Model predictive control with constraints for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control vehicle model in transition manoeuvres

A vehicle following control law, based on the model predictive control method, to perform transition manoeuvres (TMs) for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicle is presented in this paper. The TM controller ultimately establishes a steady-state following distance behind a preceding vehicle to avoid collision, keeping account of acceleration limits, safe distance, and state constraints. The vehicle dynamics model is for continuous-time domain and captures the real dynamics of the sub-vehicle models for steady-state and transient operations. The ACC vehicle can execute the TM successfully and achieves a steady-state in the presence of complex dynamics within the constraint boundaries.     

Real-time weighted multi-objective model predictive controller for adaptive cruise control systems

In this paper, a novel spacing control law is developed for vehicles with adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems to perform spacing control mode. Rather than establishing a steady-state following distance behind a newly encountered vehicle to avoid collision, the proposed spacing control law based on model predictive control (MPC) further considers fuel economy and ride comfort. Firstly, a hierarchical control architecture is utilized in which a lower controller compensates for nonlinear longitudinal vehicle dynamics and enables to track the desired acceleration. The upper controller based on the proposed spacing control law is designed to compute the desired acceleration to maintain the control objectives. Moreover, the control objectives are then formulated into the model predictive control problem using acceleration and jerk limits as constrains. Furthermore, due to the complex driving conditions during in the transitional state, the traditional model predictive control algorithm with constant weight matrix cannot meet the requirement of improvement in the fuel economy and ride comfort. Therefore, a real-time weight tuning strategy is proposed to solve time-varying multi-objective control problems, where the weight of each objective can be adjusted with respect to different operating conditions. In addition, simulation results demonstrate that the ACC system with the proposed real-time weighted MPC (RW-MPC) can provide better performance than that using constant weight MPC (CW-MPC) in terms of fuel economy and ride comfort.     

基于无人机视频拍摄的高速公路小型车换道行为特性

为了研究高速公路小型车的换道行为特性，采用2台无人机同时在200 m的高空对交通流进行拍摄，获取交通流运行状态。构建拍摄路段的高精度地图，获取每一时刻车辆的精确运行状态数据，在此基础上对2个视频进行拼接，最终获得车道位置、速度、车辆编号等8项关键指标，共提取换道行为1 520条，筛选后得到完整的自由换道数据942条。采用车辆轨迹是否持续偏移作为判断换道行为起终点的依据，在此基础上分析换道的时间长度、空间长度、与周边车辆的相互状态以及换道行为的安全性等16个特征参数。得出平均换道时间长度为6.09 s，平均换道空间距离为148.08 m，换道时间与空间长度均符合对数正态分布。换道车辆与目标车道后方车辆的平均距离最小（34.29 m），其相对距离在10 m以内的占28.24%，驾驶人为了加快行驶，在与目标车道后方车辆相对距离较小的情况下，依然采取换道措施。与正前方车辆的相对速度差最大，平均值为10.2 km·h^-1，并且在83%的情况下，本车的速度大于前车，说明车辆自由换道是由于前方车辆行驶速度较慢所引起。采用TTC，MTC分别对换道起始时刻的安全性进行分析，并将安全状态划分为4种类型：严重-紧急状态、严重-非紧急状态、非严重-紧急状态、非严重-非紧急状态。其中严重-非紧急，非严重-非紧急这2种状态占比最高。该研究成果对了解中国驾驶人在高速公路上的换道行为特性，以及对建立适用于中国实际交通环境特征的换道行为模型具有一定参考意义。     

考虑驾驶人风格的换道轨迹规划与控制（双语出版）

基于自动换道控制技术中融合个性化驾驶人风格的研究，建立考虑驾驶人风格的车辆换道轨迹规划及控制模型以提高换道规划控制模型对不同风格驾驶人的适用性，在保证安全性的基础上进一步满足驾驶人的个性化需求。首先通过问卷调查的方式采集得到了212份驾驶人风格量表数据，采用主成分分析法和K均值（K-means）聚类分析法将驾驶人按驾驶风格分为激进型、普通型和谨慎型，并通过驾驶模拟器试验采集不同风格驾驶人分别在自车道前车、目标车道前车和目标车道后车影响下的换道行为数据。然后对椭圆车辆模型进行改进，以描述不同风格驾驶人的行车安全区域，并据此构建3种典型工况下不同风格驾驶人的换道最小安全距离模型，结合驾驶舒适性约束、车辆几何位置约束以及不同风格驾驶人的换道行为数据，以换道纵向位移最短为目标，实现适应驾驶人风格的换道轨迹规划。最后以基于预瞄的路径跟踪模型作为前馈量，设计基于动力学的线性二次型最优（LQR）反馈控制器，通过调节控制权重矩阵实现3种工况下不同驾驶人风格的换道轨迹跟踪。PreScan和MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真结果表明：所设计的考虑驾驶人风格的换道轨迹规划及跟踪控制模型能够实现不同驾驶风格的自动换道轨迹规划及跟踪控制，可满足驾驶人个性化换道需求。     

