基于ETC技术的高速公路综合信息平台应用设计

智能交通系统(ITS)是交通运输系统的重要发展方向,而电子不停车收费系统(ETC)作为ITS的重要组成部分,正在国内大力推广应用。基于我国高速公路信息管理及ETC系统应用与发展的需求,提出了基于ETC技术的高速公路综合信息平台的设计方案,讨论了建设该平台所面临的若干关键技术,并对其发展与应用趋势作了总结。     

Traffic safety culture of professional drivers in the State of Qatar

Professional drivers play a significant role within the traffic system of the State of Qatar. With developing infrastructure, the need for professional drivers is growing. However, knowledge is lacking about their perception of traffic safety. Therefore, this study investigates the personal acceptance of risky driving and suggested traffic laws among this specific group of drivers, in order to create understanding about their likelihood to commit certain risky driving behaviors and their resistance to the implementation of certain traffic laws. The aim of this study is to establish which personal attributes of professional drivers in Qatar could influence a high likelihood to commit risky driving behaviors, estimating which specific groups of professional drivers impose the highest risk to violate certain traffic laws. Results indicate that transportation mode, origin and years of driving experience are all personal attributes that have a significant impact on the professional driver's risk to commit risky driving behaviors and their opposition to the implementation of related traffic laws. Distressing results have been found for the high likelihood to violate speed in school zones and the high risk to be distracted by any type of phone use while driving, suggesting the need to put emphasize on these safety hazards during the training programs of professional drivers at professional driving schools in the State of Qatar.     

公交车驾驶人组织认同感和工作倦怠对不良驾驶行为的影响

公共交通是城市道路交通运输系统中的重要组成部分，公交车驾驶人存在的不良驾驶行为已经成为影响交通安全的最大制约因素之一，由其引发的道路交通事故给个人和社会都造成了严重损失，探索更为安全的公共交通环境显得极为重要。以公交车驾驶人为对象，探究影响公交车驾驶人驾驶行为特征的个人心理因素和组织环境因素，及其对不良驾驶行为的内在影响机制。选用工作倦怠量表（MBI-GS）、组织认同感问卷（OIQ）及驾驶行为问卷（DBQ）对844名城市公交车驾驶人展开问卷调查研究，并使用回归分析和中介检验来探究工作倦怠和组织认同感对驾驶行为的影响机制。结果表明：①32.8%的公交车驾驶人存在不良驾驶行为，错误驾驶行为显著高于违法驾驶行为。其中，在违法维度中，侵略性违法显著高于普通违法。②公交车驾驶人存在较高的组织认同感，组织认同感对不良驾驶行为具有显著的负向预测作用，对工作倦怠程度具有显著的负向预测作用；工作倦怠程度对不良驾驶行为具有显著的正向预测作用。③公交车驾驶人的工作倦怠水平在组织认同感对不良驾驶行为的影响中起到部分中介作用。该结果厘清了公交车驾驶人的工作倦怠和组织认同感对不良驾驶行为的影响机制，为进一步探究不良驾驶行为的心理干预方法提供了思路，从而达到改善城市道路公共交通安全环境的目标。     

Comparison of In-Vehicle Auditory Public Traffic Information With Roadside Dynamic Message Signs

Dynamic message signs (DMS) have been widely used by transportation agencies to disseminate traffic information (referred to in this article as “public traffic information”) for decades. Unfortunately, their effectiveness is limited, based on the following reasons: they are costly, can only present a limited amount of information, and typically only display information in one language. The wide availability of smart devices and the development of connected vehicles offer the possibility to create “virtual” DMS (VDMS), utilizing geofencing and audible messages to convey public traffic information. This research compares the ability of VDMS to convey public traffic information with existing DMS. A mixed repeated-measure experiment using a driving simulator was designed that examined the impacts of driver age, information transmission mode, amount of information, and driving complexity on message comprehension. Forty-two participants were recruited and each of them was tested under different combinations of the three within-subject factors. Participant performance was measured in terms of message comprehension, distraction, and self-reported overall difficulty level in receiving messages. Results revealed that VDMS generally performs better than DMS as information content increases and driving condition complexity increases, regardless of driver age. VDMS increased message comprehension by 16% under relatively complex driving conditions, reduced driver reaction time to unexpected stimuli (as measured with a reduced time-to-brake of 0.39 s), and made the same messages easier to process and retain for drivers than DMS. Based on these results, it is recommended that transportation agencies give careful consideration to VDMS as a future strategy for delivering public traffic information in a connected vehicle environment.     

