基于某型轿车的外流场数值模拟

利用CFD方法对某款车型进行外流场分析,分析其气动特性,计算出该车的阻力系数和升力系数,并通过对不同的底部上翘角模型进行分析,得出满足要求的底部上翘角,为其改进设计提供理论参考。     

Actively translating a rear diffuser device for the aerodynamic drag reduction of a passenger car

This research aims to develop an actively translating rear diffuser device to reduce the aerodynamic drag experienced by passenger cars. One of the features of the device is that it is ordinarily hidden under the rear bumper but slips out backward only under high-speed driving conditions. In this study, a movable arc-shaped semi-diffuser device, round in form, is designed to maintain the streamlined automobile??s rear underbody configuration. The device is installed in the rear bumper section of a passenger car. Seven types of rear diffuser devices whose positions and protrusive lengths and widths are different (with the basic shape being identical) were installed, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed under moving ground and rotating wheel conditions. The main purpose of this study is to explain the aerodynamic drag reduction mechanism of a passenger car cruising at high speed via an actively translating rear diffuser device. The base pressure of the passenger car is increased by deploying the rear diffuser device, which then prevents the low-pressure air coming through the underbody from directly soaring up to the rear surface of the trunk. At the same time, the device generates a diffusing process that lowers the velocity but raises the pressure of the underbody flow, bringing about aerodynamic drag reduction. Finally, the automobile??s aerodynamic drag is reduced by an average of more than 4%, which helps to improve the constant speed fuel efficiency by approximately 2% at a range of driving speeds exceeding 70 km/h.     

Aerodynamic coastdown analysis of a passenger car for various configurations

Experimental coastdown analysis were performed on a full scale passenger car model FIAT Linea to obtain the drag coefficients for three different test configurations as engine-cooling airflow closed with smooth underbody, enginecooling airflow closed with detailed underbody, and engine-cooling airflow open with detailed underbody. The comparison of the drag coefficients for all three coastdown configurations were in good agreement with the CFD results and FIAT wind tunnel results. The coastdown tests predicted the model drag coefficients 5.3 % to 7.8 % less than FIAT wind tunnel drag coefficients for three test configurations. The contribution of the engine-cooling airflow and the detailed underbody configuration on the total drag coefficient were measured as 9.6 % ~ 10.4 % and 14.6 % ~ 16.7 %, respectively in the coastdown, FIAT wind tunnel tests and CFD analysis. In the CFD analysis,steady RANS equations were solved by STAR-CCM+ code. The turbulence model was selected as realizable k-ε two layer model. Model surface pressure contours were compared for all three test.     

bZ3纯电动轿车的空气动力性能开发

作为比亚迪丰田电动车科技有限公司第1款纯电动轿车,bZ3的能耗要求极高,也给空气动力学性能开发带来了很大的挑战。为实现这一目标,通过采用计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD）仿真和风洞试验相结合的方法,对车身造型、车底、前舱进气管理、车轮、密封等部位进行了持续的优化验证。最终bZ3在风洞中进行实车试验验收,空气阻力系数达到0.218,在同级别车型中处于领先水平。通过两种不同仿真方法对比研究发现格子玻尔兹曼（Lattice Boltzmann Method,LBM）方法整体精度较高,但对于底部气流的模拟精度还有待提升。     

旋转车轮对汽车外部复杂流场的影响

车轮影响着整个汽车的外流场特性,车体周围的流场由于旋转车轮的存在而复杂化。通过对带有车轮的汽车模型进行数值模拟计算．比较无车轮、静止车轮和旋转车轮的计算结果,得到旋转车轮对汽车的尾涡结构、气动阻力和气动升力有重要影响。车轮在汽车外部复杂流场的数值计算中不能被忽略。     

Comparative investigation on the aerodynamic effects of combined use of underbody drag reduction devices applied to real sedan

To reduce the aerodynamic drag, the performance of the underbody aerodynamic drag reduction devices was evaluated based on the actual shape of a sedan-type vehicle. An undercover, under-fin, and side air dam were used as the underbody aerodynamic drag reduction devices. In addition, the effects of the interactions based on the combination of the aerodynamic drag reduction devices were investigated. A commercial sedan-type vehicle was selected as a reference model and its shape was modeled in detail. Aerodynamic drag was analyzed by computational fluid dynamics at a general driving speed on highway of 120 km/h. The undercover reduced the slipstream area through the attenuation of the longitudinal vortex pair by enhancing the up-wash of underflow, thereby reducing the aerodynamic drag by 8.4 %. The under-fin and side air dam showed no reduction in aerodynamic drag when they were solely attached to the actual complex shape of the underbody. Simple aggregation of the effects of aerodynamic drag reduction by the individual device did not provide the accurate performance of the combined aerodynamic drag reduction devices. An additional aerodynamic drag reduction of 2.1 % on average was obtained compared to the expected drag reduction, which was due to the synergy effect of the combination.     

