管道壁厚测量技术研究进展

管道长时间进行输送作业,其局部容易发生腐蚀,使管道壁厚逐渐减薄,影响管道运行安全,因此有必要对管道进行壁厚测量.文中介绍了几种测厚技术,对各种测厚技术的原理、研究进展和优缺点进行了总结.文中对电磁超声技术进行介绍,指出利用电磁超声技术进行管道壁厚测量具有独特的优势,利用该技术研发的测厚装置便于集成到检测器上,并预测对该技术的研究将成为管道壁厚测量技术的热点.     

油气管道裂纹检测器探头机构

针对长输油气管道存在的裂纹检测问题,设计了一种油气管道裂纹检测器的探头机构。该探头是基于磁致伸缩效应而设计的,可用于管道轴向裂纹缺陷的检测。该探头机构由弹簧连杆支撑机构、弹簧滑块支撑机构、万向旋转机构、支撑轮、磁铁和探头壳等零部件组成。在动态试验台上进行测试,试验表明,该探头机构具有足够的强度和耐磨性,运行距离超过250 km,并能满足管道变形的要求,使探头壳紧贴管道内壁,该探头机构具有良好的应用前景。     

陆上与海底油气长输管道壁厚确定及校核

对于油气长输管道工程,管道壁厚的选择影响管道结构安全,还直接影响工程总投资,因此合理地确定壁厚很重要。文中通过引用陆上及海底管道设计中常用的规范,介绍了陆上及海底油气管道的壁厚计算方法,同时介绍了通过强度校核来校核计算壁厚并选择标准壁厚。为从事陆上长输管道设计的人员在进行海底管道设计时选择壁厚提供参考。     

管道外防腐层耐划伤测试仪的研制

研制一种专用于管道外防腐层耐划伤性能的测试仪器,适用于不同管径、不同壁厚和不同防腐层结构.介绍了管道外防腐层耐划伤测试仪的研制过程,详细描述了耐划伤测试仪机械结构、电子电路及系统软件的设计方法,并对测试仪器的可重复性及可靠性与国外设备进行了对比计算.该测试仪在测试平台的稳定性、划针固定和微调结构、配重压力测量和调节、测控电路设计等方面有创新,提高了设备的准确性和稳定性.防腐层的耐划伤测试试验表明：该仪器适用于不同管径、不同壁厚钢质管道的不同防腐层结构的测试,操作简单,维护方便,能够满足防腐涂层耐划伤测试的要求;测试结果较准确,具有可重复性.     

探讨管道壁厚准确测量方法

分析管道壁减薄的原因，详细介绍了准确测量管道壁厚的方法，并且指出了管道壁厚测量时应注意的问题。     

管道壁厚计算公式改进探讨

通过输油管道及注汽管线壁厚的选择等应用实例来说明传统的管道壁厚的设计公式过于保守,没有相应的壁厚修正标准或公式。这个问题在美国已经得到重视。可参照美国的做法,改进管道壁厚的计算公式,即引入最小壁厚设计因素,完善环向应力公式计算并研究确定管道壁厚与温差之间的关系。     

油气长输管道壁厚计算及选用

在油气长输管道设计中,管道的壁厚设计计算和选取直接影响到管道输送安全和工程投资.针对油气长输管道壁厚计算因输送介质不同、输送温度不同、输送压力不同及处于不同地段而产生的差异,归纳总结出油气长输管道普通线路段、穿跨越段和站场部分管道壁厚计算方法,也总结出了在管道壁厚的选取中需要注意的问题及应用的规范.     

长输管道宽频超声内检测器技术

利用宽频超声检测技术开展了旋转探头和阵列探头管道超声内检测器 (BUS-Pig)研究,实现了数据处理,管道腐蚀缺陷超声检测B、C扫描图像化和缺陷的三维图像化.实验结果表明:达到了管道腐蚀测厚精度±0.5 mm、腐蚀分辨率10 mm×10 mm的要求,并可检测评价管道截面尺寸.另外,对管道轴向裂纹的超声检测技术也进行了初步研究.     

输水钢管壁厚设计与腐蚀防护

通过对一定壁厚输水钢管的强度、刚度与稳定性计算分析,阐释了正常敷设条件与荷载下,目前输水钢管壁厚设计存在较多裕量,从腐蚀防护的角度分析了该裕量是为了应对防腐层失效后环境对管壁的腐蚀,得出通过科学设计、合理选择防腐方式并严控防腐质量等措施,可以使管道壁厚适当减薄,可以节省工程投资的结论。     

基于移动式X射线检测系统的管道壁厚测量方法

为解决移动式X射线管道检测系统中管道中心偏移引起的壁厚测量偏差问题,提出了一种管道壁厚测量方法.首先,在移动式X射线检测系统中获取投影图像;然后,使用U-Net神经网络处理投影图像以抑制噪声和伪影引起的干扰,从而准确提取管道内外径边缘等关键点的位置信息;最后,根据提出的基于偏心校正的管道壁厚计算方法得到管壁厚度.仿真和...     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.