基于自然驾驶数据的跨江大桥小客车跟驰特性研究

为明确跨江大桥的跟驰行为特征以及驾驶模式,在重庆菜园坝大桥展开了30位被试的小客车实车驾驶试验,使用华测航姿测量系统和前视碰撞预警系统Mobileye 630采集自然驾驶状态下汽车的连续行驶速度、车头时距和车头间距等数据。通过筛选得到了725条有效跟驰轨迹数据,对比分析发现跨江大桥与城市一般道路的跟驰行为存在一定差异性,明确了菜园坝大桥车头时距和车头间距的分布特征,并且对强跟驰(小于1.6 s)、过渡区间(1.6~2.6 s之间)以及弱跟驰(大于2.6 s)3种跟驰状态和驾驶人性别差异下的跟驰数据进行了分析。结果表明:桥梁段车头时距分布集中在1.6 s处,车头间距分布集中在18 m处;超过1/3的跟驰轨迹处于强跟驰状态,此状态下前车驾驶行为对跟驰车辆具有较强制约性;当车辆处于弱跟驰状态时,前车对于后车的约束性会随车头时距的增大而快速降低;过渡区间的设立更好地揭示了强/弱跟驰状态之间的转变并不是只有一个临界值,而是存在一个转换过程,并且其间车辆跟驰特性的变化与驾驶人本身的操作行为存在较大关联;驾驶人的性别差异对跟驰距离几乎没有影响,但男性驾驶人往往会采取更加冒险的驾驶行为,平均车头时距、车头间距以及相对速度均高于女性驾驶人。     

Connected variable speed limits control and car-following control with vehicle-infrastructure communication to resolve stop-and-go waves

The vision of intelligent vehicles traveling in road networks has prompted numerous concepts to control future traffic flow, one of which is the in-vehicle actuation of traffic control commands. The key of this concept is using intelligent vehicles as actuators for traffic control systems. Under this concept, we design and test a control system that connects a traffic controller with in-vehicle controllers via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The link-level traffic controller regulates traffic speeds through variable speed limits (VSL) gantries to resolve stop-and-go waves, while intelligent vehicles control accelerations through vehicle propulsion and brake systems to optimize their local situations. It is assumed that each intelligent vehicle receives VSL commands from the traffic controller and uses them as variable parameters for the local vehicle controller. Feasibility and effectiveness of the connected control paradigm are tested with simulation on a two-lane freeway stretch with intelligent vehicles randomly distributed among human-driven vehicles. Simulation shows that the connected VSL and vehicle control system improves traffic efficiency and sustainability; that is, total time spent in the network and average fuel consumption rate are reduced compared to (uncontrolled and controlled) scenarios with 100% human drivers and to uncontrolled scenarios with the same intelligent vehicle penetration rates.     

自动驾驶汽车基础测试场景构建研究（双语出版）

针对L2/L3级自动驾驶汽车的仿真测试和封闭场地测试认证需求，结合现有L2/L3级自动驾驶汽车量产车型的主要功能特点，提出自动驾驶汽车基础测试场景群的构建方法。首先针对指定的道路交通环境，分析主车和周围交通参与者可能的相对位置和运动方向的组合，确定复杂场景群。其次分别以主车功能所确定的各个可能运动方向，依此与各干扰车辆的可能运动方向（包括任一干扰车辆不存在的情形）进行组合，组合时采用PICT组合测试工具，并添加必要的运动约束条件，选择参数组合覆盖标准自动生成全部的组合场景群。最后结合场景筛选规则，筛选出具有测试价值的覆盖各个层级及功能的基础测试场景群。采用场景构建方法，对于主车处于三车道中间车道的路段场景和无红绿灯的十字路口场景，分别构建62种和33种基础测试场景。根据驾驶人行为特性、交通规则、汽车在城市、郊区和高速公路工况下的典型车速、加减速度、横向加速度、交通事故和自然驾驶数据库的有关场景数据等，设计主车换道工况的测试用例。采用模型预测控制框架建立主车局部路径规划和控制仿真模型，并对主车危险换道场景进行仿真。研究结果表明：主车在邻车道前车大减速的情况下实现了减速换道并避免了与本车道前车和邻车道前后车的碰撞，同时跟踪到期望跟车间距，验证了该换道测试用例的有效性。     

