车路集成环境下车辆防撞预警安全状态判别模型的研究

针对现有安全状态判别模型未能兼顾行车安全与道路空间资源利用率,且忽略了实际行驶环境下动态制动减速度信息的问题,提出了车路集成条件下车辆防撞预警安全状态判别模型。通过车-路通信协作实现对路面类型等实际行驶环境因素的动态识别,并确定车辆采取制动措施时所能获得的动态制动减速度;通过分析前车与自车的有效制动时间和车辆制动全过程,建立了新型临界跟车距离模型,并给出了模型关键参数的获取方法。仿真结果表明,该判别模型具有较强的自适应性,更贴近车辆实际行驶环境下的制动过程,有利于提高道路空间的利用率。     

基于最小安全距离的车辆跟驰模型研究

在传统的基于车头时距的安全距离模型和基于制动过程的安全距离模型的研究基础上,针对前导车分别处于静止、匀速和匀减速等不同行驶状态,相应地建立了单车道跟驰状态下跟随车与前导车不发生追尾碰撞的最小安全距离模型,并充分考虑了车辆制动过程中减速度渐变的过程,避免了以往模型中采用制动减速度突变的问题。最后,通过M atlab仿真系统对改进模型和传统模型进行了同等条件下的仿真,仿真数据从理论上验证了改进模型能够很好地解决传统模型计算的安全距离存在较大偏差的问题,可为今后研究跟驰模型提供一定的参考。     

基于驾驶行为的追尾避撞控制策略研究

本文中提出了一种通过制动或换道来实现的追尾避撞控制策略。首先通过模拟驾驶仪采集驾驶员避免追尾碰撞的换道时机、制动强度、最大加速度变化率和反应时间,构建了驾驶员制动避撞行为和换道避撞行为模型;然后建立基于制动安全距离、碰撞时间和换道安全距离的危险估计模型,实时计算行车发生追尾碰撞的危险等级并据此选取相应的主动避撞介入时机和方式;最后依据碰撞时间和结合前馈控制的线性状态反馈控制方法,分别建立制动避撞策略和换道避撞策略。Matlab仿真和实车试验验证结果表明,该避撞控制策略能通过自主换道或制动避免中低速跟车行驶时的追尾碰撞。     

基于人-车-路环境下的车辆跟驰模型

在现有的跟驰模型基础上,综合考虑驾驶员个体差异、车辆制动性能差异和交通路况因素,并针对前车静止、减速和匀速或加速三种不同行驶状态,以前后车所需的最小安全距离为目标,建立不同行驶工况下的人-车-路环境下的最小安全距离车辆跟驰模型。最后,针对前车不同行驶工况下对最小安全距离进行数值计算,并与现有的传统模型计算结果进行对比。结果表明:在车辆跟驰过程中,前后车之间所需的最小安全距离会受人、车、道路环境影响而有所变化,文中建立的模型更加准确、合理,符合真实交通现象。     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞，改善道路交通安全状况，提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机，获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离，并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险，使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性，采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适，采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制，保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性，基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制，结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差，修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合，结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞，减少交通事故的发生。     

预防追尾有四招

追尾相撞事故发生频发的原因：一是惟恐其他车辆加塞或自行车、行人穿行而采取紧随前车行驶的方法，前车刹车，后车刹车不及：二是后车驾驶人精神不集中．前车刹车情况发现晚．采取措施慢；三是超车或借道行驶时不注意安全距离，强行超车变更车道发生追尾碰撞：四是前车刹车灯或后车制动系统不合格等。     

制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足,提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径,在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次,考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响,基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离,并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T■划分安全行驶区域,利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后,通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型,并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明:转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的;当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时,主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作,而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m,事实上已经发生了碰撞;当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时,避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式,最大制动减速度达到-0.8g(g为重力加速度),实际最小车间距为5.1 m;通过转向和制动的协调动作,充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力;ξ和T■指标的融合,可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换,在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

节油的7个技巧

与前车保持距离。城市中红绿灯多,塞车司空见惯,车辆起步频繁因而费油。因此行进中要与前车保持足够的距离,这样当前车突然制动或轻带制动减速时,都不必频繁制动,既安全又省油。掌握好换挡时机。低挡起步,转速足够才可以换入高挡。既不要使用高挡低速行驶,也不要在低挡高速行驶     

