交通违法监控对职业与非职业驾驶人的心理及行为影响调查分析

为了发现交通违法监控对职业与非职业驾驶人的心理及行为的不同影响,采用问卷调查方法,获得321份关于这2类驾驶人在有无交通违法监控下的驾驶心理与驾驶行为选择、对安装交通违法监控的态度等11个题目的数据,对其进行了卡方分析和配对样本t检验.结果表明,非职业驾驶人与职业驾驶人通过有监控和无监控2种交叉口时的心理存在不同;交通违法监控对非职业驾驶人的影响大于职业驾驶人,无交通违法监控下,非职业驾驶人的冒险行为倾向大于职业驾驶人冒险行为倾向;非职业驾驶人在无监控交叉口与有监控交叉口驾驶行为有显著性差异;职业驾驶人在无监控交叉口与有监控交叉口驾驶行为选择差异不显著;无论是非职业驾驶人还是职业驾驶人,大多数都支持和认可安装交通违法监控.      

老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节研究述评

随着社会人口老龄化的发展,老年驾驶人的占比逐年增加,提升老年人的驾驶安全性对于其安全自主出行和公共交通安全均具有重要意义。驾驶自我调节是老年驾驶人为适应身体、认知功能变化而对驾驶行为做出的主动调整,是其提升驾驶安全性、延长驾驶生命和维持自主行动能力的有效补偿策略。通过对已有关于老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节研究进行系统回顾,介绍了老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节行为的定义及其表现,归纳分析了其驾驶自我调节行为的影响因素及产生机制,在此基础上总结了现有研究的局限,并指出了未来进一步研究的主要思路和方向。对文献的梳理和分析表明：老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节包括减少驾驶频率和回避具有挑战性的驾驶情境2种主要形式,并可分为策略性、战术性和生活目标性自我调节3种不同的层次水平;驾驶自我调节是一个复杂的过程,社会人口因素、生理健康和功能状况、心理因素等均可对其产生影响;驾驶自我调节的产生机制可以被概括为是个体从认知到态度改变,再到形成调节行为意向,直至最终发生驾驶行为改变的动态决策过程。未来对老年驾驶人的驾驶自我调节行为研究应更进一步将客观驾驶行为数据、医疗机构数据与驾驶人主观自我报告相结合,适当开展追踪研究,考察驾驶自我调节行为随年龄的发展变化趋势,深入探究驾驶自我调节的产生机制及其在降低事故发生和提升驾驶安全性方面的作用。     

攻击性驾驶行为选择模型及影响因素敏感度分析

基于行为学理论和非集计方法,以160名驾驶人为研究对象,确定了影响驾驶人攻击性驾驶行为选择的影响因素变量及取值方法,建立了攻击性驾驶行为选择模型（多项Logit模型）。运用弹性值理论进行各变量对攻击性驾驶选择行为的影响程度与过程敏感度分析;最后选取58名驾驶人的驾驶行为数据进行计算,验证模型的有效性。结果表明：驾驶人人格和其他车辆违法情况2个因素对驾驶人攻击性驾驶行为影响较大,起决定性作用;该模型计算值与量表判定值相对误差在10%左右,模型精度可满足实际使用要求。     

中国危险品车辆驾驶人驾驶行为影响因素分析

为探索中国危险品车辆驾驶人风险驾驶行为影响因素以及与小车驾驶人的差异性,采集50名男性危险品车辆驾驶人的DBQ问卷、PDBS问卷、DSI问卷、DAIS问卷、驾驶人基本信息问卷数据.借助Spearman相关性分析方法探索问卷中各变量的相关性,使用Mann-Whitney检验不同年龄、驾龄、攻击性、积极性4个维度在DBQ和DSI上的差异性.结果表明,相对于年龄,驾龄对驾驶技能的影响程度较小.年轻男性危险品车辆驾驶人的平均驾驶经验虽不如中年驾驶人,但行车更为谨慎,安全技能水平相对较高.与小车驾驶人不同,危险品车辆驾驶人的驾驶技能、异常驾驶行为与积极性没有明显相关性.攻击性行为频率较高的驾驶人出现违规操作、错误行为、失误行为的频率要高于低频组.利用Logistic二元回归分析建立了驾驶人攻击性预测模型,研究表明,限速50 km/h城区道路倾向行驶速度、违规操作总分、过去3年主动事故数可以作为驾驶人攻击性强弱预测模型的输入变量,依次输入模型后,模型卡方值改进为10.513,11.529,14.566,预测正确率依次为76.10%,80.40%,87.00%.整体模型Hosmer-Lemeshow检验值为4.415,最终驾驶人攻击性预测模型的预测正确率为87.00%.      

