基于事故数据挖掘的乘用车追尾卡车 AEB测试规程研究

基于未来出行交通事故场景研究数据库中的乘用车追尾卡车事故,分析并提出了以卡车为目标物的乘用车自动 紧急制动系统的典型测试工况。采用K-means聚类算法得出可代表实际卡车的目标物颜色,基于事故数据分析提取卡车 目标物尾部特征参数,设计并制作了一种新型的具有与真实车辆反射特性和机器视觉识别特性接近的重型厢式卡车目标 物。卡车目标物静止,测试车辆分别以45、50、55、60 km/h的速度进行100%重叠自动紧急制动系统测试,验证了该目 标物的可行性和有效性。可为车辆主动安全相关标准法规研究提供数据支撑,推动车辆主动安全测试技术的发展。     

大型载货汽车被动安全性的特点及改进措施

大型载货汽车造成的人员死亡仅次于小型客车，工货汽车在交通事故中造成对方伤害的主要因素是：大载货汽车车架结构离地高度大，在前、后方造成轿车钻入碰撞、侧面造成展压，大型载货汽车的质量远大于轿车；与轿车时导致碰撞相容性问题，前、后下部防护装置能有效地防止轿车钻入，合理的能量吸收特性可改善载货汽车与轿车的碰撞相容性。中用交通事故统计数说明载货汽车被动安全性的重要性，深入分析载货汽车被动安全性的特点，最后介绍了改进载货汽车被动安全性的措施。     

Heavy vehicle pitch dynamics and suspension tuning. Part I: unconnected suspension

The influence of suspension tuning of passenger cars on bounce and pitch ride performance has been explored in a number of studies, while only minimal efforts have been made for establishing similar rules for heavy vehicles. This study aims to explore pitch dynamics and suspension tunings of a two-axle heavy vehicle with unconnected suspension, which could also provide valuable information for heavy vehicles with coupled suspensions. Based on a generalised pitch-plane model of a two-axle heavy vehicle integrating either unconnected or coupled suspension, three dimensionless measures of suspension properties are defined and analysed—namely the pitch margin (PM), pitch stiffness ratio (PSR), and coupled pitch stiffness ratio (CPSR)—for different unconnected suspension tunings and load conditions. Dynamic responses of the vehicle with three different load conditions and five different tunings of the unconnected suspension are obtained under excitations arising from three different random road roughness conditions and a wide range of driving speeds, and braking manoeuvres. The responses are evaluated in terms of performance measures related to vertical and pitch ride, dynamic tyre load, suspension travel, and pitch-attitude control characteristics of the vehicle. Fundamental relationships between the vehicle responses and the proposed suspension measures (PM, PSR, and CPSR) are established, based on which some basic suspension tuning rules for heavy vehicles with unconnected suspensions are also proposed.     

Proposal for Testing and Rating of Traction and Stability Control Systems

Function and object of existing control systems for traction and stability are described. The problem of rating and objective evaluation of the influence of such slip control systems on vehicle dynamics is demonstrated. Closed-loop manoeuvres with subjective assessment and open-loop tests with measured data are shown. Analysis of correlation results in characteristic values which allow assessment of dynamic performance of slip control systems. Tests on natural and synthetic μ-low road surface with two passenger cars, equipped with different slip control systems, demonstrate the objective test method and show their results.     

动态交通分配中一种多模式动态决定式点排队模型及其特性分析

提出了一个可应用于动态交通分配中的多模式决定式点排队模型。模型中不同的交通模式(如小汽车、卡车和公交车等)由于车辆特性以及长度的差异在路网中将分别具有不同的行驶特性。为了能够反映不同模式车辆在路段上的相互作用,将单模式点排队模型扩展为多模式点排队模式。并对这个模型的相关特性进行了研究,如:反映不同模式车辆在路段上的速度收敛特性,在路段上每一模式车辆的先入先出特性(FIFO)以及路段上不同模式车辆的因果特性。     

基于非参数假设检验的高速公路车辆分类研究

为获得高速公路车辆分类的量化方法,根据典型测点的各车型轴载谱数据,归纳了高速公路的主要车型,并研究了高速公路车辆分类方法。采用2个独立样本的非参数假设检验,研究了客车与各型货车前轴及单后轴的称重数据是否来自同一总体,在此基础上,采用多个独立样本的非参数假设检验方法研究了各型货车间相同轴型的称重数据是否来自同一总体。研究表明,各型货车力学特性接近,属于同一大类型;而客车与货车的力学特性差异明显,因此可将客车与货车划分为两大类型。非参数假设检验方法为高速公路车辆划分提供了量化的依据。     

Velocity and normal tyre force estimation for heavy trucks based on vehicle dynamic simulation considering the road slope angle

A precise estimation of vehicle velocities can be valuable for improving the performance of the vehicle dynamics control (VDC) system and this estimation relies heavily upon the accuracy of longitudinal and lateral tyre force calculation governed by the prediction of normal tyre forces. This paper presents a computational method based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) method to estimate both longitudinal and lateral velocities and develops a novel quasi-stationary method to predict normal tyre forces of heavy trucks on a sloping road. The vehicle dynamic model is constructed with a planar dynamic model combined with the Pacejka tyre model. The novel quasi-stationary method for predicting normal tyre forces is able to characterise the typical chassis configuration of the heavy trucks. The validation is conducted through comparing the predicted results with those simulated by the TruckSim and it has a good agreement between these results without compromising the convergence speed and stability.     

