盘式制动器制动尖叫的有限元分析与试验

建立了产生制动尖叫的钳盘式制动器各主要零件的有限元模型,并通过集成构建了制动器总成的接触摩擦耦合有限元模型,计算了制动器振动系统的复特征值分布和模态,分析了可能产生制动尖叫的不稳定模态,并与制动噪声台架试验统计结果进行了对比,结果表明所建模型能够较好地预测出制动器发生制动尖叫的倾向;分析了各零件的振动模态对产生制动尖叫不稳定模态的贡献大小,揭示出有尖叫倾向的不稳定模态是由子结构未耦合时的多阶振动模态叠加而成;分析讨论了摩擦因数、摩擦片结构及其背板阻尼对制动尖叫的影响,为控制制动尖叫提供了途径。     

发动机制动工况下汽车制动器摩擦性能分析

建立了基于恒速制动车辆纵向力平衡方程、制动器耗散功率及其温度变化微分方程、管路压力调节等子模型的恒速长下坡汽车制动器摩擦性能分析系统.以两轴中型汽车为例,对前后制动器在不同挡位发动机制动时的温度、制动副摩擦因数、制动力分配及管路压力变化进行了计算.结果表明,在不影响车速情况下,合理使用各挡发动机制动可改善汽车前、后制动器热负荷,减小或避免制动摩擦力矩热衰退,保证汽车下长坡安全行驶.     

基于刚柔耦合的盘式制动器振动仿真分析

综合考虑摩擦特征和模态耦合,建立了基于刚柔耦合的矿用自卸车盘式制动器模型,以对其振动进行仿真分析.首次通过直接设置柔性体问的接触,模拟制动器典型制动工况.对其进行瞬态动力学分析.研究结果表明,部件间摩擦因数、部件阻尼对盘式制动器的振动有很大影响;合适的部件阻尼可有效提高制动系统的稳定性.     

制动器摩擦副摩擦因数研究

以某EQ1208型车辆后桥鼓式制动器为例.对其三维热机耦合有限元模型进行了等速持续制动工况仿真.仿真结果与试验结果对比表明,仿真值和试验值在相同温度测量点的温升动态变化趋势相同,从而验证了仿真所利用摩擦因数温度特性的准确性.对该后桥鼓式制动器在连续15次循环制动工况下摩擦表面平均温度、摩擦副摩擦因数及制动管路压力的动态变化进行了计算分析.     

盘式制动器摩擦片瞬态温度场分析

建立某SUV汽车盘式制动器摩擦片的有限元模型;考虑了制动压力,摩擦因数,制动盘瞬时角速度等参数;对几种不同工况的制动过程进行仿真计算。结果表明,制动压力增长过程及摩擦因数是影响摩擦片瞬态温度场的关键因素;这也为选择合适的摩擦材料提供了依据。     

制动低鸣噪声控制方法研究

进行制动噪声整车试验及利用台架噪声试验测量制动卡钳工作变形;建立盘式制动器摩擦耦合有限元模型,计算制动系统的复特征值,利用负阻尼比预测制动器产生噪声的趋势;对比制动噪声整车试验结果、台架噪声试验的制动卡钳振动工作变形以及非稳定模态振型,验证了有限元模型能较好地预测制动系统产生制动低鸣噪声的结论。指出,基于整车试验、台架试验和有限元仿真相结合的方法是解决制动低鸣噪声问题的途径。     

鼓式制动器的有限元分析

建立了鼓式制动器的有限元模型，把制动蹄、制动鼓和摩擦衬片作为一个整体进行有限元分析，所建立的模型考虑了制动鼓和摩擦衬片间的滑动，较真实的模拟了制动的工作过程。利用ANSYS软件预测了摩擦衬片分布式布置制动器上衬片的压力分布、制动扭矩、制动器的应力分布以及制动器的变形。     

鼓式制动器多柔性体ADAMS建模与仿真

考虑线性超单元、非线性接触力、阻尼以及非线性动态过程等因素,建立了某大型客车鼓式制动器的多柔性体动力学模型。考虑到制动鼓椭圆变形导致的楔效应、卡死等现象,将制动鼓看作柔性体,建立了柔性制动鼓与摩擦片的接触模型,同时建立了凸轮的驱动力模型。在一定的制动工况下,ADAMS模型仿真分析得到的凸轮驱动力及制动器外部因数与相关资料结论相吻合,验证了所建立的鼓式制动器模型的正确性。     