驾驶人心理因素对其风险驾驶行为的影响

探讨驾驶人内源性心理因素(人格、认知胶情绪)及外源性心理因素(压力与职业倦怠)对其风险驾驶行为的影响,以为促进驾驶员安全驾驶行为干预提供实证依据。本研究对214例驾驶人进行问卷调查。调查内容包括研究对象一般信息,研究对象的冲动性人格,愤怒认知、焦虑抑郁情绪及压力和职业倦怠等心理学变量对驾驶人风险驾驶行为的影响。研究结果表明,研究对象冲动性人格,愤怒认知,抑郁、焦虑情绪及压力和职业倦怠等变量均与风险驾驶行为呈显著正相关,其中运动冲动人格,躯体攻击想法,焦虑,压力及职业倦怠为等因素可显著预测驾驶人风险驾驶行为。驾驶人培训与交通安全教育应包括提升驾驶员对自我与驾驶行为相关性的认知,并加强认知行为干预。     

基于驾驶模拟器的性别对信控铁路道口抵近行为的影响研究

为了分析不同性别驾驶人抵近信号灯控制铁路道口的驾驶行为特性,设计了5个具有不同红灯触发时距的信号灯控制铁路道口的虚拟场景,并进行了驾驶模拟试验,采集24名男性驾驶人和20名女性驾驶人抵近道口的微观驾驶行为数据。基于时空特性将抵近行为划分为月白灯期间、红灯进入时刻、红灯期间3个阶段,利用混合线性模型和二元Logistics线性回归模型对比分析了2组驾驶人抵近道口的制动行为、加速行为和闯红灯行为特性,并探索性别与信号灯控制铁路道口抵近行为的相关关系。结果表明：男性驾驶人更倾向于在月白灯期间提前制动,其提前制动率是女性驾驶人的1.57倍;男性驾驶人在红灯进入时刻和红灯期间的车辆操控行为特性与女性驾驶人无显著性差异;男性驾驶人的总体违法率是女性驾驶人的1.5倍,尤其在红灯触发时距较大（4~6 s）时,女性驾驶人几乎无人违法,而男性驾驶人在3个场景下的违法率仍然达到25.0%、12.5%和16.7%;男性驾驶人闯红灯的严重性更高,驾驶风格更加冒险激进;另外,驾驶人闯红灯行为还受红灯进入时刻位置、制动时刻位置和加速时刻位置显著影响,说明驾驶人在走停决策的制定上更依赖于物理空间位置,与车辆运行速度和驾驶人反应能力无关。研究结果可应用于铁路道口安全管理与防护对策设计。     

驾驶模拟环境中激进驾驶行为的影响因素分析

为了分析驾驶人在驾驶模拟试验过程中出现的相对实际驾驶的激进驾驶行为的影响因素,采用计划行为理论构建心理认知模型。基于计划行为理论设计问卷调查私家车驾驶人对"在驾驶模拟过程中激进驾驶"行为的信念、态度、主观规范、行为感知控制、意向与行为。采用结构方程模型得到观察变量与基本构念以及基本构念内部的相关关系,并最终分析得到影响驾驶人激进驾驶行为的主要因素。通过先导性调查问卷以及正式调查问卷的投放,最终得到217个有效的样本。研究结果表明：心理认知模型具有良好的适配性,其卡方自由度比为1.802,RMSEA值为0.062;态度、行为感知控制是影响驾驶人行为的主要因素,主观规范对行为的影响相对较小;各信念与对应的态度、主观规范及行为感知控制之间存在显著关联,各信念的测量模型的适配性良好,卡方自由度比、RMSEA等指标基本满足要求。采用完整的计划行为理论结构同时从标准获取构念和自行获取构念的角度解释了驾驶人对"在驾驶模拟过程中激进驾驶"行为的心理认知,研究成果可用于驾驶模拟-自然驾驶行为数据差异性控制,驾驶模拟试验规范化方法构建。     

城市交叉口车路网联信息对青年驾驶人驾驶行为的影响分析

基于驾驶模拟器设计了城市道路信号和无信号交叉口场景下的模拟驾驶实验,研究网联信息的存在和内容对青年驾驶人工作负荷和操纵行为的影响.实验共包括被试26人,均为22～30岁的青年驾驶人.结果表明:对无信号交叉口(区分次干路直行车辆和主路对向左转车辆)或信号交叉口红灯时间即将结束时,网联信息可以显著降低青年驾驶人的工作负荷,...     

驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响

为了揭示驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响规律,进而提取表征驾驶风格的特征参数,对不同风格驾驶人在感知层和操作层的驾驶行为数据进行了量化分析。首先,基于驾驶行为问卷对18名中国非职业驾驶人进行了驾驶风格问卷调查,并采用主成分分析、K-均值聚类等方法将被试驾驶人分为谨慎型、正常型和激进型3种类型。接着,被试驾驶人在搭载了SmartEye眼动仪的驾驶模拟器上开展了高速公路行车环境下的驾驶试验,同步采集了感知层的视觉特性参数和操作层的驾驶绩效参数,并采用判断抽样的方式将驾驶样本按照驾驶风格和驾驶模式（换道意图和车道保持）进行了划分,共选取了810组有效样本。最后,采用方差分析法分析了不同风格驾驶人在不同驾驶模式下的注视行为、扫视行为、横向控制特性、纵向控制特性方面相关参数的差异显著性,并提取了不同风格间存在显著差异的参数作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。研究结果表明：驾驶风格越激进,驾驶人对周围环境关注越少,对车辆的横向控制稳定性越差,急加速和急减速行为发生的频次越高;不同风格驾驶人在意图时窗内对后视镜的注视次数（p=0.002）、方向盘转角熵值（p=0.04）、加速踏板开度（p=0.01）、制动踏板开度（p=0.02）这4个参数的差异均较为显著,因此可作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。     

城市交通“灰色违规”驾驶行为初探

在城市道路交通系统中,驾驶人在有限交通管理资源难以兼顾的重点领域之外的“灰色地带”,违反国家交通法规的驾驶行为,称为城市交通“灰色违规”驾驶行为.“灰色违规”驾驶行为已成为影响交通安全的重要因素,对其进行剖析具有重要意义.文中对“灰色违规”驾驶行为内涵进行界定,通过调查问卷分析提出应对”灰色违规”驾驶行为的对策框架.以国内外不同城市及不同车型的随意变更车道为案例,研究结果表明:随意变更车道行为的发生与车辆类型与道路交通状况关系密切,并且,该行为严重妨碍城市道路交通运行秩序,影响道路通行效率,降低道路交通安全水平.因此,建议我国在实施严格交通执法的同时,完善违规驾驶行为的科学应对体系,有效构建我国的安全教育体系.     

Investigating the attitudes of Egyptian drivers toward traffic safety

One of the main pillars for improving road safety in any country is a good understanding of traffic safety culture and the driving behavior of local drivers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether Egyptian drivers differ in traffic safety attitudes and level of acceptance of risky driving behavior. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the driving cognition of the participants. An exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the number of factors that differentiated the three types of drivers. Then a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the drivers with similar patterns of scores on the factors into clusters. Three driver clusters emerged: The drivers in cluster 1 were “drivers who rigidly followed regulations” (51.7%). The drivers in cluster 2 were “drivers who violated safety precautions” (23.3%). The drivers in cluster 3 were “drivers who had a tendency to violate regulations” (25.0%). A similarity between the social norms and personal attitudes of drivers was found. This can be explained by the high social norm of violating traffic laws, which can lead to more drivers accepting violations. The majority of the older drivers and drivers with no violations or traffic accident on their record in the past 2 years were in cluster 1. Cluster 2 had the highest proportion of young drivers who wore their seat belts and used hands-free phones while driving. Cluster 3 drivers accepted very dangerous violations, such as texting while driving, driving while intoxicated, and driving at very high speeds. They reported significantly more traffic accidents, but no more violations than the other two clusters. The results of this study can be used to improve road safety programs for education and enforcement in Egypt.     

Impact of driving style,behaviour and anger on crash involvement among Iranian intercity bus drivers

In developing countries such as Iran, due to the inadequate infrastructure for rail and air transportation facilities, intercity buses are the most common type of transportation for long distances. Because of the long hours of driving, bus driving is considered a challenging job. Moreover, given the high capacity of these vehicles, a small error from the driver could endanger many passengers' health. So, studying drivers' behaviours can be a key factor in decreasing the risk factors of crash involvement in these drivers. However, few studies have focused on intercity bus drivers' behaviours. This research uses a sample of 254 professional drivers that answered a self-report questionnaire on driving style (MDSI), driving behaviour (DBQ), and driving anger (DAS). A structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to investigate the psychometric properties of these questionnaires. The results show a positive correlation between maladaptive driving styles and driving behaviour, and a negative correlation between adaptive styles and driving behaviour. Significant differences are observed among drivers with and without crash history on their maladaptive driving styles and their driving anger scale. A binary logistic regression model is also developed to predict traffic crashes as a function of driving misbehaviour. The results suggest that factors related to driving anger are the main factors that increase the probability of misbehaviour and traffic crashes. The results also suggest that driving style and driving behaviour significantly predict crash risk among bus drivers. Aggressive driving is associated with an increased probability of crash involvement among intercity bus drivers. The findings can be used to inform the health promotion policies and provide regular interventions designed to improve driving safety among intercity bus drivers.     