考虑前车制动意图的自动紧急制动策略及其测试评价方法

为提高车辆自动紧急制动（AEB）系统的避撞性能,提出了一种考虑前车制动意图的AEB策略及其测试评价方法。通过搭建“PreScan+Simulink+驾驶模拟器”联合仿真平台采集驾驶人制动数据,基于K-均值（K-Means）聚类方法对制动意图进行分类,采用滑动时间窗口提取了意图识别模型训练数据集;通过双层隐马尔可夫模型识别前车制动意图,主车根据不同制动意图计算临界安全距离阈值并制定避撞控制策略;建立PreScan+Simulink虚拟仿真测试环境,提出了基于层次分析法的AEB策略综合评价方法,通过与4种典型AEB控制模型进行对比,验证了所提出方法在不同制动程度场景下均可及时触发制动以避免碰撞,同时可减少过早制动造成的驾驶不适感。     

制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究（双语出版）

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足，提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径，在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次，考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响，基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离，并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T^-1_TC划分安全行驶区域，利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后，通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型，并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明：转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的；当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时，主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作，而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m，事实上已经发生了碰撞；当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时，避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式，最大制动减速度达到-0.8g（g为重力加速度），实际最小车间距为5.1 m；通过转向和制动的协调动作，充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力；ξ和T^-1_TC指标的融合，可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换，在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

雾天驾驶人车辆操纵行为特性及其与追尾风险相关性分析

为分析驾驶人在雾天环境下的车辆操纵行为特性及其与追尾风险的内在关系,设计并开展驾驶模拟试验,采用方差分析,混合效应模型等对晴天、雾天2种环境下驾驶人的车辆操纵行为特性进行对比分析,并利用相关性分析及二元Logistics回归模型对避撞过程中行为间的相互作用及其与追尾风险间的关系进行挖掘.结果表明:雾天环境下驾驶人的车道...     

Feedback brake distribution control for minimum pitch

The distribution of brake forces between front and rear axles of a vehicle is typically specified such that the same level of brake force coefficient is imposed at both front and rear wheels. This condition is known as ‘ideal’ distribution and it is required to deliver the maximum vehicle deceleration and minimum braking distance. For subcritical braking conditions, the deceleration demand may be delivered by different distributions between front and rear braking forces. In this research we show how to obtain the optimal distribution which minimises the pitch angle of a vehicle and hence enhances driver subjective feel during braking. A vehicle model including suspension geometry features is adopted. The problem of the minimum pitch brake distribution for a varying deceleration level demand is solved by means of a model predictive control (MPC) technique. To address the problem of the undesirable pitch rebound caused by a full-stop of the vehicle, a second controller is designed and implemented independently from the braking distribution in use. An extended Kalman filter is designed for state estimation and implemented in a high fidelity environment together with the MPC strategy. The proposed solution is compared with the reference ‘ideal’ distribution as well as another previous feed-forward solution.     

Time-optimal control of the race car: a numerical method to emulate the ideal driver

A numerical method for the time-optimal control of the race car is presented. The method is then used to perform the role of the driver in numerical simulations of manoeuvres at the limit of race car performance. The method does not attempt to model the driver but rather replaces the driver with methods normally associated with numerical optimal control. The method simultaneously finds the optimal driven line and the driver control inputs (steer, throttle and brake) to drive this line in minimum time. In principle, the method is capable of operation with arbitrarily complex vehicle models as it requires only limited access to the vehicle model state vector. It also requires solution of the differential equation representing the vehicle model in only the forward time direction and is hence capable of simulating the full vehicle transient response.     