制动噪声试验研究

本文根据实车道路和制动器台架制动噪声试验结果,描述了制动噪声的特征。结合对衬片摩擦特性和机械特性的研究,以及对制动器部件的动力分析,提出减小制动噪声的途径。     

抑制制动器振动噪声的阻尼方法的探讨

针对在盘式制动器制动块底板上粘贴一层阻尼层(Insulating Shim)的阻尼处理方法，首先指出制动块底板上阻尼层的减振机制在于粘弹性材料在接触面间表现出的摩擦作用，尤其取决于材料本身的迟滞效应。然后．定量分析了阻尼层对制动器噪声的抑制效果；利用能量等效原理将接触摩擦转换成系统中粘性阻尼后进行特征分析．考察系统稳定性。     

Hot judder simulation of a ventilated disc and design of an improved disc using sensitivity analysis

In a disc brake system, thermal expansion of the material is caused by friction energy that is generated by the sliding contact between a disc and pad during braking. This phenomenon, thermo-elastic instability, can lead to hot spots on the disc surface and a hot judder phenomenon. Transient finite element analysis has been used to simulate this phenomenon. Three dimensional finite element models of a disc, pad, and cylinder were created. Each part was connected by a joint. Contact condition was applied to the disc and pad with a friction coefficient (μ) of 0.4. A convective heat transfer coefficient was set as 40 W/m²K. Using a commercial program SAMCEF, the simulation of the thermo-mechanically coupled system was performed. In order to find the sensitive parameters of brake judder, sensitivity analysis was carried out with consideration for disc design parameters. As a result, the hot spot phenomenon was confirmed and hot judder was predicted. Moreover, the more sensitive parameters of the hot judder phenomenon were presented. Finally, an improved disc model and an analysis technique were verified by comparison to dynamo test results.     

Brake pad taper wear on brake moan noise

Automotive brake systems today have many factors that can contribute to brake noise. Modern approaches to reduce the propensity of brake noise mostly target high frequency brake squeal. A more difficult constituent of brake noise to address is low frequency moan, which is typically caused when the brake system excites a suspension member with a constrained natural frequency in the range of excitation. Although most modern CAE techniques utilized to diagnose and solve brake noise issues focus on new brake pad condition, this paper will show the benefit of understanding a common wear mechanism “Taper Wear,?and attempt to correlate its effects on brake moan. In order to study this phenomenon, a finite element model of a disc brake is established, and a complex eigenvalue analysis (CEA) of the brake system is performed. The propensity of brake moan noise is evaluated on basis of damping ratio of a dynamic brake system model. By using the finite element model, effects of the brake pad taper wear on brake moan noise is studied. The results show that the brake pad taper wear is a significant factor for generating the instability causing the brake moan noise. The study is performed at various levels of brake pad taper wear. When the brake pad taper wear is more than 0.5 mm, the value of negative damping ratio rapidly increases, and the propensity of brake moan noise is greatly magnified. In this study, the simulation result correlated well with the test result, which provides the theory and guidance for brake moan noise control.     

Measurement of the disc-pad friction coefficient for mechanical brakes using direct and indirect methods

It is necessary to guarantee the proper brake force to stop a train safely in a limited distance and o adjust its speed. Currently, most trains are run by electrical power and have a combined electrical and mechanical (friction) braking system. The mechanical brake force is determined by many parameters, such as the friction coefficient of the brake disc and pad, the pressure in the brake cylinder, the brake cylinder’s cross sectional area and the brake linkage ratio. In general, the friction coefficient data of the brake disc and pad have been taken through a dynamo-test in a laboratory, but these data might not be well matched with real data under operating conditions because of the difference in data acquisition conditions. The present study examined two methodologies that can measure the friction coefficient of the brake pad and disc based on a train’s real operating conditions. The first method was the direct method, which measured the brake force and clamping force applied on the mechanical brake by using strain gauges installed on the brake to calculate the friction coefficient. The second was an indirect method that obtained the friction coefficient by using the weight of the train and the equivalent brake force. Those variables were calculated from the longitudinal dynamic characteristics, such as resistance to motion, gradient resistance and curved resistance. These two methodologies were used to obtain the disc-pad friction coefficient for the mechanical brakes of a Korean high-speed train (HSR350x).     