Impact of driving style,behaviour and anger on crash involvement among Iranian intercity bus drivers

In developing countries such as Iran, due to the inadequate infrastructure for rail and air transportation facilities, intercity buses are the most common type of transportation for long distances. Because of the long hours of driving, bus driving is considered a challenging job. Moreover, given the high capacity of these vehicles, a small error from the driver could endanger many passengers' health. So, studying drivers' behaviours can be a key factor in decreasing the risk factors of crash involvement in these drivers. However, few studies have focused on intercity bus drivers' behaviours. This research uses a sample of 254 professional drivers that answered a self-report questionnaire on driving style (MDSI), driving behaviour (DBQ), and driving anger (DAS). A structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to investigate the psychometric properties of these questionnaires. The results show a positive correlation between maladaptive driving styles and driving behaviour, and a negative correlation between adaptive styles and driving behaviour. Significant differences are observed among drivers with and without crash history on their maladaptive driving styles and their driving anger scale. A binary logistic regression model is also developed to predict traffic crashes as a function of driving misbehaviour. The results suggest that factors related to driving anger are the main factors that increase the probability of misbehaviour and traffic crashes. The results also suggest that driving style and driving behaviour significantly predict crash risk among bus drivers. Aggressive driving is associated with an increased probability of crash involvement among intercity bus drivers. The findings can be used to inform the health promotion policies and provide regular interventions designed to improve driving safety among intercity bus drivers.     

城市道路交通数据采集系统检测器优化布点研究

智能运输系统(ITS)被公认为是当前解决我国大城市交通拥挤和提高道路安全的有效手段。利用检测器收集交通数据是ITS的基本功能之一。如何在城市道路网中布设交通检测器是ITS建设时必须要研究的内容。本文通过对城市道路网基本路段交通流量的相似性分析,建立了路网交通检测器优化布点的数学模型。并通过一个算例,详细叙述了建模及求解的全过程。作者希望所述的检测器优化布点方法能为城市ITS建设中的此类研究提供一种新的思路。     

交通控制与诱导集成的关键问题评述

分析了交通控制和交通诱导的相互影响与相互作用。综述了交通控制系统和交通诱导系统集成的研究现状,重点对交通控制和交通诱导集成的6个关键问题进行了讨论分析。提出应用演化博弈论、有限理性和人工情感等研究探讨驾驶员对交通诱导信息的反应机理和先由交通诱导系统将交通流诱导到合适的路网上然后由交通控制系统来适应这些交通流的思想建立集成模型。提出应用人工交通系统与平行系统的思想来研究交通控制和交通诱导的集成实施问题,通过人工交通系统的"计算试验"对交通控制方案和诱导方案进行试验和评估,期望为交通控制和交通诱导二者的集成提供新的思路和方法。     

Investigating the attitudes of Egyptian drivers toward traffic safety

One of the main pillars for improving road safety in any country is a good understanding of traffic safety culture and the driving behavior of local drivers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether Egyptian drivers differ in traffic safety attitudes and level of acceptance of risky driving behavior. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the driving cognition of the participants. An exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the number of factors that differentiated the three types of drivers. Then a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the drivers with similar patterns of scores on the factors into clusters. Three driver clusters emerged: The drivers in cluster 1 were “drivers who rigidly followed regulations” (51.7%). The drivers in cluster 2 were “drivers who violated safety precautions” (23.3%). The drivers in cluster 3 were “drivers who had a tendency to violate regulations” (25.0%). A similarity between the social norms and personal attitudes of drivers was found. This can be explained by the high social norm of violating traffic laws, which can lead to more drivers accepting violations. The majority of the older drivers and drivers with no violations or traffic accident on their record in the past 2 years were in cluster 1. Cluster 2 had the highest proportion of young drivers who wore their seat belts and used hands-free phones while driving. Cluster 3 drivers accepted very dangerous violations, such as texting while driving, driving while intoxicated, and driving at very high speeds. They reported significantly more traffic accidents, but no more violations than the other two clusters. The results of this study can be used to improve road safety programs for education and enforcement in Egypt.     

智能公路技术展示系统设计与实现

交通部公路科学研究院(国家ITS中心)在公路交通综合试验场实现了智能公路技术展示系统。该系统依托该试验场内3.7 km的环形组合试验路,以基于车路协调理念的在途信息服务与驾驶辅助为主题,集成了近年来智能公路研究领域的典型成果,包括基于位置的交通信息服务(LBS)、车道保持辅助驾驶、视距不良条件下的视野拓展(弯道路段障碍物预警)、动态称重WIM与超载预警、IP接入与出行服务等功能,通过技术展示和试乘试驾,为驾驶员和乘客提供信息服务和安全辅助,体验未来信息社会中的公路交通出行方式。展示活动受到了国内外专家学者的广泛关注和好评。本文将主要介绍该展示系统的功能与实现。     

