使用氢气作为内陆水路燃料调查研究(英文)

Escalating apprehension about the harmful effects of widespread use of conventional fossil fuels in the marine field and in internal combustion engines in general, has led to a vast amount of efforts and the directing of large capital investment towards research and development of sustainable alternative energy sources. One of the most promising and abundant of these sources is hydrogen. Firstly, the use of current fossil fuels is discussed focusing on the emissions and economic sides to emphasize the need for a new, cleaner and renewable fuel with particular reference to hydrogen as a suitable possible alternative. Hydrogen properties, production and storage methods are then reviewed along with its suitability from the economical point of view. Finally, a cost analysis for the use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines is carried out to illustrate the benefits of its use as a replacement for diesel. The outcome of this cost analysis shows that 98% of the capital expenditure is consumed by the equipment, and 68.3% of the total cost of the equipment is spent on the solar photovoltaic cells. The hydrogen plant is classified as a large investment project because of its high initial cost which is about 1 billion US$; but this is justified because hydrogen is produced in a totally green way. When hydrogen is used as a fuel, no harmful emissions are obtained.     

船用HND三燃料发动机研究进展及发展趋势探讨

由于船用发动机节能减排的需要,使用清洁能源作为替代燃料成为一个重要的发展方向。结合国内外针对氢-天然气-柴油(HND)三燃料发动机的研究,分析此类发动机燃烧性能和排放性能。增加氢气在混合燃料中的比例使得发动机缸内压力峰值提升,缸内温度增加,有助于提高发动机效率和机动性;一氧化碳、二氧化碳、总碳氢排放随氢气比例的升高而减少;氮氧化物排放有所增加;颗粒物排放显著减少。随着氢能源战略的发展,船用HND三燃料发动机在未来有望得到商业化推广应用。     

Overview of past, present and future marine power plants

In efforts to overcome an foreseeable energy crisis predicated on limited oil and gas supplies, reserves; economic variations facing the world, and of course the environmental side effects of fossil fuels, an urgent need for energy sources that provide sustainable, safe and economic supplies for the world is imperative. The current fossil fuel energy system must be improved to ensure a better and cleaner transportation future for the world. Despite the fact that the marine transportation sector consumes only 5% of global petroleum production; it is responsible for 15% of the world NO _x and SO _x emissions. These figures must be the engine that powers the scientific research worldwide to develop new solutions for a very old energy problem. In this paper, the most effective types of marine power plants were discussed. The history of the development of each type was presented first and the technical aspects were discussed second. Also, the fuel cells as a new type of power plants used in marine sector were briefed to give a complete overview of the past, present and future of the marine power plants development. Based on the increased worldwide concerns regarding harmful emissions, many researchers have introduced solutions to this problem, including the adoption of new cleaner fuels. This paper was guided using the same trend and by implementing the hydrogen as fuel for marine internal combustion engine, gas turbines, and fuel cells.     

Thermodynamic analysis of alternative marine fuels for marine gas turbine power plants

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.     

船用燃气轮机动力装置替代燃料的热力学分析（英文）

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases(GHGs) from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.     

US Navy Studies on Alternative Fuel Sources and Power and Propulsion Methods for Surface Combatants and Amphibious Warfare Ships

The US Navy has been studying the technical and cost impacts associated with the availability and cost of fossil fuel contrasted with nuclear energy alternatives for surface combatants and amphibious warfare ships. Over the past 2 years these efforts have grown in maturity to examine the tactical and strategic implications of our Navy's dependence on fossil fuels from technical, economic, and military perspectives. This paper will present three major topics:

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  Background research on alternative energy sources.
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  A survey discussion of current and future power and propulsion system technologies.
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  An overview of principal Naval Sea Systems Command studies on the integration of alternative power and propulsion system technologies into notional surface combatants, submarines, and amphibious warfare ships.

Given the US Navy's dependence on fossil fuels and the expected increase in cost and reduced availability of fossil fuel, propulsion system investment decisions made today will have a profound impact on the future tactical and strategic roles of the US Navy surface fleet. This paper lays the foundation for providing robust and flexible technology decision opportunities for the Navy's future.     

柴油机燃烧新模式研究

柴油机最重要的关键技术之一是燃油的燃烧和废气的排放.影响燃油燃烧和废气排放的最主要因素之一是油气混合质量.油气的混合质量又取决于进气气流流动线路和喷油压力、时间(提前角)等.优化燃烧条件是促进完全燃烧,改善和降低有害气体和颗粒排放的前提.三重旋转切变风进气模式是一项原创性新技术,是优化燃烧条件新的选择.加大喷油提前角和喷油压力是促进物理准备过程的另一重要因素.改进设计进气阀和进气阀在缸头的空间布置是主要技术措施.     

