind–wave tank experiments on the scale model were also conducted in regular progressive waves. Lift forces and wind pressure were measured as a function of column diameter, unit number, superstructure and wave condition, and divided into time-averaged mean and fluctuating components. The importance of lift force, especially at the leading edge of deck, was verified in the experimental results. The results showed that fluctuation in lift force which was caused by interaction between the wind and wave was significantly large in typhoon conditions. Measured lift forces were linearly related to fluctuation of wind velocity. A lift force model is further proposed for the estimation of lift forces on VLFS of semisubmersible type and the effectiveness of this model was confirmed by the present experimental data.     

Fatigue life prediction of welded ship details

Ship structures are submitted to variable cyclic loading during navigation. The cyclic motion of waves induces variable and complex loadings in the structure, which could generate fatigue damage. Moreover, most of these metallic structures are welded assemblies. This technique generates local stress concentrations at the weld toe, which becomes a critical area regarding fatigue. In previous works, a methodology to predict fatigue life was developed and tested on butt-welded and cruciform joints. The present work focuses on other welded assemblies in order to extend fatigue crack initiation life evaluation to a wider range of ship details. The strategy could be split into two steps. First, a finite element calculation is performed under constant or variable amplitude loadings, in order to analyze the elastic shakedown of the structure. To characterize the material heterogeneity of the welded joint, experimental tests together with micro-hardness measurements, are performed on a simulated heat-affected zone. If there is a shakedown in the structure, a post-treatment is applied to predict the fatigue crack initiation. It is based on a two-scale damage model, initially developed by Lemaitre et al. and again includes the heterogeneity of fatigue properties. To validate this methodology, some experimental tests have been performed on welded assemblies which are typical of shipbuilding applications, using a fatigue machine. These comparisons between experimental and numerical fatigue lives are encouraging.     

Corrosion fatigue load frequency sensitivity analysis

This paper presents experimental assessment of crack growth rates of S355J2+N steel in a corrosion fatigue environment similar to what is experienced on offshore wind farm monopile structures under various cyclic load frequencies in order to assess the effect of cyclic frequency of the applied loading within a frequency range pertinent to the structure. Fatigue crack propagation behaviour in this test programme is evaluated through fatigue tests on six compact tension test specimens in air and in laboratory simulated seawater under free corrosion condition. Fatigue crack lengths were monitored by back face strain (BFS), DCPD and ACPD. A regression model was derived through the BFS method to express strain values as a function of crack length to width ratio. The effectiveness of BFS method is particularly demonstrated in the simulated marine environment. Within the range of test frequencies, crack growth rates in simulated seawater when compared to the equivalent air test revealed environmental reduction factors of 2 and 4 at lower and higher values of stress intensity factors respectively. Significant difference in the results of the seawater test frequencies is discussed.     

畸形波作用下半潜平台运动响应研究

海洋结构物的水动力性能研究对于安全、经济的工程设计至关重要.近年来,由海浪巨大波浪引起的事故越来越多地见诸报道,因此,有必要深入研究波浪尤其是畸形波对结构物产生的载荷及运动响应.海上浮式平台的运动响应与系泊载荷密切相关,而文中的出发点正是研究在何种波浪条件下会引起平台的最大运动响应.通过对一座设计作业水深为500 m的半潜式平台进行频域计算,获得了平台在自由漂浮状态下的响应函数(RAO),并与实验数据进行了比较.通过时域模拟,获得了新年波和"三姐妹"波作用下的平台运动响应,研究了畸形波的存在对于平台运动的影响.此外,还研究了畸形波中最大波峰值及连续大波的出现间隔对平台垂荡和纵摇运动的影响,可为后续研究和工程设计提供参考.     

Numerical investigation on the ultimate strength of stiffened cylindrical shells considering residual stresses and shakedown

In this paper, the effects of residual stresses on the ultimate strength of stiffened cylinders are numerically investigated with an emphasis on shakedown which might occur during the service of these structures. Residual stresses caused by two types of actions, namely, cold bending and welding, are simulated with simplified approaches in numerical analysis. Cold bending stresses are simulated by simulating cold rolling and elastic springback until the desired curvature for cylindrical shell is obtained. Welding is simulated by applying cooling down to a certain temperature on the elements adjacent to stiffener-shell joints to obtain weld-shrinkage with realistic magnitudes. Six small-scale externally pressurized ring-stiffened cylinder models are utilized to evaluate the appropriateness of the method for inclusion of welding residual stresses in numerical analysis by comparing the experimental and numerical results. Ultimate strength analyses are then performed for a reference ring-stiffened cylinder model under radial pressure and stringer-stiffened cylinder under axial loading. To assess the effect of shakedown, after applying cyclic compressive loading to the ring-stiffened cylinder model, the level of stress relief and the change in the ultimate strength are evaluated.     

大开口船波浪载荷长期预报和弯扭强度整船有限元分析

大开口船全船弯扭联合变形与应力的精确计算，必须在整船结构模型上完成。本文以一艘5万吨级大开口船为例，用三维流体动力计算程序进行了波浪随机载荷的长期预报，并在此基础上导出设计波参数组，进而在全船整体结构有限元模型上计算了船体结构在各设计波上的应力分布，并采用嵌入精细舱口角区有限元网络的方法，在整船分析的同时计算出舱口角的应力集中值，获得了船体结构强度的详尽信息。文中阐述了波浪载荷的特点，设计波的确定，浮体完整结构计算的惯性平衡及大开口船的全船计算方法。