Influence of unsteady aerodynamics on driving dynamics of passenger cars

Recent approaches towards numerical investigations with computational fluid dynamics methods on unsteady aerodynamic loads of passenger cars identified major differences compared with steady-state aerodynamic excitations. Furthermore, innovative vehicle concepts such as electric-vehicles or hybrid drives further challenge the basic layout of passenger cars. Therefore, the relevance of unsteady aerodynamic loads on cross-wind stability of changing basic vehicle architectures should be analysed. In order to assure and improve handling and ride characteristics at high velocity of the actual range of vehicle layouts, the influence of unsteady excitations on the vehicle response was investigated. For this purpose, a simulation of the vehicle dynamics through multi-body simulation was used. The impact of certain unsteady aerodynamic load characteristics on the vehicle response was quantified and key factors were identified. Through a series of driving simulator tests, the identified differences in the vehicle response were evaluated regarding their significance on the subjective driver perception of cross-wind stability. Relevant criteria for the subjective driver assessment of the vehicle response were identified. As a consequence, a design method for the basic layout of passenger cars and chassis towards unsteady aerodynamic excitations was defined.     

山区双车道公路路线设计车型分类标准

为研究建立公路路线设计标准车型,通过对西部山区双车道公路的实地交通调查,并结合我国在用车型统计,建立了各类营运车辆车型参数数据库;在详细统计分析现有车型的尺寸、载质量和功率质量比分布规律的基础上,以满足85%的车型外廓尺寸和载质量为标准,采用双因素聚类分析方法对各种车型的功率质量比进行聚类分层计算,根据外廓尺寸相近的原则进行归并后,提出了山区公路路线设计车型的小型车、大型车外廓尺寸分类标准。在此分类基础上,研究了用于公路纵断面设计的载重汽车动力性能标准,通过大量实地观测资料和统计分析,提出了载重汽车上坡动力性能曲线,建立了速度折减量与坡度、坡长之间的关系曲线,以速度折减量作为公路纵坡和坡长的设计关键指标。     

Possibilities to improve the ride and handling performance of delivery trucks by modern mechatronic systems

The ride and handling qualities of conventional delivery trucks are wores compared to modern passenger cars. However this vehicles have the power to drive as fast as passenger cars. Vehicle comfort and driving safety are mostly influenced by vertical accelerations and vehicle movements caused by pitch and roll motions. In the paper “Vehicle Dynamics with Adaptive or Semi-Active Suspension Systems – Demands on Software and Hardware” Wallentowitz and Ridlich have shown at AVEC'94 in which way tyre stiffness, shock absorber characteristics, spring stiffness and unsprung mass have an influence on vehicle comfort and active safety. They achieved these results by the theoretical analysis of a quarter-vehicle-model. Their examinations are extended in this paper on the model of a complete delivery truck. By the use of the multibody-simulation tool SIMPACK the road performance of a delivery truck will be analysed. Therefore a complex model of the vehicle has been built up in SIMPACK. Several computer simulations have been carried out to analyse the vehicle comfort and handling characteristics in different standard driving manoeuvres.Furthermore, the potential of improvements is shown by simulating different driving manoeuvres with the complete vehicle model by varying some vehicle characteristics such as tyre stiffness, shock absorber characteristics, spring stiffness and unsprung mass.In addition to that, simulations with models of unconventional spring- and damper-systems have been carried out to demonstrate the potential of improvements by the use of these systems. Two different controller algorithms for a semiactive and an active suspension system have been used an will be compared in this paper.     

重型卡车重要噪声源分析与降噪方法研究

介绍了国内外重型卡车通过噪声限值的发展过程,讨论了国内重型卡车通过噪声主要声源及主要降噪措施,并通过具体工程实例对分析结果进行了验证,试验证明本文所采取的重型汽车通过噪声降噪措施是有效的,为国内重型卡车的降噪提供了技术方案,最后建议国内重型卡车应在开发初期注重噪声性能的开发.     

Identifying multiclass vehicles using global positioning system data

It has been previously evidenced that global positioning system (GPS) data can be used to distinguish passenger cars from delivery trucks. In this paper, a machine learning approach is proposed to use GPS data to identify multiclass vehicles, including passenger cars, single unit trucks, and multi-trailer trucks. The method is acceleration and deceleration-based since it considers the variations of acceleration and deceleration as the most effective features to classify vehicles. The overall classification result for the three vehicle classes is about 75%. The major challenge is to distinguish single unit trucks from multitrailer trucks due to their somewhat similar mobility patterns. The paper also explores the impacts of GPS sampling frequency on vehicle classification. It is found that the proposed multiclass vehicle classification can be reasonably conducted if the data are collected frequently enough (i.e., every five seconds or more frequently) to capture the major acceleration and deceleration processes. The proposed method can be considered as a low-cost and non-intrusive approach to collect vehicle class information and to potentially supplement the existing classification schemes in urban areas.     

