基于遗传算法系统效率优化的PHEV电量保持模式控制策略

为了提高插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）在电量保持下的燃油经济性,并解决插电式混合动力汽车在运行过程中动力元件效率对系统能量利用率影响的问题,制定了系统效率最优的控制策略。以PHEV关键动力部件的测试数据为基础,建立发动机、驱动电机、无级变速器（CVT）以及动力电池等关键部件的效率数值模型,并考虑了温度及荷电状态（SOC）对动力电池充放电功率的影响。设计以混合动力系统效率最优为适应度评价函数,将CVT速比、发动机转矩作为优化变量,以车速、加速度和SOC为状态变量,在动力性指标的约束下,运用遗传算法进行迭代寻优,PHEV的系统效率在第20代左右收敛于全局最优值。同时发动机转矩和CVT速比通过多代遗传进化,较快收敛于最佳值。将相关优化结果与车速、加速度拟合成相应的三维控制数表,综合数值建模和试验测试数据建模的方法,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建插电式混合动力汽车整车控制策略仿真模型,采用新欧洲行驶循环工况进行仿真验证。结果表明：插电式混合动力汽车在电量保持模式下,利用遗传算法优化的系统效率最优控制策略相比优化前,动力电池SOC运行更为平稳,CVT效率有所提升,驱动电机及发动机转矩分配更为合理;百公里燃油消耗量从优化前的5.2 L降至4.5 L,燃油经济性提升了13.5%。     

基于系统效率最优的CVT混合动力轿车转矩优化分配方法

无级变速器CVT消除了挡位概念,其速比在一定范围内连续可调。配备CVT的混合动力汽车能够实现动力源转矩和传动系统的优化匹配。针对此问题,提出了基于系统效率最优的CVT中度混合动力轿车动力源转矩优化分配方法:。该方法:综合考虑了各个关键部件的效率,以混合动力系统的总体效率为优化目标,以车速、车辆加速度、电池SOC为状态变量,优化分配了驱动工况下各动力源输出转矩,为整车能量管理策略的制定奠定了基础。     

基于系统效率的PHEV电量消耗模式控制策略优化

为了进一步发挥混合动力汽车的节油性能,插电式混合动力汽车(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle,PHEV)在电量消耗(Charge-Depleting,CD)模式下,制订系统效率最优的能量管理策略来提高整车的电消耗行驶里程,进而实现提升整车燃油经济性的目的。分析了系统在电量消耗模式下相关典型工作模式,以车辆动力学方程为基础,推导出系统效率模型。以需求转矩、动力电池荷电状态、电机转速作为动力系统的输入,将系统效率最优作为系统的目标价值函数,在动力性指标的约束下,优化获得在电量消耗模式下的电机转矩和无级变速器速比的最佳控制规律,综合数值建模和试验数据建模方法,基于Matlab/Simulink软件平台构建插电式混合动力汽车的发动机、驱动电机、无级变速器(CVT)和动力电池等动力传动系统关键部件效率数值模型和整车动力学模型以及驾驶员模型,在新欧洲行驶循环(New European Driving Cycle,NEDC)工况下进行模型在环循环仿真验证分析。仿真结果表明,插电式混合动力汽车在电量消耗模式下,基于系统效率最优的能量管理策略能够使动力电池运行更加高效,转矩的分配更为合理,无级变速器获得较佳的控制规律。与直观式逻辑控制相比,纯电动续航里程提升了10.9 km,即经济性提高了15.3%,充分体现了所制订的控制策略的有效性。     

CVT轿车发动机建模及PID速比控制器设计

针对装备金属带式无级变速器轿车的发动机建立了其转矩模型和目标转速调节特性曲线。对无级变速器速比的取值范围进行了计算,并按照质量集中法简化了传动系的模型。设计了简单实用的PID速比控制器,并在simulink环境下对CVT整车模型起步、急加速和上坡工况进行了仿真分析。结果表明,实际速比对目标速比有很好的跟随效果。     

The Control of Engine Operation Points Based on Hybrid Power System Efficiency

分析了ISG型混合动力系统根据发电转矩来调整发动机工作点的控制机理,然后结合各部件效率对发动机工作点调整前后的能耗参数进行了计算、仿真与分析.结果表明,发动机的低油耗工作点未必是整车的高效率点.为此设计了一种能根据混合动力系统整体效率来调整发动机工作点的控制方法.     

基于Cruise的混合动力汽车动力系统参数匹配

文章以某款混合动力汽车为研究对象,确定整车性能目标,根据车辆具体参数对发动机、电机、电池等动力系统主要部件参数进行计算与选型,设计了电控机械式自动变速器（AMT）和机械式无级变速器（CVT）两种传动方案;在Cruise软件中构建仿真模型,测试最高车速、加速度、爬坡度等动力性指标;使用新欧洲驾驶循环（NEDC）工况进行经济性仿真对比测试不同传动方案对油耗的影响。仿真结果表明,整车动力性满足要求,动力系统参数选择合理,CVT传动方案发动机运行效率更高。     

并联混合动力轿车系统开发与试验匹配研究

采用基于超级电容的设计方案开发了单轴并联式混合动力轿车,对发动机、ISG电机、超级电容等零部件进行选型.研究了并联混合动力轿车动力系统的控制策略,优化匹配了发动机和电机的转矩分配,实现了混合动力节能并降低了排放.进行了混合动力系统的启动和怠速优化试验,实现了混合动力各个工况的控制参数的优化匹配,降低了启动污染物的排放,提高了燃油经济性.     