基于交通标志信息量的驾驶负荷加载有效性研究

过高的驾驶负荷是导致驾驶绩效受损和交通事故的重要原因,因此驾驶行为和交通安全研究中需要采用适当的负荷加载形式;通过试验分析不同信息量的交通标志对驾驶人认知负荷的影响规律,验证交通标志信息量对负荷加载的有效性。基于不同信息量的交通标志,对驾驶人的驾驶负荷进行试验验证。招募44名被试在静态控制环境下进行交通标志认知试验,采用信息理论对交通标志信息量进行量化计算,用不同信息量的交通标志进行认知负荷加载,采集被试对每个标志的主观负荷评价及反应时间。试验结果表明：主观驾驶负荷与交通标志信息量有高度相关性,反应时间随着信息等级的增加而增加;而驾驶人性别和驾驶经验对交通标志视认反应时间和主观驾驶负荷量化没有显著影响,这说明在驾驶试验中,交通标志信息量可以用于驾驶试验中的认知负荷的加载,而这种负荷的加载对于驾驶人的性别和驾驶经验是无差别的。该研究更多地考虑了驾驶人的认知特性,研究成果可用于驾驶负荷试验的次任务加载,帮助进行交通安全理论研究。     

基于数据挖掘技术的智能交通信息分析与决策研究

智能交通系统是解决当今交通问题最有前途的手段之一,而交通信息的分析与处理是其核心问题。首先介绍智能交通系统的信息特征及其分析要求,剖析了当前国内外常用的分析方法在信息处理与辅助决策方面存在的不足,提出了一个完整的、针对智能交通行业的交通信息智能分析与辅助决策系统模型。该模型以数据挖掘技术为核心,全面运用了新一代决策支持系统理论和计算智能技术,最后阐述了模型的各主要组成部分及其关键技术与实现方案。     

驾驶人交通违法记分制度改进对策研究

结合我国近年来道路交通安全管理态势发展特征,重点分析了机动车驾驶人交通安全违法行为累积记分制度在设计构建和实践应用环节存在的问题,着眼于买分卖分、满分降级等社会热点问题,借鉴欧美发达国家违法记分管理的经验做法,研究提出了动态记分周期、安全驾驶记录、车险关联机制等改进对策建议,为我国驾驶人交通违法查处、道路通行秩序保障提供决策参考.     

高速公路交通标志的认知及评价综述

交通标志作为高速公路与驾驶人进行信息交流的纽带, 是道路交通必不可少的一部分。目前关于交通标志的研究已取得一定的成就, 但在某些方面仍存在不足之处。为此从视认性, 识别率、驾驶人理解能力以及驾驶水平4个方面分析交通标志认知的影响因素; 将有效性评价分为定量评价方法以及定性定量结合的评价方法。并从这2个角度对目前的研究进行综述和评论, 结果表明, 高速公路与城市道路的差异较大, 应考虑二者不同处, 对高速公路交通标志认知的影响因素进行研究; 由于每个信息中含有的信息量不同, 建议引入信息理论, 得出准确的信息量阈值; 未来需加强不同学科的交叉融合, 建议将统计概率模型与认知模型结合起来, 建立新的认知模型; 驾驶补偿策略和交感神经的兴奋范围是未来重点的研究方向; 交通标志大多是以组合的形式出现, 未来需要开展对交通标志组的研究。      

Design and simuation of a vehicle test bed based on intelligent transport systems

As growing demand of vehicle safety system, especially regarding intelligent transport systems (ITS), automotive manufacturers are focusing more on driving safety and efficient transportation for vehicle users. Many safety systems have been launched in the market recently so, it is important to evaluate the vehicle safety systems and ITS. The ITS based intelligent vehicle test bed was constructed to meet the growing demand of test and verification for such ADAS and ITS systems. First, this paper describes in detail concept of the test-bed. This test-bed is carefully designed to meet the requirements of ISO/TC204 standards. In order to verify the design of the test-bed, virtual test with driving siulator was processed on a virtual test tracks. This test-bed will be used to conduct testing on various ITS and ADAS technologies, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), lane departure warning system (LDWS), cooperative intersection warning system as well as rollover stability control (RSC) and electronic stability control (ESC), etc.     

