天然气水合物形成条件预测及防止技术(续)

在天然气的输送和处理过程中，经常会形成水合物堵塞管道和设备而严重地影响正常生产。本文介绍了输气管道中形成水合物的原因。为了避免水合物堵塞，需要知识水合物压力及温度条件。综述了水合物压力、温度预测的经验图解法、相平衡计算法和统计热力学方法。阐述防止水合物的常用四种方法。     

长输管线中水合物生成条件的预测研究

介绍了影响输气管道中水合物形成的主要因素。在长距离输气管道中,水合物可能堵塞管道,影响管道的安全运行。针对这一问题,给出了预测气体水合物生成条件的数学模型和计算方法,可以计算给出起点温度和压力的管道沿线温度和压力,从而判断水合物在管线中的生成位置。最后以具体算例证明了该模型和计算方法的可靠性,为预防长输管线中水合物的形成提供了理论依据。     

川气东送天然气管道线路水合物形成预测

为了更好地预测、分析和处理水合物造成的不良后果,以川气东送管道为例讨论了天然气水合物的形成原因,提出了输气管线水合物预测模型,并建立了水合物形成预测的压力和温度计算模型,编制了“水合物预测软件”,预测该管道线路和场站的水合物形成条件和易形成水合物的区域.文中通过以上方法很好地预测了川气东送管道水合物的形成区域及情况,该预测方法可用于天然气管道线路水合物的形成预测.     

含水合物相变多相内流深水立管管内流动特征分析

在深海立管中,开采的天然气水合物受到环境因素和自身性质的影响,进行水合物的生成和分解等反应,使得管内流变成复杂的多相非平衡流,影响开采立管的安全性,容易引发安全事故.基于分子热力学,建立了天然气水合物在受温度压力变化影响下的生成分解相平衡模型,并在相平衡模型基础上考虑气液固三相的性质变化,得到由气液固各相连续方程、能量...     

多节点环网系统的瞬变过程模拟

在管网系统的运行操作中，阀门误关闭、管道堵塞、停泵等都会导致流体的瞬变流动，由此产生的水击压力波可能导致管段的强度破坏。环网的瞬变流动计算问题较为复杂，需要求解高阶非线性方程组，对于复杂的网状结构，系统的自动识别或标记相当麻烦。通过对环网系统水击问题的分析研究，提出了求解任意液体环网问题的计算方法和相应的计算程序。     

天然气管道防冻堵技术应用

天然气水合物(NGH)是一种严重影响天然气管道安全运行的结晶化合物。目前,国内外对于处理以及防止天然气水合物的生成形成了一套成熟的技术,在实际应用中需要根据管道运行的实际情况,同时结合管道具备实施解堵措施的条件进行解堵,这些解堵方法在实际应用中得到了良好效果。文中主要介绍了几种解堵技术在管道解堵中的应用情况。有效的天然气管道防冰冻、解冻堵技术研究,能够为天然气管道的安全稳定运行提供技术保障。     

螺旋折流板换热器的数值模拟及螺旋角对其性能的影响

文中运用CFD数值模拟的方法对螺旋折流板换热器建立了数学模型,得出了螺旋角β=15°时螺旋折流板换热器壳程流体速度、温度、压力云图,从云图中可以看出,由于螺旋折流板的导流作用,壳程流体整体呈螺旋状流动,流动速度、温度和压力变化比较平缓,螺旋折流板附近不会形成流动死区。另外,在结构和操作条件相同的情况下,对螺旋角分别为9°~16°的情况下,对螺旋折流板换热器壳程的压力损失Δp和传热Nu的影响进行了分析比较。     

海底管道单项高风险因素分析

为了准确掌握海底管道在运行阶段面临的各种单项高风险因素,通过采用相应模型计算和OLGA模拟等方法,以某管道为例,得到了对管道安全影响较大的单项高风险因素为海底管道埋深、海床变化、析蜡可能性、水合物堵塞可能性、结垢、沥青质沉积、抛锚与拖网干扰等、腐蚀、悬跨影响等。文中给出了相应的风险减缓措施,为解决生产实践中海底管道存在的安全隐患提供了依据,预防海底管道事故的发生。     

热水管网系统的异物堵塞及冲洗

供暖系统室内外管网中异物堵塞是常见故障之一，文中介绍了如何判定异物堵塞及其部位、故障排除及管道冲洗方法等。     

运用清洗技术疏通海底输水管道

通过现场调查和理论分析，研究了某海上油田输水管道堵塞的原因及堵塞的形式。在对海水和管内沉积物取样分析的基础上，试验研究了化学清洗方法，并且在应用中取得了成功。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.