使“美人鱼”的神化变成现实（三）：从海水中取氧技术在潜艇上应用的可行性分？

本文以作潜艇的燃料电池氧源和潜艇合作支持系统为应用对象，具体分析了从海水中提取氧的技术在潜艇上应用的可行性。     

钴的氧化物对氧烛药块分解的催化机理研究

氧烛是一种使用方便、贮存容易、安全可靠的氧源。本文选用化学试剂Co2O3、Co3O4与自制催化剂CoOx作为氧烛药块分解的催化剂。通过性能试验得出,只有自制催化剂CoOx能使氧烛药块完全分解。并通过比表面积(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对各催化剂的组成、物相和形貌及颗粒度的表征,分析了自制催化剂能有效降低氧烛药块分解温度的原因。     

用于高原缺氧环境的供氧方式及其初步设计

本文论述了适合有限空间的各种制氧方式的优缺点,确定了氧烛是适合高原缺氧环境的供氧方式。初步设计确定了氧烛药块的重量和外形尺寸,初步试验表明所设计氧烛的产氧量为300L,平均产氧速率为15L/min。     

密闭空间内常用的两种化学制氧技术

在密闭空间内,供氧和吸收二氧化碳装置是保障空间内人员安全所必需的设备。目前,超氧化钾制氧技术和氯酸钠制氧技术为密闭空间内常用的化学制氧技术。本文主要介绍了两种制氧技术的技术原理,比较了两种制氧设备的实际应用情况、主要特点、安全性及其发展趋势。     

钴的氧化物对氧烛药块分解的催化作用

氧烛是一种使用方便、贮存容易、安全可靠的氧源.本文选用化学试剂Co2O3,Co3O4与自制催化剂CoOx作为氧烛药块分解的催化剂.通过性能试验得出,只有自制催化剂CoOx能使氧烛药块完全分解.通过比表面积(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对各催化剂的组成、物相和形貌及颗粒度的表征,分析了自制催化剂能有效降低氧烛药块分解温度的原因.     

艇用氧烛着火时灭火方式的选择

作为潜艇中的供氧设备,氧烛一经启动,无法自动停止放氧。选择适合氧烛着火时使用的灭火介质和灭火器材,是安全、正确使用氧烛必须解决的问题。本文通过分析艇上常用的各种灭火器的灭火原理,确定了清水是艇用氧烛的安全灭火介质,清水灭火器是其安全的灭火器材。通过氧烛验证试验证明,压力为0.4～0.5MPa的高压清水和合适容量的清水灭火器能安全地终止氧烛放氧。     

氧传感器的发展和应用

氧气的测量方法种类繁多，测量原理、相应的性能、适用范围也各不相同。本文对热磁式氧传感器、原电池式氧传感器、氧化锆氧传感器、光纤式氧传感器、可调谐激光式氧传感器等应用较多的和一些新兴的氧传感器作了一些介绍，以便根据具体的使用要求选择合适的氧传感器。     

氧探测器及氧气测量方法的发展与应用

介绍了几种常用及较新颖的氧气传感器,如原电池式氧传感器、热磁式氧传感器、氧化锆式氧传感器、光纤式氧传感器、可调谐激光式氧传感器等。从各氧传感器的分类、测量原理、适用范围、优缺点及改进方向等方面做了较为详尽的介绍,为工程选型提供参考依据。     

氧烛的研究现状与发展

介绍了一种新型的氧源———氯酸盐氧烛,从氧烛的工作原理、原料、启动方式、成型工艺和气体净化等方面重点论述了氯酸盐氧烛制氧技术及国内外氧烛研制和使用情况,展望了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

氧烛的研究现状与发展

本文介绍了一种新型的氧源—氯酸盐氧烛,从氧烛的工作原理、原料、启动方式、成型工艺和气体净化等方面重点论述了氯酸盐氧烛制氧技术,及国内外氧烛研制和使用情况,展望了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

Introduction to Special Issue on Tropical Coastal Management

In 1992, scientists at National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) sites proposed establishing a national coordinated monitoring program that would attempt to identify and track short-term variability and long-term changes in representative estuarine ecosystems and coastal watersheds. Known as the NERR System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP), it currently consists of monitoring water quality and atmospheric variables over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Additional monitoring of ecological resources and land-water use will follow in subsequent components of the program. Water quality monitoring at NERR sites includes measurements of pH, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and water level. The NERR sites use data loggers that record at 30-minute intervals and relay measurements to internal memory. Standardized protocols assure that sampling, processing, and data management techniques are comparable among sites. Statistical techniques are being used to identify periodicity in water quality variables. Periodic regression analysis indicated that diel periodicity in dissolved oxygen is a larger source of variation than tidal periodicity at sites with less tidal amplitude. Tidal periodicity, however, is more important at sites with a tidal amplitude greater than 1 m. This finding suggests that natural processes controlling dissolved oxygen levels differ among sites depending upon tidal amplitude. Water quality data from the NERR SWMP have also been used to investigate occurrence of hypoxia. Results from analysis of water quality at several reserves indicate that hypoxia occurs but that the percentage of time that dissolved oxygen was less than 28% saturation varied substantially among sites and between years. Most of the hypoxic events occurred in summer but were also observed in winter and fall when low dissolved oxygen is usually not considered a problem. Without continuous monitoring by the NERR SWMP, many low dissolved oxygen events would have been missed, thus underestimating the duration and potential impact of this type of water quality variability. The NERR SWMP provides a unique opportunity to increase our understanding of how various environmental factors influence estuarine processes. Only by understanding how estuaries function and change naturally over time will we be able to predict how these systems respond to changes in climate and human-induced perturbations.     

