基于变传动比的全轮线控转向车辆可拓H∞控制方法研究

为了解决传统固定转向传动比以及鲁棒H_∞控制方法无法很好地改善车辆稳定性的问题,提出全轮线控转向车辆的变传动比和可拓H_∞控制策略。首先,建立八自由度车辆动力学模型和轮胎模型。其次,以车辆方向盘转角和车速为输入信息,基于模糊控制方法设计全轮线控转向车辆的转向传动比,并计算出全轮线控转向车辆的前轮转角。然后,以横摆角速度偏差和偏差微分为特征值,基于可拓控制理论将车辆状态划分为3个区域：经典域、可拓域和非域;在经典域中,采用基于横摆角速度反馈的鲁棒H_∞控制方法,实时获取全轮线控转向车辆的后轮转角;在可拓域和非域中,结合可拓控制和H_∞控制策略,动态调整H_∞控制器的输出信号,在保证控制系统鲁棒性的前提下改善车辆的操纵稳定性。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台和自主研制的全轮线控转向特种消防救援车辆,通过正弦转向、单移线、阶跃转向、双移线等典型工况对所提控制方法进行验证,并以平均绝对误差和均方根误差为评价指标,与无控制和H_∞控制方法进行对比分析。仿真和试验测试结果表明：①变传动比控制方法不仅可以提高车辆低速时的转向灵敏度,也能改善车辆高速时的稳定性;②相比传统鲁棒H_∞控制,可拓H_∞控制策略提高了全轮线控转向车辆的操纵稳定性,改善了车辆全轮线控转向控制系统的鲁棒性。     

线控转向系统的PI~λD~μ控制器研究

根据线控转向系统的功能特点,建立了前轮转向模块动力学方程,基于分数阶微积分理论,提出一种基于分数阶微积分理论的PI~λD~μ控制器。讨论了微、积分阶次对控制系统的影响,并据此建立了可在Matlab/Simulink环境下使用的PI~λD~μ控制器仿真模型。通过对该控制的仿真分析,结果表明该控制器对提高线控转向系统性能的鲁棒性是有效的。     

电控转向系统直流电机实时故障诊断方法

作为电动助力转向系统和线控转向系统执行元件的电动机,其可靠运行对电控转向汽车的行驶安全至关重要.本文中通过建立永磁直流电机模型和运用带有遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法,提出了一种电控转向系统直流电机故障诊断方法.线控转向实车试验验证的结果表明,该方法可准确、实时地诊断直流电机故障,为电控转向系统的容错控制奠定基础.     

轮毂电机驱动车辆线控差动转向的研究

针对轮毂电机驱动电动汽车各轮转矩独立可控且转矩响应迅速精确的特点,进行差动转向的相关研究。首先,构建了线控差动转向系统,并经过等效简化,建立了系统动力学方程。接着,进行了线控差动转向控制系统的设计。以系统模型为基础,以转向齿条位移为闭环控制量,分3步进行非线性控制器控制律的设计。确定转矩分配方案,实现各轮转矩的协调分配。然后,进行了经典工况下的仿真验证,结果表明,线控差动转向能较好地驱动车辆按照驾驶员意愿进行转向,所设计的非线性控制器控制效果良好,且差动转向的介入会影响车辆的稳定性和转向性能。最后,基于NI PXI实时平台和双轮毂电机试验台进行了硬件在环试验,验证了所构建线控差动转向系统的有效性。     

线控转向系统转角反步控制算法研究

为实现商用车线控转向,设计一套新的线控转向系统架构及其转角跟踪控制算法。新的线控转向系统采用丝杠螺母结构中的丝杠直接控制纵拉杆,螺母通过带轮机构被电机驱动。对线控转向系统结构进行运动学分析,推导转向系统可变传动比,采用前轮转角为状态变量,建立线控转向系统二阶动力学模型。基于转角跟踪目标,采用反步控制算法,设计线控转向系统转角跟踪控制器,通过反馈系统线性化处理系统参数不确定和环境干扰问题,实现准确的目标转角跟踪,并建立李雅普诺夫函数,证明了采用反步控制的线控转向系统是渐进稳定的。搭建采用“丝杠螺母+带轮机构”架构的线控转向实车底盘测试台架,选取蛇形和混合工况进行控制算法验证。研究结果表明：与滑模控制算法的测试结果对比可知,反步控制算法绝对平均跟踪误差值降低了71.88%~79.57%,跟踪误差标准偏差值降低了71.32%~78.50%;线控转向系统反步控制转角跟踪算法能够减少系统收敛到原点的时间,抑制系统的抖振,提高车辆线控转向系统转角跟踪的操纵灵活性。     