卫星定位数据驱动的营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险评估模型

为了提高营运车辆驾驶人安全管理的精细化水平，合理地评估驾驶人驾驶风险程度，有的放矢地降低高风险驾驶人的事故率，基于卫星定位数据特点及驾驶行为与驾驶风险的相关关系设计26个驾驶行为特征参数。考虑到高速和非高速行驶时相同驾驶行为对驾驶风险的影响区别较大，根据23名营运车辆驾驶人的实测数据有针对性地筛选高速和非高速路段驾驶人风险评估指标，构建营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险评估指标体系。然后，基于熵权法、独立性权系数法和Spearman相关系数法建立集成赋权法，确定各评估指标的权重。最后，雇佣40名营运车辆驾驶人进行实车试验以验证模型的合理性。结果表明：车辆速度和加速度方面的驾驶行为特征可以用于评估驾驶人的驾驶风险且评估效果较好，驾驶风险评估得分与实际交通冲突次数呈正相关关系，所建立模型可以较为准确地评估营运车辆驾驶人驾驶风险的高低，准确率达到77.50%，该模型在不同地区使用时，准确率存在一定的差异，但在容许范围之内，方法具有较好的鲁棒性。     

An international comparative study on driving attitudes and behaviors based on questionnaire surveys

Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are influenced by a driver's awareness and attitude toward road safety, as well as the socio-economic status, infrastructure development level, traffic status, social system, and traffic safety culture of the area to which the driver belongs. In this study, based on the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in seven countries, the characteristics of each country concerning tolerance for traffic violations, dangerous driving, and acceptance for road safety measures were studied. It was suggested that a high tolerance for traffic violations and dangerous driving might affect traffic violations and RTCs in each country. Additionally, to reduce the tolerance for traffic violations and dangerous driving, the promotion of road safety education, especially among young and male drivers, and stricter regulations and enforcement were suggested.     

Characteristic analysis for cognition of dangerous driving using automobile black boxes

Automobile black boxes are devices that collect information regarding vehicle operation and the driver’s operating situation in the case of a traffic accident. The information collected from the automobile black box, which can also be used during normal driving, can provide information about dangerous driving cognition. This study was designed to analyze characteristics of dangerous driving data and build a dangerous driving cognition system as follows. First, dangerous driving is divided into four types by considering the vehicle’s movement, such as acceleration, deceleration, turning and statistical data of traffic accidents. Second, dangerous driving data were collected by vehicle tests using the automobile black box, and characteristics of the driving data were analyzed to classify dangerous driving. Third, a standard threshold was chosen to recognize dangerous driving, and an algorithm of dangerous driving cognition was created. Finally, verification was conducted by vehicle tests with automobile black boxes embedded with the developed algorithm. The presented recognition methods of dangerous driving can be used for on/off-line management of drivers and vehicles. Scientific traffic accident databases can be built with this driving and accident information, and can be used in various industrial areas.     

交通共用信息平台通信方式分析

以国家智能运输系统（ITS）框架为基础，阐述了我国交通智能化建设对交通信息通信的需求情况，分析交通共用信息平台应该具有的运输层、通信层特性与功能，提出了我国交通共用信息平台的通信方式结构。最后，讨论了交通共用信息平台的未来趋势之一——IPv6网络。     

营运长途客车驾驶员疲劳累积规律及模型研究

研究营运长途客车驾驶员的疲劳累积规律是保障公共交通安全的需要.针对黑龙江省海伦市营运长途客车驾驶员,设计疲劳累积随车实验,采集驾驶员状态视频及驾驶员感知判断能力、自我主观疲劳评价等指标,利用视频分析处理软件将驾驶员状态视频转化为PERCLOS-P80值,以此作为疲劳程度的衡量指标.分别从原始疲劳和驾驶疲劳2个方面,对营运长途客车驾驶员疲劳累积规律进行分析,得出原始疲劳与前1d的实际睡眠时间呈负相关、与驾驶时间差呈正相关;驾驶疲劳与原始疲劳及连续驾驶时间呈正相关、与累计休息时间呈负相关的结论.建立了疲劳累积与驾驶员工作、休息时间的关系模型,运用回归技术对模型进行标定,其拟合优度达到0.929.在此模型的基础上,对不同原始疲劳值的驾驶员提出了连续驾驶时间的风险临界值(F=0.3时),给出了营运长途客车驾驶员工作休息建议,为其安全驾驶提供指导.      

基于simulator+技术的动态驾驶安全教育系统

交通事故频发已经严重影响到了人们的生活,并对社会经济造成了巨大的损失.提升驾驶员的驾驶能力能有效减少驾驶事故发生.聚焦典型违法驾驶行为,基于simulator实验平台开发的沉浸体验式教育系统(DSIES),通过系统教育纠正驾驶行为进而减少事故.通过典型违法驾驶行为致因分析,基于计划行为理论提出“知-教-行”动态教育系统.为验证系统有效性,选取具有代表性的4项违法驾驶行为作为实验对象,42名被试者被随机均分为2组进行传统教育及新型教育.采用描述性统计、显著性方差分析及灰度关联分析方法验证不同教育方式的效果.实验结果表明,新型教育系统能有效提升驾驶员驾驶能力;但随着时间的流逝,教育效果均有所降低.另一方面,该教育系统从短时教育及长时教育效果方面均优于传统教育,通过动态教育系统能有效提高驾驶员危险预测能力、降低交通违法行为.