干式复合带无级自动变速器系统与速比电机控制策略的研究

介绍了一种干式复合带无级自动变速器(A-CVT)的结构及T作原理。该变速器不仅减少了成本昂贵、结构复杂的液力或电液装置，还改善了汽车的燃油经济性和发动机的排放。利用装有A-CVT的MatizⅡ轿车为试验车开发了A-CVT的电控系统，并对A-CVT中速比电机的控制策略进行了较为详细的讨论。在MatizⅡ轿车上长时间的试用和测试表明，该电控系统使样车基本达到了原车的性能指标。     

机电控制CVT电控电动执行机构参数设计方法（双语出版）

为了使机电控制无级变速器（CVT）能够可靠地传递转矩，快速地调节速比，结合某车型的结构性能参数，对机电控制CVT电控电动执行机构的设计方法进行研究。首先，对机电控制CVT电控电动执行机构的结构和工作原理进行分析，说明电控电动执行机构对CVT速比和从动带轮夹紧力的调节方法，从运动学和动力学的角度研究从金属带式无级变速器的传动机理，获得速比与主动带轮可动盘位移的关系以及保证主、从动带轮可靠传递转矩所需要的夹紧力；然后，根据整车的结构性能参数，明确汽车对机电控制CVT的功能需求和性能要求，以电控电动执行机构中直流电动机的负载转矩最小为目标，设计确定各碟形弹簧的参数和组合形式，在此基础上确定电控电动执行机构中电动机械传动系统的结构性能参数；最后，为验证所设计电控电动执行机构参数的正确性，利用所建立的机电控制CVT传动系统模型在ECE工况下对电控电动执行机构的性能进行仿真分析。结果表明：相对传统CVT液压执行机构，在ECE工况下机电控制CVT电控电动执行机构消耗的能量减少52.2%，同时设计的电控电动执行机构在ECE工况下能够实现实际夹紧力和速比对目标值的良好跟随。     

新型混合动力系统能量管理优化研究

针对一种新型混合动力系统,运用最小值原理对系统进行能量管理优化,在保证SOC平衡的前提下,针对已知循环工况,以整个循环工况等效能量消耗最小为优化目标,确定系统最优的工作模式和发动机、电机转矩的最优分配方式以及转速的无级调速控制。提出了基于全局优化的能量管理实时控制策略,进行了离线优化和硬件在环仿真测试。结果表明:所研究的新型混合动力系统具有显著的节油效果,优化方法和控制策略是切实有效的。     

考虑发动机起停优化的PHEV能量管理策略

针对某新型双电机行星耦合插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)中发动机在起停及怠速运行状态下会导致油耗增加的问题,基于等效燃油消耗最小能量管理策略,加入发动机起停优化控制模块,以进一步改善整车燃油经济性。建立了整车动力学和传动模型并加入发动机起停优化控制模块,对ECMS能量管理策略输出的发动机及电机最优目标转矩进行重新优化分配后,再输出给发动机及电机控制器以控制其工作状态。针对起停优化控制中影响起停频次的关键时间参数,采用粒子群优化算法对其进行优化。仿真结果表明,相比优化前,所提出的能量管理优化策略能够实现对发动机起停或怠速状态的有效控制,减少发动机的起停频次,减少恶化油耗,验证了本文所提出的能量管理优化策略能够进一步优化整车燃油经济性。     

系统综合效率优化的插电式混合动力车辆的能量管理策略

为了提升插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)的动力系统的真实能效,从综合能效最优的角度,研究了插电式混合动力系统能量管理策略。针对系统综合效率的时变性和耦合性,建立了系统效率评价模型,对电池储存电能的效率进行评价和动态修正,以系统综合效率最优为目标,结合粒子群优化算法,构建了能量管理策略。基于GT-Suite和Simulink联合仿真平台,分析了对能量管理策略的应用效果。结果表明:在连续2个“全球统一轻型汽车测试循环(WLTC)”下,与未考虑综合能效的能量管理策略相比,综合能耗降低了10.6%;优化后发动机和电机工况分布均更加合理,且在不同的工况下均能有效降低系统能耗。因此,该能量管理策略能提高插电式混合动力系统能效。     

CVT ratio control with consideration of CVT system loss

A modified CVT ratio map is proposed to obtain the improved fuel economy for a metal belt CVT. Since the CVT system loss, which occupies most of the drivetrain loss, depends on the engine speed, input torque, primary and secondary actuator pressure, a modified CVT ratio map is produced to realize the highest engine-CVT overall efficiency through the consideration of CVT system loss. The modified CVT ratio map is constructed with respect to the demanded vehicle power and present vehicle speed based on the steady state CVT system loss. Using the modified CVT ratio map, performance simulations are carried out using the dynamic models of the CVT powertrain. The simulation results indicate that the modified CVT ratio control provides improved engine-CVT overall system efficiency, and improves the fuel economy of the federal urban driving schedule by 4.9 percent.     