分布式驱动电动汽车底盘集成控制技术综述

分布式驱动电动汽车可控自由度高、响应速度快、底盘线控集成度高、车辆结构紧凑，是实现先进车辆动力学控制技术的最佳平台。线控转向系统、线控驱动/制动系统、线控悬架系统等线控系统，制动防抱死系统、车道保持系统、自适应巡航系统、变道辅助系统等不同等级的辅助驾驶系统的广泛使用，造成车辆底盘控制中出现冗余及冲突。分布式驱动结构形式为多线控系统及线控系统与辅助驾驶系统间的高效、协同控制带来了更大的可能。基于此，从集成控制策略架构、纵-横向动力学集成控制、横-垂向动力学集成控制、纵-垂向动力学集成控制、纵-横-垂向动力学集成控制、容错控制、分布式驱动智能电动汽车底盘动力学集成控制等方面重点阐述分布式驱动电动汽车底盘集成控制技术的最新进展。通过对文献分析总结可以看出：基于分层式控制架构的分布式驱动电动汽车动力学集成控制是当前研究重点；一体化集成控制目标、高级辅助驾驶系统与底盘控制系统深度融合及个性化集成控制等问题亟待解决。研究成果能为分布式驱动电动汽车底盘高性能集成控制技术发展提供参考。     

基于线控转向的智能驾驶车辆路径跟踪研究

针对搭载线控转向系统的智能驾驶车辆路径跟踪问题,基于汽车动力学仿真软件分析车辆转向特性,推导出横摆角速度对转向盘转角的稳态增益曲线,并获得了仿真稳态增益与理论稳态增益之间的修正系数,以此搭建单点预瞄模型和变角传动比线控转向系统模型。通过预瞄式横向运动控制与线控转向变角传动比控制相结合的方式,完成智能驾驶车辆路径跟踪控制策略的设计,并与搭载固定角传动比线控转向系统的智能驾驶车辆进行仿真对比验证。仿真结果表明,所设计的路径跟踪控制方法具有更高的跟踪精度和行驶稳定性。     

四轮独立转向电动汽车转向控制方法

本文中对四轮独立转向电动汽车的转向控制方法进行研究。首先,基于前轮转向车辆的理想横摆角速度模型,建立四轮独立转向2自由度动力学模型。接着,以四轮侧偏角之和绝对值最小化作为优化目标函数,以质心侧偏角为零和理想横摆角速度作为约束条件,采用线型优化算法求解系统前馈控制器。再以轮胎侧偏角和横摆转矩为输入建立线性控制模型,运用最优区域极点配置方法设计反馈控制器。最后,建立人-车-路闭环仿真系统,分别进行双移线道路仿真实验和对开路面上的行驶仿真实验。结果表明,控制器能根据路面附着情况分配各轮转角,保证车辆跟踪理想状态。实车双移线实验进一步验证了控制器对车辆理想状态良好的跟踪精度。     

基于故障估计的分布式驱动电动汽车容错控制方法

针对分布式驱动电动汽车驱动系统部分失效情况下,传统控制策略难以满足车辆纵、横向力需求且控制性能下降的问题,设计了一种基于故障估计的容错控制方法,讨论了驱动系统失效的情况,并建立了对应的车辆模型。在此基础上建立了用于估计当前失效因子的控制器,根据期望速度和前轮转角计算纵、横向力需求,对车辆剩余的驱动力进行再分配。CarSim/Simulink联合仿真结果表明,驱动系统部分失效时,所设计的容错控制方法能够对车辆的剩余驱动力进行再分配,提升故障车辆的安全性。     

线控转向系统前轮主动转向控制策略研究

文章的研究目的是实现线控转向系统前轮主动转向以改善车辆的行驶状态。文章首先对转向执行模块进行动力学分析,并设计出基于前馈控制的理想传动比;其次,结合理想传动比和状态反馈,建立前馈-反馈联合控制系统,以获得最优的前轮转角;最后,联合Carsim中的车辆模型进行仿真试验,并选取方向盘转角阶跃输入作为试验工况。结果表明,文章所采用的联合控制策略可实时调整前轮转角,有效地改善了车辆的行驶状态,为线控转向系统的研究提供了一定的参考价值。     

Model-independent self-tuning fault-tolerant control method for 4WID EV

To solve the problem of the existing fault-tolerant control system of four-wheel independent drive (4WID) electric vehicles (EV), which relies on fault diagnosis information and has limited response to failure modes, a modelindependent self-tuning fault-tolerant control method is proposed. The method applies model-independent adaptive control theory for the self-tuning active fault-tolerant control of a vehicle system. With the nonlinear properties of the adaptive control, the complex and nonlinear issues of a vehicle system model can be solved. Besides, using the online parameter identification properties, the requirement of accurate diagnosis information is relaxed. No detailed model is required for the controller, thereby simplifying the development of the controller. The system robustness is improved by the error based method, and the error convergence and input-output bounds are proved via stability analysis. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fault-tolerant control method can improve the vehicle safety and enhance the longitudinal and lateral tracking ability under different failure conditions.     