碳减排背景下氢燃料电池船舶发展现状及监管建议

为实现碳减排目标,航运业必须寻找更为清洁环保的船舶替代燃料,而零碳排放的氢能源电池将发挥巨大潜力.在介绍氢燃料电池船舶国内应用现状和技术规范基础上,分析氢燃料电池船舶的优势和面临的挑战,最后从海事管理机构的角度提出了对氢燃料电池船舶的监管建议.     

氢能源产业技术标准化发展现况

氢能作为一种高效、清洁、可持续利用的二次能源被认为是构建未来以可再生能源为主的多元能源结构的重要载体,以其开发和利用技术为主逐渐形成全球化氢能产业规模,氢能产业技术发展离不开氢能技术标准的推动和支撑,纵观国内外氢能技术标准化的发展及现况,我国氢能技术与国外还存在很大的差距,在液氢制取与储运、船用氢能燃料电池动力系统、加氢站关键设备及部件等技术方面需要加大科研投入,预研相关技术标准,提前谋划布局,以标准引领我国氢能技术及产业快速、高质量发展。     

船用LNG发动机掺烧模拟废气-燃料重整气缸内燃烧过程仿真

为研究废气燃料重整再循环技术(REGR)对船用LNG发动机性能的影响,搭建试验台架,进行性能测试;运用AVL-fire软件建立发动机燃烧室仿真模型,并依据试验数据验证仿真模型的准确性。基于该模型进行各负荷下不同废气再循环系统(EGR)率及在确定的EGR率下掺烧不同比例模拟重整气的仿真计算,并以75%负荷下的工况为例进行详细分析。计算结果表明,随着EGR率的升高,缸内平均压力和平均温度的峰值下降,燃烧过程整体后移,燃烧持续期增加,发动机的指示功率和NO比排放下降,指示燃油消耗率增加;掺混重整气比例增加,缸内平均压力和温度峰值升高,燃烧持续期缩短,指示功率和NO比排放升高,在重整气掺混率升高到一定程度时,指示燃油消耗率明显下降。综合分析发现,使用REGR技术可在不牺牲发动机的动力性和经济性的前提下降低液化天然气(LNG)发动机的NO比排放。     

喷油器参数对船用低速机燃烧特性 影响的仿真研究

对某船用低速二冲程柴油机在不同喷油器参数下的喷油及燃烧过程进行了三维CFD性能仿真分析。结果表明：随着喷油器喷孔数量增多,燃油蒸发雾化质量更好,进而对燃烧过程和排放物生成产生明显影响;同样,随着喷油器喷孔夹角减小,燃油蒸汽分布的区域更广,进而对燃烧过程和排放物生成产生明显影响;研究能够为喷油器参数优化,燃油喷射系统改进提供参考。     

生物柴油在船用发动机上的应用及技术分析

简要介绍已开发的内燃机替代燃料的种类及其燃料特性,介绍生物柴油在船用发动机领域的国内外研究成果和应用现状,重点围绕生物柴油在船用柴油机上的运转特性和排放特性进行综合分析,针对生物柴油应用中存在的问题,探讨了可能采取的技术措施。     

减少海洋航运环境排放的新方法（英文）

Maritime shipping is a strategic sector with a strong international vocation and management.The need to define regulations valid for many different countries without generating disparities of treatment slowed down the formulation of environmental regulations,especially for atmospheric emissions.In particular,regulations pertaining to the reduction of sulphur compounds allowed two distinct approaches:the use of low-sulphur fuels or exhaust gas cleaning systems,the so-called Scrubbers.The actual implementation of these solutions presents specific concerns either related to the toxicity of atmospheric by-products and to the fuel cost or to the generation of polluting washwaters that may need treatment before discharge.In this paper we analyzed the potential environmental benefit deriving from the use of a distillate fuel,not compliant with current IMO Sulphur Regulations,together with a Scrubber.The pilot-scale experimental results indicated that a limited amount of water and/or scrubber volume is needed to reduce sulphur emissions below regulations on maritime shipping,especially with the addition of NaOH reaching a water-saving between 25%-33% compared to the use of pure seawater.Experiments indicated that scrubber washwater PAHs emissions are within the available water quality standards indicated by EU and USA guidelines.A bottom-up analysis on heavy metals concentration shed light on the prominent role of metal-parts corrosion on the washwater emissions.Taking into account for corrosion phenomena,the actual heavy metals concentration in the washwater deriving from scrubbing was normally below the water quality standards.     