考虑预碰撞时间的自动紧急制动系统分层控制策略研究

为提升汽车的主动安全,对车辆自动紧急制动系统控制策略进行研究。利用分层控制的思想对控制策略进行建模,上层控制器为对车辆制动减速度进行决策的预碰撞时间模型,根据汽车追尾事故深度调查的驾驶员紧急制动数据分析制动系统的制动减速度,在考虑舒适性的条件下确定预碰撞时间阈值。下层控制器按照上层控制器输出的制动减速度,分析车辆轮胎模型和制动系统的关系,通过PID控制调节制动压力对车辆进行控制。在安全评价规程标准工况下验证控制策略的可靠性,通过追尾事故场景的重建来验证控制策略的有效性。仿真结果表明:设计的控制策略在相对车速65km/h以内时能有效避撞,而高于65km/h时能最大程度地降低碰撞车速,减小伤害。     

Intelligent collision warning using license plate segmentation

Given the increase of vehicles in traffic, traffic accidents have become a crucial and urgent issue for some countries. Particularly, in heavy traffic conditions, rear-end collisions make up the majority of traffic accidents, which make the traffic jam worse. This article proposes a novel approach to rear-end collision warning systems using areas of license plates acquired with a single camera mounted on a car. The edges of the front car's license plate are segmented and a rectangle is sketched to calculate the area, which is used for estimating distance between the cars. Relative speed of the front car is computed using the differences of the rectangles in a specific time. Distance and relative speed are obtained from the estimated areas of the license plates and transferred to the fuzzy inference system to send a warning signal to the driver for collision prevention, in emergency cases. The experiments are greatly encouraging, indicating that number plate segmentation can be utilized to estimate the distance and fuzzy inference system can be developed to create a warning signal to the drivers.     

制动抖动引起的转向盘振动传递途径分析

建立了基于ADAMS/CAR的多刚体车辆动力学仿真模型,成功再现了制动引起的转向盘振动现象,并与试验结果具有良好的一致性。通过信号时域和频域分析,明确了振动从制动器到转向盘的传递途径,提出了调节橡胶弹性元件刚度的振动控制方法。     

摩擦材料摩擦特性对轿车前,后制动力之比的影响

本研究了摩擦材料摩擦特性对轿车（盘式），后（鼓式）制动器制动力之比的影响。根据对前，后制动器部总成大量的测功器试结果，计算并绘出前，后制动之比值随制动管路压力，车速，制动温度的变化关系曲线，并与设计作了对比分析，讨论了它对轿车制动稳定性的影响，为制动性能计算，制动器设计和制动衬片摩擦材料的选配提供依据和参考，从而保证了轿车的制动稳定性。     

乘用车追尾碰撞仿真研究

按照我国乘用车追尾碰撞燃油系统安全法规,针对某款乘用车建立有限元模型,并进行追尾碰撞仿真研究,分析验证其燃油系统的安全性。仿真结果为今后的汽车追尾碰撞仿真及尾部耐撞性研究提供了借鉴。     

Experimental investigations on continuous regenerative anti-lock braking system of full electric vehicle

Functions of anti-lock braking for full electric vehicles (EV) with individually controlled wheel drive can be realized through conventional brake system actuating friction brakes and regenerative brake system actuating electric motors. To analyze advantages and limitations of both variants of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), the presented study introduces results of experimental investigations obtained from proving ground tests of all-wheel drive EV. The brake performance is assessed for three different configurations: hydraulic ABS; regenerative ABS only on the front axle; blended hydraulic and regenerative ABS on the front axle and hydraulic ABS on the rear axle. The hydraulic ABS is based on a rule-based controller, and the continuous regenerative ABS uses the gain-scheduled proportional-integral direct slip control with feedforward and feedback control parts. The results of tests on low-friction road surface demonstrated that all the ABS configurations guarantee considerable reduction of the brake distance compared to the vehicle without ABS. In addition, braking manoeuvres with the regenerative ABS are characterized by accurate tracking of the reference wheel slip that results in less oscillatory time profile of the vehicle deceleration and, as consequence, in better driving comfort. The results of the presented experimental investigations can be used in the process of selection of ABS architecture for upcoming generations of full electric vehicles with individual wheel drive.     

A Comparative Study of Four Wheel Steering Models Using the Inverse Solution

An inverse solution study of various four wheel steering models is carried out for the purpose of comparison of steering/braking input needed to track a lane change maneuver. Optimal control is used to solve the non-linear inverse problem. Comparisons are made when the vehicle is coasting, when the time required to track the trajectory is minimized with appropriate utilization of brake/traction forces, and in a front wheel lock situation. A rear steering model which produces neutral steering characteristics displayed the best steering behavior with respect to ease of steering.