Fault-tolerant braking control with integerated EMBs and regenerative in-wheel motors

This paper presents a fault-tolerant brake torque controller for four-wheel-distributed braking systems with in-wheel motors and Electro-Mechanical Brakes (EMB). Mechanical and electrical faults can degrade the performance of the EMB actuators and, thus, their effects need to be compensated in vehicle dynamics level. In this study, the faults are identified as performance degradation and expressed by the gains of each actuator. Assuming the brake force distribution and the regenerative braking ratios, the over-actuated braking system is simplified into a two-input system. A sliding mode controller is designed to track the driver’s braking and steering commands, even if there exist faults in EMBs. In addition, adaptive schemes are constructed to achieve the fault-tolerant control in braking. The proposed controller and strategies are verified in the EMB HILS (Hardware-in-loop-simulation) unit for various conditions.     

线控双电机转向系统滑模同步控制及其硬件在环仿真

为了满足高等级自动驾驶转向执行机构的高安全性需求，研究一种采用冗余双电机转向执行机构的线控转向系统，针对双电机在转角伺服控制过程中存在的不同步问题，提出一种基于滑模控制的同步控制策略。首先，对采用冗余双电机转向执行机构的线控转向系统进行结构原理的分析，建立线控系统转向执行机构模型和车辆二自由度模型；然后，为实现转向执行机构的转角伺服控制，在位置、速度、电流的三闭环控制策略的基础上设计速度同步控制器。为解决2个转向执行电机运行过程中存在的速度不同步问题，采用滑模控制方法，将2个电机的转速差值作为控制器的输入量，得到双电机电流的补偿量，并将其叠加至双电机的目标电流中。同时，将上述控制策略与传统PID控制进行对比仿真试验，验证了基于滑模同步控制的线控双电机执行器能够更好地协调双电机的转速，实现双电机同步运行。最后，搭建线控转向硬件在环试验台，对所设计的控制策略的有效性进行验证。结果表明：所设计的双电机线控转向系统滑模同步控制策略能够在实现转角伺服控制的同时，减少双电机的速度不同步现象，保证线控转向系统转角伺服的同步性能。     

基于功能安全的分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车可以实现四轮转矩分配和差动转向,提升整车的动力学控制性能和经济性,但是四轮转矩独立可控的特点也对功能安全提出挑战。当前轮单侧电机出现执行器故障失效情况时,不仅会产生附加横摆力矩降低车辆安全性,差动转向功能的存在还会使车辆严重偏航。基于此,在设计分布式驱动-线控转向一体化底盘的基础上,基于功能安全提出一种分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制策略。首先建立分布式驱动失效动力学模型,分析前轮失效对车辆状态的影响机理,发现单一的驱动转矩截断控制无法满足车辆状态修正需求;其次设计一套备用的线控转向结构,通过变截距滑模控制算法提高切换状态下线控转向系统的转角跟踪性能,并用台架试验验证跟踪的准确性;然后设计自适应失效诊断观测器实时诊断驱动系统的电机故障,在将对应轮进行驱动转矩截断后,通过模型预测控制算法对车轮转矩重新分配实现纵向和侧向的状态跟踪;最后通过仿真和实车试验验证所提失效补偿控制策略的有效性和可用性。研究结果表明：分布式驱动电动汽车前轮单侧电机失效后,备用的线控转向系统能及时矫正前轮转角,所提出的失效补偿控制策略能够快速恢复车辆的稳定性和路径跟踪能力。     

汽车电子控制系统快速开发

车辆动力学仿真软件提供控制算法离线仿真平台,车辆模型、传感器、快速开发系统、零部件和控制系统硬件构成硬件和环试验平行,动力传动系和制动系、测功机及其控制器和控制系统硬件组成测功机硬件在环试验台,而车载开发平台包括样车、数据采集系统、传感器和控制系统硬件。在完成控制原型快速开发的基础上,完成基于目标控制器的控制系统快速开发。实例表明：上述开发流程大大缩短了开发周期。     