A comparative study on the power characteristics and control strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

A comparative study was performed on two types of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs): the GM Volt and the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. First, the powertrain models of the two vehicles were derived. Based on the dynamic models, a detailed component control algorithm was developed for each PHEV. Specifically, a control algorithm was proposed for motor generator 1 (MG1) and MG2 to achieve optimal engine operation. Additionally, an energy management strategy for selecting the operation mode was developed from the viewpoint of fuel economy, battery state of charge and vehicle velocity. Using the dynamic model of the control algorithm for each PHEV, simulations were performed, and the simulation results were verified by comparing them with those obtained using the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit simulator for the plug-in Prius. Based on the simulation results, a comparative study was performed, and it was found that the role and capacity of MG1 and MG2 and the mode selection algorithm must be determined depending on the configuration of the PHEV.     

Model-Based Integrated Control of Engine and CVT to Minimize Fuel Use

In this study, a model-based integrated control method for engines and continuous variable transmissions (CVTs) is developed. CVT refers to a type of transmission which allows an engine to be operated independently with respect to the vehicle speed, with the engine torque and CVT gear ratio controlled in an integrated manner. In the proposed integrated control scheme, engine operating points which minimize the rate of instantaneous fuel consumption are calculated, and the engine target torque and target gear ratio are determined in an integrated manner based on the results of the calculations. Unlike the previous map-based control method, the method introduced in this study does not require an engine torque map or a CVT ratio map for tuning, and the engine torque and CVT ratio are controlled to minimize the amount of fuel used while satisfying the level of acceleration demand from the driver. The control scheme is based on the powertrain model, and the CVT response lag and transmission loss are also considered in the integrated control processes. The algorithm is simulated with various driving cycles, with the simulation results showing that the fuel economy performance of the vehicle system is improved with the newly suggested engine-CVT integrated control algorithm.     

Energy management and design optimization for a series-parallel PHEV city bus

Series-parallel PHEV city buses combine the advantages of series and parallel configurations and have been used in China. However, the design and energy management of series-parallel PHEV city buses based on Chinese driving conditions still need to be investigated. In this paper, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy is provided to optimize energy management for series-parallel PHEV city buses, and the process of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy for series-parallel is presented in this paper. Compared with the validated rule-based energy control strategy, ECMS shows a fuel economy improvement of 8.2 % in the CBCD (Chinese Bus Driving Cycle). Based on the optimal energy management, a design for a generator motor in the series-parallel configuration has been processed. The fuel consumption has been shown to decrease, with an increase in generator power, because the system with the higher generator power can work at a higher efficiency in the series mode and operate the engine in the high efficiency area in the parallel mode. Besides, in terms of costof- ownership for a PHEV bus for lifetime of 8 years, although the high generator power will lead to high purchase cost for series-parallel PHEV bus, a series-parallel PHEV city bus with a generator of 100 kW maximum power will still show small advantage in cost-of-ownership, based on current motor price and natural gas price.     

Design of an energy management strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles using a logic threshold and instantaneous optimization method

A novel parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is taken as the study subject of this paper. An energy management strategy (EMS) combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is developed for the investigated PHEV. The objective of this EMS is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing engine fuel economy and maintaining the battery state of charge (SOC) in its rational operation range at all times. Under the MATLAB/Simulink environment, a computer simulation model of the studied PHEV is established using the bench test results. Simulation results for the behavior of the engine, motor, and battery illustrate the potential of the proposed control strategy in terms of fuel economy and in keeping the deviations of SOC at a low level.     

New Optimal Power Management Strategy for Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Recently Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have gained increasing attention due to their ability to reduce the fuel consumption and emissions. In this paper a new efficient power management strategy is proposed for a series PHEV. According to the battery state of charge (SOC) and vehicle power requirement, a new rule-based optimal power controller with four different operating modes is designed to improve the fuel economy of the vehicle. Furthermore, the teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) method is employed to find the optimal engine power and battery power under the specified driving cycle while the fuel consumption is considered as the fitness function. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, four different driving cycles with various numbers of driving distances for each driving cycle are selected for the simulation study. The performance of the proposed optimal power management strategy is compared with the rule-based power management method. The results verify that the proposed power management method could significantly improve the fuel economy of the series PHEV for different driving conditions.     

基于烟花算法的PHEV能量管理策略参数优化

为改善插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)的燃油经济性,提出一种基于规则的能量管理策略。结合智能网联汽车技术,利用烟花算法(FWA)结合系统约束条件,对能量管理策略参数进行优化,以求使车辆在变化的路况下能耗最低。为减轻沉重运算负荷,设计了一种事件触发机制来控制优化操作的启停。当车辆油耗超过预设上限则开始优化,一旦油耗满足预设下限则优化结束。在中国典型城市工况下,验证了该策略的有效性及优化性能。结果显示:较优化前的能量管理策略,该方案可使PHEV燃料消耗降低10%。从而,使燃油经济性明显提升。