The Cost of Nutrient Reduction: A Case Study of Chesapeake Bay

Over $3.5 billion were spent toward nutrient controls in the Chesapeake Bay watershed between 1985 and 1996. These expenditures were based on cost-shares between federal, state, local, and private sources and should be considered conservative. A comparison of point and nonpoint nutrient control expenditures in the Bay basin showed that about 50% of the funds were directed toward agricultural best management practices and 45% were allocated for point source nutrient reductions and combined sewer overflows (20% and 25%, respectively). The remainder was spent on various other estuarine-targeted programs. Maryland was responsible for 79% of the total expenditures, 16% was expended by Virginia, and the remainder was attributable to the District of Columbia and Pennsylvania (4% and 1%, respectively). The most costly basin was the Patuxent (over $125 per kilogram of total nitrogen removed) and the least costly was the Eastern Shore of Virginia, where the cost was just under $21 per kilogram of nitrogen removed. For the control practices examined, the analysis found that nutrient management was the least costly. Animal waste control and low tillage were the second and third most economical nutrient management strategies. Significant reductions were achieved from point sources for both total nitrogen (16%) and total phosphorus (53%) by 1996. Virtually all of the large reduction in point source phosphorus was a result of the phosphorus detergent ban implemented basinwide in the late 1980s. Nonpoint source nutrient reductions were more modest. An approximate 12% reduction in phosphorus was accompanied by an 8% reduction in total nitrogen loadings. Despite these nutrient reductions, no significant improvements in bottom-dissolved oxygen levels were detected along the Bay mainstem during the warmer months, and the mouth of Chesapeake Bay showed marginally significant degradation during the 11-year period. It was determined that dissolved oxygen conditions were influenced more by nitrogen than phosphorus reductions and that nutrient controls aimed at the mid-Bay region had the greatest potential for improving low dissolved oxygen conditions in the Bay's bottom waters.     

特高压直流输电系统DCCT现场校验用的电流标准源研究

大功率高精度电流标准源是HVDC输电系统中直流电流互感器现场校验用的关键设备之一,但目前已商业化的电源设备无法同时满足现场校验用的多重要求,如功率大、精度高、便于携带以及可满电流多量程调节等。本文考虑现场校验用电流标准源工作过程中负载不变,只存在供电电压扰动及多量程调节需要,研究了一种交错并联移相全桥倍流整流电路结构,并基此模型设计了小惯性电流跟踪控制器,通过仿真实验验证了该电流标准源输出精度达到0.002级,满足校验0.5级、0.02级以及0.01级电流互感器现场校验用的电流标准源精度要求。     

氧分离器腐蚀失效分析

通过金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜试验、扫描俄歇微探针，X射线衍射试验对氧分离器腐蚀失效进行了全面分析，讨论了其腐蚀失效的原因和机理，并提出了改进措施。     

近水面潜艇波浪力计算研究评述

对潜艇波浪力计算的研究现状进行了小结。分析了近水面潜艇波浪力计算的几种有代表性的研究方法,如切片法、STF理论、源汇分布法、面元法、Frank源分布紧密拟合法及其组合方法等的具体应用。讨论了目前潜艇波浪力研究中存在的一些问题,尤其是二阶波浪力的非线性特性、潜艇运动扰动及其相互耦合的影响还不清楚,已建立的理论和方法尚不能满足工程实际的需要。最后提出了近水面航行潜艇所受波浪力计算中有待深入研究的重点问题。     

82000 DWT散货船舾装生产设计问题的剖析

针对几家船厂82 000 DWT散货船舾装生产设计中出现的问题,分析产生问题的原因,提出解决问题的方法。减少舾装件材料规格,提高分段舾装件预装率,优化制作和安装工艺。比较不同设计单位之间的设计方法,磨合出图模式和出图标准。创造输入条件,提前建模,尽早暴露出专业之间的碰撞和布置等问题。这为后续同类型船提供了设计和建造经验。     

海外港口工程测量风险防控

为防范海外港口工程测量的多种潜在风险,以海外测量项目为背景,总结海外测量项目的主要风险源,并重点 介绍测量标准、控制测量起算资料及测量设备等因素所引发的技术风险。通过原理阐述、横向比较和案例分析,系统阐明 在海外港口测量项目中面临相关问题时所采取的办法以及相应的防控措施, 旨在为从事海外工程测量的技术人员提供借鉴。     

潜艇密闭舱室二氧化碳清除措施探析

二氧化碳是潜艇舱室的主要有害气体，主要由人员呼吸产生。介绍了潜艇密闭舱室二氧化碳的几种清除措施的原理和优缺点，分析了国外潜艇二氧化碳清除技术的发展过程、最新技术和未来发展趋势。     

中央空调系统综合降噪方法实例分析

以某石油平台中央空调系统噪声超标为例,分析了现场噪声测量结果和产生的原因。在此基础上提出了噪声综合治理方案,制定了综合治理措施,以及分析噪声治理的效果和代价,指出噪声控制指标必须结合使用场合来合理确定。