Modeling effects of driver safety attitudes on traffic violations in China using the theory of planned behavior

Traffic violations are recognized as one of the main causes of traffic accidents and have been found to be closely associated with driver attitudes toward traffic safety. In this study, a modified theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to model the effects of driver safety attitudes on traffic violations, based on a questionnaire survey of 1505 drivers in China. In light of the strong correlations between the observed items, the items of the TPB components were grouped into several parcels, using an item-parceling method. Parcel-based structural equation modeling was then used to operationalize the modified TPB. The results indicate that the proposed model can accurately predict the occurrence of traffic violations based on the observed items related to driver traffic safety attitudes. It was found that driver attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control significantly affect traffic violations. For predicting traffic violations, driver attitudes toward traffic safety policies had the greatest influence, followed by driver attitudes toward risky driving behaviors and the attitudes of others toward risky driving behaviors. Finally, suggestions on traffic enforcement and education to reduce traffic violations are proposed based on the results.     

在城市立交工程设计中引入“人因工程学”理念

该文介绍了"人因工程学"的内涵,阐述了将"人因工程学"引入城市立交工程设计的意义,并通过对驾驶员行驶立交时的心理特征分析,论述了引入"人因工程学"理念,对构建人、车、立交相协调、和谐的交通环境的必要性。     

基于交通标志信息量的驾驶负荷加载有效性研究

过高的驾驶负荷是导致驾驶绩效受损和交通事故的重要原因,因此驾驶行为和交通安全研究中需要采用适当的负荷加载形式;通过试验分析不同信息量的交通标志对驾驶人认知负荷的影响规律,验证交通标志信息量对负荷加载的有效性。基于不同信息量的交通标志,对驾驶人的驾驶负荷进行试验验证。招募44名被试在静态控制环境下进行交通标志认知试验,采用信息理论对交通标志信息量进行量化计算,用不同信息量的交通标志进行认知负荷加载,采集被试对每个标志的主观负荷评价及反应时间。试验结果表明：主观驾驶负荷与交通标志信息量有高度相关性,反应时间随着信息等级的增加而增加;而驾驶人性别和驾驶经验对交通标志视认反应时间和主观驾驶负荷量化没有显著影响,这说明在驾驶试验中,交通标志信息量可以用于驾驶试验中的认知负荷的加载,而这种负荷的加载对于驾驶人的性别和驾驶经验是无差别的。该研究更多地考虑了驾驶人的认知特性,研究成果可用于驾驶负荷试验的次任务加载,帮助进行交通安全理论研究。     

北京市驾驶行为与影响因素分析

研究北京市驾驶行为的特征及其影响因素。对曼彻斯特驾驶行为问卷进行修订,考虑多种因素对驾驶行为的影响,对135名北京市汽车驾驶者进行问卷调查。经因子分析,得到5个驾驶行为因子分别是＂错误＂、＂失误＂、＂非故意违规＂、＂故意违规＂和＂过激行为＂,符合预期的因子结构。对驾驶行为的各类影响因素进行方差分析,结果表明与驾驶行为紧密相关的影响因素主要是驾驶者的自我评价和态度,如驾驶者对自己是否易受情绪影响的评价和对交通法规的态度等。驾驶培训经历,包括驾驶培训的地点和驾驶培训的时间跨度,也对驾驶行为存在一定影响。性别、年龄等其他因素对驾驶行为的影响相对较小。与西方男家相比,中国汽车化历史较短,驾驶行为具有不同的特点。     

An international comparative study on driving attitudes and behaviors based on questionnaire surveys

Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are influenced by a driver's awareness and attitude toward road safety, as well as the socio-economic status, infrastructure development level, traffic status, social system, and traffic safety culture of the area to which the driver belongs. In this study, based on the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in seven countries, the characteristics of each country concerning tolerance for traffic violations, dangerous driving, and acceptance for road safety measures were studied. It was suggested that a high tolerance for traffic violations and dangerous driving might affect traffic violations and RTCs in each country. Additionally, to reduce the tolerance for traffic violations and dangerous driving, the promotion of road safety education, especially among young and male drivers, and stricter regulations and enforcement were suggested.