Co-operative control for regenerative braking and friction braking to increase energy recovery without wheel lock

This paper presents a regenerative braking co-operative control algorithm to increase energy recovery without wheel lock. Considering the magnitude of the braking force available between the tire and road surface, the control algorithm was designed for the regenerative braking force at the front wheel and friction braking force at the rear wheel to be increased following the friction coefficient line. The performance of the proposed regenerative braking co-operative control algorithm was evaluated by the hardware in the loop simulation (HILS) with an electronic wedge brake on its front wheels and an electronic mechanical brake on its rear wheels. The HILS results showed that a proper braking force on the front and rear wheels on a low μ road prevented the lock of the front wheels that was connected to the motor, and maintained the regenerative braking and increased energy recovery.     

Optimization and design of disk-type MR brakes

In this paper, first a new design for a disk-type magneto-rheological (MR) brake for automotive applications is proposed and then, a finite element analysis is performed to analyze the resulting magnetic field intensity distribution within the MR brake configuration. This finite element model of the brake is then utilized in a optimization process which incorporates Genetic Algorithm (GA) to obtain optimal design parameters. The optimization process goal is to increase the braking torque capacity of the brake while keeping the weight of the brake as low as possible. Although, the braking torque of the present design is larger compared to the previous designs, the braking toque capacity of the present design is still smaller than the required braking torque for automobiles.     

Vehicle Dynamic Control for In-Wheel Electric Vehicles Via Temperature Consideration of Braking Systems

?Vehicle dynamic control (VDC) systems play an important role with regard to vehicle stability and safety when turning. VDC systems prevent vehicles from spinning or slipping when cornering sharply by controlling vehicle yaw moment, which is generated by braking forces. Thus, it is important to control braking forces depending on the driving conditions of the vehicle. The required yaw moment to stabilize a vehicle is calculated through optimal control and a combination of braking forces used to generate the calculated yaw moment. However, braking forces can change due to frictional coefficients being affected by variations in temperature. This can cause vehicles to experience stability problems due an improper yaw moment being applied to the vehicle. In this paper, a brake temperature estimator based on the finite different method (FDM) was proposed with a friction coefficient estimator in order to solve this problem. The developed braking characteristic estimation model was used to develop a VDC cooperative control algorithm using hydraulic braking and the regenerative braking of an in-wheel motor. Performance simulations of the developed cooperative control algorithm were performed through cosimulation with MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim. From the simulation results, it was verified that vehicle stability was ensured despite any changes in the braking characteristics due to brake temperatures.     

Design of tyre force excitation for tyre–road friction estimation

Knowledge of the current tyre–road friction coefficient is essential for future autonomous vehicles. The environmental conditions, and the tyre–road friction in particular, determine both the braking distance and the maximum cornering velocity and thus set the boundaries for the vehicle. Tyre–road friction is difficult to estimate during normal driving due to low levels of tyre force excitation. This problem can be solved by using active tyre force excitation. A torque is added to one or several wheels in the purpose of estimating the tyre–road friction coefficient. Active tyre force excitation provides the opportunity to design the tyre force excitation freely. This study investigates how the tyre force should be applied to minimise the error of the tyre–road friction estimate. The performance of different excitation strategies was found to be dependent on both tyre model choice and noise level. Furthermore, the advantage with using tyre models with more parameters decreased when noise was added to the force and slip ratio.     

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis and shape optimization for reducing uneven wear of brake pads

In vehicle braking systems, the non-uniform contact pressure distribution on the brake pad is a major cause of uneven wear. The experimental approach of the wear phenomenon is the time consuming and costly. For this reason, a threedimensional finite element (FE) model of a brake system is presented for numerical simulation in this paper. A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is carried out to confirm the non-uniform contact pressure distribution. A correlation between the non-uniform contact pressure and uneven wear is confirmed by measuring the amount of wear in the brake pad. The shape optimization of the brake pad is performed to reduce the uneven wear. In addition, the simulation results, such as natural frequency and temperature, are compared to experimental results.     

Development of a semi-empirical program for predicting the braking performance of a passenger vehicle

Since the invention of automobiles, the need to know the braking performance of vehicles has been acknowledged. However, because there are numerous design variables as well as nonlinearities in the braking system, it is difficult to predict the performance accurately. In this paper, a computational program is developed to estimate the braking performance numerically. This synthetic braking performance program accounts for pedal force, pedal travel and deceleration of braking parts, such as master cylinder, booster, valve, brake pad, rotor, and hoses. To improve the accuracy of program, a semi-empirical model of a braking system is introduced by using the empirical test data of pad compression, hose expansion and the friction coefficient between the pad and rotor. The accuracy of the estimation is evaluated by comparing it to the actual vehicle test results. The developed program is easy for the brake system engineers to manipulate and it can be used in the development of new vehicles by incorporating the graphical presentations.