汽车ACC系统纵向控制六模式切换策略仿真研究

为了增强现有六模式汽车自适应巡航(ACC)系统全工况下的适应性,文中综合考虑了2车相对速度、相对距离和本车速度等参数对ACC系统控制策略的影响,提出了1种六模式ACC系统控制模式的划分方法,并定量地确定了控制模式划分的边界条件.为了使ACC系统能够根据车辆行驶工况做出合理的响应,分别设计了各控制模式的加速度算法.将模式划分方法及控制策略建立相应的Simulink模型,考虑到PreScan具有场景建立便利性和可视化等优点,采用PreScan仿真场景并通过CarSim车辆动态模型,对所设计的六模式ACC系统进行了仿真试验.仿真结果表明:提出的六模式ACC系统,在全工况特别是前车切入等复杂工况下,较现有的六模式ACC系统表现出更好的适应性.      

起-停车辆巡航系统的建模与仿真

将理论和试验数据相结合,建立了起-停车辆巡航跟随仿真系统混合模型,然后根据滑模控制和模糊控制的优点,设计了车间距离控制器;结合建立的车辆巡航跟随仿真系统模型,进行了前车在静止和运动2种情况下的仿真。仿真结果表明:建立的车辆巡航跟随仿真系统模型和控制器能比较真实地反映实际起-停车辆巡航跟随情况,该模型和控制器可以用于对起-停车辆巡航跟随情况的研究。     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞，改善道路交通安全状况，提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机，获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离，并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险，使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性，采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适，采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制，保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性，基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制，结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差，修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合，结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞，减少交通事故的发生。     

混合动力传动系 Tip-in/out工况的模型预测控制

为抑制混合动力汽车加减速过程中传动系统振荡,以电机转矩为控制量,提出一种基于模型预测主动控制混合动力传动系统振荡的策略,基于 Matlab/Simulink平台搭建动态系统模型,实时计算电机转矩补偿优化发动机输出转矩,准确跟踪目标转矩的同时减少传动系统振荡。探索不同控制器参数设置对于驾驶动力性和舒适性的增益效果,通过硬件在环 （Hardware-in-Loop,HIL） 试验表明,所设计的 MPC控制器能使汽车平稳地加减速,迅速跟踪目标转速,求解时间控制在10 ms以内,具有较好的实时性,同时对传动系统中的非线性因素和参数变化有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于模型预测控制的智能车轨迹跟踪控制研究

为了完成智能车的轨迹跟踪,提出一种基于模型预测控制的轨迹跟踪方法,利用将运动学模型这个非线性系统线性化的方案,来获得必须的线性时变系统,采取模型预测控制的三要素来设计控制器。并且基于MPC在控制过程中能增加多种约束的优点,建立基于车辆运动学模型的约束做轨迹跟踪仿真实验,最后,基于山东理工大学智能车平台上GPS提供的定位信息,在校园中采集路线并对前提规划好的的轨迹进行实车验证。实验结果表明:基于MPC算法所设计的控制器能快速且稳定地跟踪期望轨迹。     

基于驾驶员跟车习惯的报警/避撞算法研究

在驾驶员实车实验的基础上,研究跟车工况中的驾驶员行为特性和习惯,建立驾驶员跟随车距模型,并结合对车辆制动过程的分析,研究分别基于驾驶员制动行为特性和驾驶员跟随车距模型的报警/避撞算法,通过改变算法的参数值,可使算法得到的报警/避撞时机符合不同驾驶员的驾驶习惯。利用实验数据对算法进行离线检验,验证该算法在报警/避撞系统中的适用性。     

Nonlinear ACC in Simulation and Measurement

In this paper an adaptive cruise control (ACC) of a convoy consisting of two passenger cars is designed and tested. For the ACC only on board sensors in the following vehicle are used, communication within the convoy or between the controlled vehicle and electronic systems on the roadside is not assumed. A laser scanner is applied for range measurements, derived from the complete vision data of the area in front of the car. Since the scanner provides the range only, a Kalman Filter is used to estimate the velocity and acceleration of the car. For controller design the concept of flat outputs in connection with the exact state linearization is applied. Moreover, the exact state linearization is combined with a sliding mode control. The control parameters are obtained by an optimization algorithm using optimal tracking formulation. The optimization also guarantees individual vehicle stability as well as string stability of the convoy. It is shown how the convoy is responding to disturbances resulting from initial errors or from velocity steps by the leading vehicle at lower speed in simulation and experiment.     

Driver models for personalised driving assistance

We propose a learning-based driver modelling approach which can identify manoeuvres performed by drivers on the highway and predict the future driver inputs. We show how this approach can be applied to provide personalised driving assistance. In a first example, the driver model is used to predict unintentional lane departures and a model predictive controller is used to keep the car in the lane. In a second example, the driver model estimates the preferred acceleration of the driver during lane keeping, and a model predictive controller is implemented to provide a personalised adaptive cruise control. For both applications, we use a combination of real data and simulation to evaluate the proposed approaches.     