A comparison between conventional and advanced handling systems for low volume container maritime terminals

In this paper a conventional low volume maritime terminal equipped with straddle carriers is compared against an advanced automatic stacking crane/automatic guided vehicle alternative. For both configurations a convenient layout was designed, a reasonable level of service (common for both terminals) was adopted, and the required amount of equipment was determined using computer simulation. The results indicate that the total cost per container and the area requirements do not differ considerably between the two configurations although there exist differences in the investment capital and the personnel required.     

Experimental research on spray and combustion characteristics of the third generation conical spray

A new generation conical spray system for conventional diesel engines or premixed combustion diesel engines is introduced. By means of oriented impingement method, flexible spray penetration in design is realized. High-speed photograph was used to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the new spray for cases of different impingement angles and needle valve opening pressures. The results show that, by applying spray impingement orientation, fuel jets spread along the cone surface as shape of sectors, so the dispersion of jets is increased obviously. Changing on impingement angle leads to variation of penetration, which is critical in homogeneous mixture preparation. Due to the flexibility of spray penetration in design, the spray impingement on liner is avoided in a great extent. The results also indicate that higher needle valve opening pressure results in longer penetration and larger spray angle after impingement. Combustion characteristics of the impinged conical spray were studied in the 1135 type diesel engine. The new impinged conical spray system work smoothly in full load range with better fuel economy and lower emissions of NOx and soot than the original test engine.     

生物柴油应用现状和船用前景

介绍生物柴油的性能特点和国内外发展现状,探讨生物柴油应用于船舶动力装置上所应解决的主要问题,包括制备适合于船舶动力装置使用且能大规模生产的船用生物柴油,船舶柴油机燃烧生物柴油的可靠性、经济性和排放性研究以及对燃油系统的功能要求,指出生物柴油代替现有矿物柴油的前景和研究的迫切性.     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional combustion flows

A finite-rate method is used to simulate the three-dimensional combustion process in a plasma generator with CH4 as the fuel. The simulation was run with RNG k-ε model to simulate turbulence, with eddy-dissipation-concept （EDC） model to simulate the combustion and with discrete ordinates model to simulate radiation. The numerical results show that the flow field characteristics and the parameter distributions are under the condition of rich fuels, and these results provide valuable information when optimizing the plasma generator design and organizing its flow fields.     

燃油系统供油单元的配置研究

为了降低营运成本,越来越多的船舶柴油发电机燃用低质燃油(重油),已成为船舶建造发展趋势;而针对主辅机在航行中的不同运行工况和要求,燃油系统在设计中应如何合理配置供油单元,主辅机是共用一套还是各用一套,就此作了分析与研究。     

甲醇燃料的船用发动机对空气排放的测量（英文）

Emissions of exhaust gases and particulate matter from a dual fuel marine engine using methanol as fuel with marine gasoil as pilot fuel have been examined for a ferry during operation. The emission factor for nitrogen oxides is lower than what is typically found for marine gasoil but does not reach the tier III limit. The emissions of particulate matter are significantly lower than for fuel oils and similar to what is found for LNG engines. The main part of the particles can be found in the ultrafine range with the peak being at around 18 nm. About 93% of the particles are evaporated and absorbed when using a thermodenuder, and thus a large majority of the particles are volatile. Methanol is a potential future marine fuel that will reduce emissions of air pollutants and can be made as a biofuel to meet emission targets for greenhouse gases.     

Air pollution impact of maritime shipping operations in the port of Houston

Abstract

Major air pollutants from maritime shipping operations are sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter emissions from combustion of fuel oil during cruise, berth, and start‐up modes. Sulfur oxides emissions are substantial from steamships burning high‐sulfur residual fuel oil, where shipping contributes 66 percent of the total sulfur dioxide emissions from transportation sources, and almost 3 percent of the total for Harris county, Texas. Nitrogen oxides emissions are significant during cruise conditions for both steamships and motor ships, while particulate emissions are substantial during start‐up and tube cleaning.

Significant marine air pollutant emission sources are found in busy harbor areas such as the Houston Ship Channel. Offshore terminals for unloading large tankers may result in emissions of 10 to 20 tons of sulfur oxides daily per ship, and 3 to 5 tons of nitrogen oxides daily per ship during pumping operations. Trace‐metal constituents present in the oil may catalyze sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide oxidation to their respective sulfate and nitrate aerosols in the humid Texas Gulf Coast atmospheres to aggravate photochemical air pollution problems once the air masses reach industrial and populated urban areas on land. Onshore sulfur dioxide and particulate‐matter emission controls may be necessary for some large ships in port to minimize potential impact on coastal zone air quality.