一种新型车用导流器的研究及其气动性能优化

针对传统导流器仅能单一地减小阻力或升力的问题,基于某直背车型设计一款能同时减小阻力和升力的新型导流器。首先,基于其需满足的流场条件确定导流器横截面初始的上下型线,并使用准均匀B样条进行拟合,再沿y方向拉伸出导流器的型面。接着,通过改变截面型线控制点,得到一系列不同的型面,运用遗传算法寻优找到导流器最优型面。最后,为进一步减小阻力和升力,基于导流器最优截面,改变导流器的宽度和安装位置与角度,并采用实验设计、近似模型和NSGA-II遗传算法进一步优化。模型风洞实验验证的结果表明:整车阻力减小3.8%,升力减小7.9%。     

导流翼片的倾角和长度在降低大后壁车辆气动阻力中的作用

利用1／16缩比的公共汽车模型及不同倾角和长度的导流翼片，在一带有可移动地面和边界层吸收装置的开放型风洞中进行了在车辆后端面的4边上安装导流翼片时车辆后部尾流区的压强恢复及气动阻力降低的实验。对导流翼片的倾角和长度在降低大后壁车辆气动阻力中的作用及机理进行了研究。找到了能使车辆的气动阻力降低20％左右的导流翼片最佳长度及倾角。     

基于整车风阻的前底部保护饰件优化设计

研究一种适用于降低整车风阻系数的前底部保护饰件结构.通过应用DFSS系统工具,优化散热通道及扰流条的结构,在保证不降低制动冷却时间的前提下,有效降低车底气流湍流,从而进一步降低整车风阻系数.     

Kinematics of a smart variable caster mechanism for a vehicle steerable wheel

The lateral force of a tyre is a function of the sideslip and camber angles. The camber angle can provide a significant effect on the stability of a vehicle by increasing or adjusting the required lateral force to keep the vehicle on the road. To control the camber angle and hence, the lateral force of each tyre, we can use the caster angle of the wheel. We introduce a possible variable and controllable caster angle ? in order to adjust the camber angle when the sideslip angle cannot be changed. As long as the left and right wheels are steering together according to a kinematic condition, such as Ackerman, the sideslip angle of the inner wheel cannot be increased independently to alter the reduced lateral force because of weight transfer and reduction of the normal load F _z . A variable caster mechanism can adjust the caster angle of the wheels to achieve their top capacity and maximise the lateral force, when needed. Such a system would potentially increase the safety, stability, and maneuverability of the vehicles. Using the screw theory, this paper will examine the kinematics of a variable caster and present the required mathematical equation to calculate the camber angle as a function of suspension mechanism parameters and other relevant variables. Having a steered wheel about a tilted steering axis will change the position and orientation of the wheel with respect to the body of the car. This paper provides the required kinematics of such a suspension and extracts the equations in special practical situations. The analysis is for an ideal situation in which we substitute the tyre with its equivalent disc at the tyre plane.     

A 3D CFD modeling for assessing the effects of both longitudinal slope and traffic volume on user safety within a naturally ventilated road tunnel in the event of a fire accident

A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was set up to investigate the effects of the longitudinal slope on the risk level of users in naturally ventilated unidirectional road tunnels in the event of a fire accident. These tunnels, which in general do not require any mechanical ventilation system, have a length <1 km and their natural ventilation is due to the difference of pressure at the portals and/or the piston effect of the unidirectional traffic flow. Fire accidents related to vehicles characterized by different maximum Heat Release Rates (HRRs_max), situated at different locations from the entrance portal of the tunnel, were simulated by varying the longitudinal slope (i), as well as by applying both a positive and negative pressure difference (ΔP) between the entrance and exit portals to also consider any adverse wind conditions, or neglecting that (i.e., ΔP = 0). The combined effects of Peak Hourly Volumes (PHVs) were also investigated in the Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA), which based on a probabilistic approach, considered as a risk indicator the annual cumulative frequency (F) of having a certain number of potential fatalities (N). The longitudinal profiles of temperature, radiant heat flux, toxic gases concentrations, and visibility distance upstream of the burning vehicle along the escape route (i.e., sidewalks) are reported and compared with the acceptability limits to verify if the environmental conditions are tolerable for user safety while escaping from the tunnel towards the entrance portal or the emergency exit located in the middle of the tunnel length. The results showed that the number of dangerous scenarios for user safety increased in the event of adverse wind (i.e., ΔP < 0) and/or negative gradients (i.e., i < 0). The QRA indicated the combinations of i, ΔP, and PHV for which the annual cumulative frequency (F) of having a given number of potential fatalities (N) was not acceptable. By providing additional points of knowledge in the field of fire safety engineering, this paper might serve in the design of the vertical alignment of naturally ventilated tunnels with a length <1 km, as well as in the strategies of management and traffic control.     