Nonlinear ACC in Simulation and Measurement

In this paper an adaptive cruise control (ACC) of a convoy consisting of two passenger cars is designed and tested. For the ACC only on board sensors in the following vehicle are used, communication within the convoy or between the controlled vehicle and electronic systems on the roadside is not assumed. A laser scanner is applied for range measurements, derived from the complete vision data of the area in front of the car. Since the scanner provides the range only, a Kalman Filter is used to estimate the velocity and acceleration of the car. For controller design the concept of flat outputs in connection with the exact state linearization is applied. Moreover, the exact state linearization is combined with a sliding mode control. The control parameters are obtained by an optimization algorithm using optimal tracking formulation. The optimization also guarantees individual vehicle stability as well as string stability of the convoy. It is shown how the convoy is responding to disturbances resulting from initial errors or from velocity steps by the leading vehicle at lower speed in simulation and experiment.     

汽车防追尾碰撞数学模型研究

为了提高车辆在高速行驶状态下的主动安全性能,研究了处于追尾行驶状态的本车与前车的运动学特征;针对前车的不同运动状态分别推导出了跟车距离的计算模型并分析了模型中3个关键参数的随机性和动态性,对制动迟滞时间提出了基于模糊推理的确定方法,对本车制动减速度和前车的运动加速度提出了比较实用的动态测算公式;另外,研究了防追尾碰撞的控制与执行,建立了动态调整安全制动停车距离的神经网络模型,提出了基于危险裕度判别的安全控制方法。     

FSAC赛车轨迹跟踪协同控制策略研究

针对中国大学生方程式赛车 （FSAC） 在比赛中横向-纵向协同控制的轨迹跟踪精度和稳定性问题，根据现代控制理论和经典控制理论提出一种以纵向速度为结合点的线性二次控制器 （LQR） 和比例-积分-微分算法 （PID） 的横纵向协同控制策略，并根据赛车相对参考轨迹的位置设计了一种协同控制器。建立二自由度车辆动力学模型，基于该模型设计了横向LQR位置跟踪控制器和纵向PID速度跟踪控制器。所设计的控制策略在CarSim和Simulink搭建的循迹工况联合仿真场景下进行仿真验证，仿真结果为纵向位置偏差小于0.07 m，横向位置偏差小于0.03 m。对控制算法进行实车验证，结果表明，该策略有效提高了赛车的轨迹跟踪精度和行驶稳定性。     

Behavioral responses to pre-planned road capacity reduction based on smartphone GPS trajectory data: A functional data analysis approach

Abstract

Pre-planned events such as constructions or special events lead to road capacity reductions and create bottlenecks in the traffic network. The traffic impact of such events goes beyond local areas, as informed drivers may detour to alternative corridors and consequently the traffic congestion may divert or propagate to other corridors. Due to the lack of real observation data, traditional traffic impact analyses are typically based on simulation models, fixed-location sensor data or survey questionnaires. In this research, we use high-resolution vehicle trajectory data collected via a smartphone app, which is capable of keeping track of individual driver’s behavior before and after road capacity reduction, to investigate travelers’ behavioral responses to pre-planned events and the contribution factors. For this purpose, a functional data analysis (FDA) approach-based clustering method is firstly proposed to cluster trajectory data and identify detour patterns, and two logistic and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models are used to explain drivers’ detour behavior choice for each pattern with spatial and temporal features of interest. A case study based on a lane closure event on MoPac expressway in Austin, TX is used as an example in this research. The case study demonstrates that: (1) the freeway capacity reduction triggered heterologous behavior responses, (2) driver detour behavior exhibits three major patterns and (3) each detour pattern highly depends on spatial features such as trip length, distance to freeway entrance and distance to other alternative freeways, in addition to the temporal features when the trip happens.     

Decentralized neuro-fuzzy control for half car with semi-active suspension system

In this paper, a decentralized neuro-fuzzy controller has been created in order to improve the ride comfort and increase the stability for half car suspension system, which used the magneto-rheological damper as a semi-active device. Firstly, relative gain array and relative disturbance gain methods have been used for deriving a relation between inputs, disturbances and outputs to select pairing with minimum interaction to design a decentralize controller. Secondary, decentralized neuro-fuzzy controllers for front and rear chassis are designed to predict the required damping force taking the acceleration of the sprung mass and desired acceleration obtained by using pole-placement method as inputs. To predict the control voltage required for producing the force predicted by the controller, the inverse neuro-fuzzy model of MR damper has been designed. Simulation by using MATLAB programs has been created. The results show that the ride comforts and vehicle stability have been improved in comparison with the passive system.