Application of observer-based fault detection in vehicle roll control

This paper describes how observer-based techniques for intelligent fault detection were applied to monitoring an active suspension control system in an experimental articulated heavy vehicle. The aim was to define a practical method for detecting faults, taking into account the nonlinearities of the vehicle. The experimental vehicle was divided conceptually into subsystems, namely the passive dynamics of the trailer, the dynamics of the hydraulic actuators, and the expected response of the closed-loop system. A linear dynamic model was designed for each subsystem. A fault detection observer was then designed for each dynamic model. The observer feedback gains were chosen to optimise estimation by the observer residual of specified errors on the output measurements. The observer residuals were then normalised and combined logically to provide a fault diagnosis. The performance of the fault detection scheme is demonstrated in the case of sensor faults and changes in the operation of the active control system.     

基于LabVIEW RT的硬件在环仿真

利用实时仿真环境LabVIEW RT,构建了包括整车转向盘转角、油门、制动物理信号的硬件在环仿真系统.采用实时车辆动力学软件CarSim RT建立了车辆模型,并利用所搭建的试验台架进行了HIL仿真.结果表明,利用LabVIEW RT和CarSim RT能快速搭建面向整车开发的HIL系统,所建系统性价比高,而且有很好的实时性和扩展性.     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant controller synthesis for a steer-by-wire vehicle using independently driven wheels

In this paper, a synthesis method for a reconfigurable fault-tolerant control system for use in a steer-by-wire vehicle is proposed. The vehicle considered in this paper is also assumed to have independently driven wheels. The control objective in this work is to enable the vehicle yaw rate to track the reference signal even when the steering actuator breaks down. Since the vehicle yaw rate can be controlled with either the front wheel turn angle or the yaw moment generated by the independently driven wheels, this system has actuator redundancy. We attempt to design a control system that manages this actuator redundancy so that the performance degradation due to the actuator failure is minimised. We utilise a control allocator based on on-line optimisation for managing the actuator redundancy. The fault-tolerant control system with a control allocator has several excellent properties. For example, the method can handle various failure situations. Also, since the control allocation problem is reduced to a convex quadratic programming problem, the on-line computational effort is relatively little. However, so far, it has been unclear whether the stability of the control system with the control allocator is guaranteed when the actuator failure occurs. Therefore, we propose a design method of a fault-tolerant controller based on on-line optimisation that guarantees the stability of the overall system. The effectiveness of the method is established through numerical examples.     

Fault tolerant nonlinear control with applications to an automated transit bus

This paper presents an integrated structure for a passive and active fault tolerant control (FTC) design approach in the framework of a robust nonlinear control technique called Dynamic Surface Control (DSC). As motivated by the automated vehicle application, we consider two categories of possible faults: pre-specified (a priori) and non-specified faults. It is first shown that DSC can be considered as a passive FTC approach in the sense that it gives simultaneous robust stability to a set of nonlinear systems even in the presence of model uncertainties and the pre-specified faults. Then, the non-specified fault is classified depending on the fault’s impact on the closed-loop system and isolatability from a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) system. If a fault is both intolerable and isolatable, an active FTC approach is taken which includes FDD and controller reconfiguration. More specifically, trajectory reconfiguration is considered to accommodate the actuator fault, i.e., to compensate for the performance loss due to the fault within the framework of a switched hierarchical structure. Finally, the integrated structure for the longitudinal control of an automated transit bus is designed through the proposed method. Simulation results of the fault tolerant controller are shown for both single and multiple multiplicative faults. This controller was implemented on the California PATH transit buses in a demonstration of automated public transportation technology in San Diego, California in August of 2003.     

分布式驱动电动汽车动力学集成控制研究进展及趋势

分布式驱动电动汽车具有四轮可独立控制和响应速度快等突出优势，对增强车辆操纵稳定性、安全性和经济性具有重要的意义。但车辆是一个非线性、强耦合的系统，需研究解决各个控制器相互耦合、过驱动系统复杂性和不确定性等核心问题，这依赖于多维 （纵向、横向和垂向） 集成控制模式和容错控制。对现有研究进行分类和总结，从传统单一维度控制到多维集成控制，综述分布式驱动电动汽车的关键技术和发展现状，重点归纳了汽车动力学集成控制的多层结构及其应用，特别是集成了纵向-横向-垂向动力学的综合控制。最后对分布式驱动电动汽车动力学控制系统所面临的挑战提出了一些建议。