扁平箱形桥梁断面静气动力系数雷诺数效应研究

在较大的雷诺数范围内测量了不同宽高比箱形桥梁断面的三分力系数,研究了三分力系数雷诺数效应以及宽高比对断面三分力系数雷诺数效应的影响。流线型桥梁断面的阻力系数、升力系数都有明显的雷诺数效应。宽高比对断面的三分力系数雷诺数效应有明显的影响。低雷诺数风洞试验得到的三分力系数用于实桥分析时偏于保守。     

某SUV后部扰流附件的气动性能研究

基于某SUV车型,通过数值计算和风洞试验研究了14种后扰流板和侧扰流板方案对整车气动性能的影响。结果表明,单独加装任意一种扰流板,其减阻效果均较小,而在后扰流板和侧扰流板的共同作用下,减阻效果最大可达3%,且所有方案在降低阻力的同时,都会使后升力增加。根据计算得到的流场信息和尾迹区结构特性分析了扰流板的减阻机理,并根据试验结果分析了不同方案对于升力的影响规律,为相似车型扰流附件的气动优化提供了参考依据。     

车用催化器结构因素对流速分布的影响

车用催化器的速度分布特性对催化器和发动机的性能有很大影响。本文在气道稳流实验台上利用三孔结托管测量了不同结构催化器的速度分布，并进行了细胞致的对比分析。研究表明：张张角越大，流速分布越不均匀，但锥角超过一定值后，对流速分布的影响减弱；斜扩张管催化器的速度分布性相同长度直扩张管催化器；球形端面载体的速度分布均匀性要好于常平端面载体；载体安装位置扩张管越远，流速分布越均匀。     

车用催化器流动阻力的试验与理论研究

在稳流试验台上利用U型管测量了不同结构催化器的压力损失 ,并进行了理论分析。研究表明 ,在小角度范围内 ,扩张角越大 ,压力损失也越大 ;但当锥角超过一定值之后 ,锥角越大 ,压力损失反而略有下降 ;在相同的扩张管长度下 ,斜扩张管催化器的压力损失大于直扩张管催化器的压力损失 ;载体位于催化器中部较顶部和底部压力损失大。     

桥梁断面静三分力系数的CFD计算分析

利用流体分析软件Fluent计算了不同桥梁断面型式在中等雷诺数时和不同攻角下的阻力系数和升力系数。文中选用6类不同桥梁断面型式进行了计算分析。通过计算得出的阻力、升力系数随攻角的变化对比以及风场压力云图直观反映,初步分析了各类断面在静风作用下三分力系数值的特性。计算结果表明,钝体断面其阻力系数的变化形式相似,而上下不对称开口会造成其升力系数的变化;而流线型断面,其阻力系数与钝体断面截然不同,与攻角有直接的关系,实际应用需要多注意。     

Drag reduction of a pickup truck by a rear downward flap

The drag reduction of a pickup truck by a rear flap add-on was examined through CFD simulations and wind tunnel experiments. When installed at the rear edge of the roof, the flap increased the cabin back surface pressure coefficient, causing the downwash of the bed flow to be inclined on the tailgate. Thus, the attachment of the bed flow to the tailgate was eliminated; consequently, the drag coefficient was reduced with increasing flap length and downward angle despite the enlarged reverse flow in the wake. However, the drag coefficient did not decrease any further after a specific downward angle was reached because the bed flow increased the drag force at the tailgate and the flap lowered the pressure field above the flap. To maximize the drag reduction effect, the rear downward flap should be designed to have an optimum downward angle.     

汽车模型表面压力系数的测试与数值模拟

在风洞中采用多通道压力扫描阀对标准SAE汽车简化模型表面进行压力测量,并据此算得车身表面的压力系数。同时进行了对应的数值模拟。数据处理与对比的结果表明,车身上表面压力系数的模拟结果与实测数据非常接近;但在车身底部,两者存在差别,,特别是周围气流有分离的区域,差别较大。     

无叶扩压器收缩角对车用离心压气机性能影响的数值研究

对采用不同收缩角无叶扩压器的同一离心压气机进行了数值模拟,并就收缩角对压气机性能影响进行了详尽分析,并结合流场分析得出了这些影响所对应的流动机理,为进一步提升该压气机性能及为以后离心压气机无叶扩压器的设计提供参考。     

自动化焊接生产线在奇瑞A3车型中的应用实例

焊装车身的制造水平提高依赖于先进的焊接设备,奇瑞公司引进了柯马公司的自动化生产线,完成车身下部和车身总成的焊接任务,以符合更高的焊接质量要求。