Vehicle dynamics testing in motion based driving simulators

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the potential of a motion-based driving simulator in the field of vehicle dynamics testing, specifically for heavy vehicles. For this purpose, a case study was prepared embodying the nature of a truck dynamics test setup. The goal was to investigate if the drivers in the simulator could identify the handling differences owed to changes in vehicle parameters, while driving the simulated trucks. Results show that the drivers could clearly identify the differences in vehicle behaviour for most of the performed tests, which motivates further investigative work in this area and exposes the feasibility of heavy vehicle dynamics testing in simulators.     

基于车流结构的计重收费可变附加值模型研究

计重收费是一种最主要的货车收费形式。为了分析货车流对公路交通的影响,均衡货车交通量的时空分布,需对传统计重收费方式进行优化。分析车流结构对公路使用寿命、通行能力、交通安全的影响,建立可变附加值模型,并分别对按车型收费、轮轴收费、计重收费、可变附加值计重收费4种方式在不同车流结构或货车总质量下的100km收费额度进行对比分析。分析表明,若按车型收费,在货车总质量和流量较小的情况下适用性较好;而按可变附加值计重收费则可更加合理地反映货车对道路及交通流的影响。     

我国长头重卡的现状与发展浅析

本文结合我国国情和重卡行业的变化综述了长头重卡的主要技术优势和其在国内市场存在的障碍,并分析了长头重卡重回市场的有利条件。     

基于行驶轨迹的双车道公路弯道路段交通安全特性研究

针对双车道公路曲线路段碰撞事故高发的特点,选取某双车道公路5个简单平曲线,实测弯道路段车辆行驶轨迹,分析大货车、大客车、小货车和小客车等主要车型在上行、下行方向的轨迹中线偏移量,研究不同车型的行驶轨迹偏移特性.通过测定不同车型在不同半径平曲线行驶的轨迹交叉面积,建立车型、平曲线半径与行驶轨迹交叉面积关系模型,为双车道公...     

Dynamic simulation of train–truck collision at level crossings

Trains crashing onto heavy road vehicles stuck across rail tracks are more likely occurrences at level crossings due to ongoing increase in the registration of heavy vehicles and these long heavy vehicles getting caught in traffic after partly crossing the boom gate; these incidents lead to significant financial losses and societal costs. This paper presents an investigation of the dynamic responses of trains under frontal collision on road trucks obliquely stuck on rail tracks at level crossings. This study builds a nonlinear three-dimensional multi-body dynamic model of a passenger train colliding with an obliquely stuck road truck on a ballasted track. The model is first benchmarked against several train dynamics packages and its predictions of the dynamic response and derailment potential are shown rational. A geometry-based derailment assessment criterion is applied to evaluate the derailment behaviour of the frontal obliquely impacted trains under different conditions. Sensitivities of several key influencing parameters, such as the train impact speed, the truck mass, the friction at truck tyres, the train–truck impact angle, the contact friction at the collision zone, the wheel/rail friction and the train suspension are reported.     

Handling and safety enhancement of race cars using active aerodynamic systems

A methodology is presented in this work that employs the active inverted wings to enhance the road holding by increasing the downward force on the tyres. In the proposed active system, the angles of attack of the vehicle's wings are adjusted by using a real-time controller to increase the road holding and hence improve the vehicle handling. The handling of the race car and safety of the driver are two important concerns in the design of race cars. The handling of a vehicle depends on the dynamic capabilities of the vehicle and also the pneumatic tyres’ limitations. The vehicle side-slip angle, as a measure of the vehicle dynamic safety, should be narrowed into an acceptable range. This paper demonstrates that active inverted wings can provide noteworthy dynamic capabilities and enhance the safety features of race cars. Detailed analytical study and formulations of the race car nonlinear model with the airfoils are presented. Computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed active aerodynamic system.     

基于行驶特征区间划分的重型载货汽车 实际道路能耗评价方法

提出一种基于行驶特征区间划分的能耗评价方法。通过对中国货车行驶工况的工况点分布特征进行分析,确定 了速度和加速度区间的数量与边界的划分方案。考虑道路坡度的影响,进行实际道路试验数据筛选,并用于计算不同行 驶特征区间内的燃油消耗量平均值。结合中国货车行驶工况在不同行驶特征区间内的累计行驶里程,计算能耗评价结 果。为了验证该方法的有效性,开展了 3次底盘测功机试验和 2次实际道路行驶试验,结果表明,所提出的能耗评价方 法能提高重型载货汽车实际道路能耗评价结果的复现性。     

重卡传动轴支撑角板载荷谱研究

为了提升重卡车型传动轴支撑角板的承载能力,基于传动轴支撑角板载荷试验,对不同载荷、不同路面条件下的传动轴支撑角板各向受力情况进行了研究分析。结果表明,传动轴支撑角板各向受力与路面类型、车速等有关,与车辆载荷关系不大。此外,文章还提出了提升支撑角板承载能力的相关改进意见和措施。