换气与压缩过程对汽油机燃烧特性的影响研究

针对增压气道喷射汽油机进行了发动机换气与压缩过程对燃烧特性的影响研究,对比了两种状态下的气门升程与配气正时,基于发动机试验台架测试数据,重点分析了发动机动力性、经济性和燃烧特性。试验数据表明了配气相位的改变对燃烧有较大的影响,可使燃烧效率大幅度提高,爆震倾向减小。同时基于AVL-fire软件进行发动机进气与压缩过程三维CFD分析,分析结果表明:对燃烧特性的影响不能仅靠瞬态滚流比和缸内平均湍动能进行判断,真正影响燃烧的是火花塞附近湍动能的变化,即发动机换气与压缩过程对燃烧特性的影响来自压缩上止点火花塞附近的湍动能。     

进气道对增压汽油机流动特性及性能的影响

基于某款增压发动机,通过C FD软件对不同进气道的进气组织及燃烧过程进行模拟计算,并分析了气道对发动机着火特性和燃烧参数的影响。研究结果表明：减小气道拐角半径 R或进气门直径,均可提高发动机滚流比和湍流强度;火花塞处较低的湍动能强度不利于火焰中心的形成;湍动能较强区域位于燃烧室中间区域更有利于点火之后火焰向四周迅速传播,优化了发动机的燃烧过程。     

火花塞对汽油机缸内湍流的影响

针对4种不同火花塞,利用三维模拟软件建立了缸内直喷汽油机的仿真计算模型,在2 000r/min冷态情况下,对缸内湍流进行了计算,得到发动机在进气冲程、压缩冲程、点火时刻气缸内及火花塞附近的流场,评价了缸内速度场、湍动能参数。结果表明:在进气初期,火花塞对周围湍动能和缸内速度场影响最大,决定了缸内初期涡团的形成以及此后缸内湍流的发展变化;随着进气门的关闭和气缸容积的增大,火花塞对缸内湍流的影响越来越小;直至活塞靠近上止点,火花塞对局部流场的影响再一次显现。采用恰当的火花塞结构,使点火位置气流处于低速且具有足够湍流强度,对点火的稳定性和火焰的传播具有深远的影响。     

Atkinson循环发动机紧凑型燃烧系统研究

基于Atkinson理论循环建立混合动力汽油机的性能仿真模型,确定出合适的压缩比与配气正时。分别采用增加活塞顶面凸起高度(上凸型燃烧室)和减小缸盖上燃烧室高度的方式来满足Atkinson循环汽油机对压缩比的要求。同时为适应紧凑结构减小气门升程、直径(紧凑型燃烧室)。通过三维CFD计算分析,比较了两种燃烧室缸内燃烧及流动特性,发现紧凑型燃烧室能够在火核形成及扩散时期在缸内产生更高的湍动能,有利于加快火焰传播,使燃烧持续期缩短9.8%~24.4%,可显著提高燃油经济性。在混合动力用Atkinson循环发动机开发中使用紧凑型燃烧室,具有重要的应用价值。     

氢燃料直喷压燃发动机的有效热效率潜力研究

通过零维和一维仿真耦合,来探究氢燃料直喷压燃发动机的最大热效率潜力。基于CHEMKIN软件建立氢均质混合气的压燃燃烧详细化学反应动力学模型,利用已有试验结果对模型的预测精度进行了验证。基于GT-Power软件建立发动机的一维流动和性能预测模型,通过GT-power和CHEMKIN耦合,实现对氢燃料直喷压燃发动机的燃烧预测和性能计算。利用GT-power进行试验设计和参数化计算,优化发动机的结构参数和效率。优化后的有效热效率达到51.38%,表明氢燃料直喷压燃发动机具有较大的热效率潜力。     

Improving the predictiveness of the quasi-d combustion model for spark ignition engines with flexible intake systems

Fast and predictive simulation tools are prerequisites for pursuing simulation based engine control development. A particularly attractive tradeoff between speed and fidelity is achieved with a co-simulation approach that marries a commercial gas dynamic code WAVE™ with an in-house quasi-dimensional combustion model. Gas dynamics are critical for predicting the effect of wave action in intake and exhaust systems, while the quasi-D turbulent flame entrainment model provides sensitivity to variations of composition and turbulence in the cylinder. This paper proposes a calibration procedure for such a tool that maximizes its range of validity and therefore achieves a fully predictive combustion model for the analysis of a high degree of freedom (HDOF) engines. Inclusion of a charge motion control device in the intake runner presented a particular challenge, since anything altering the flow upstream of the intake valve remains “invisible” to the zero-D turbulence model applied to the cylinder control volume. The solution is based on the use of turbulence multiplier and scheduling of its value. Consequently, proposed calibration procedure considers two scalar variables (dissipation constant C _β and turbulence multiplier C _M ), and the refinements of flame front area maps to capture details of the spark-plug design, i.e. the actual distance between the spark and the surface of the cylinder head. The procedure is demonstrated using an SI engine system with dual-independent cam phasing and charge motion control valves (CMCV) in the intake runner. A limited number of iterations led to convergence, thanks to a small number of adjustable constants. After calibrating constants at the reference operating point, the predictions are validated for a range of engine speeds, loads and residual fractions.     

CFD的水泵数值分析

CFD模拟可以直观了解产品内的复杂流动现象,对提高设计能力、改进和优化设备具有重要的作用。文章建立了发动机冷却水泵的实际工作模型,对水泵体内部的三维湍流流场进行CFD模拟;研究了水泵内部复杂流场中各个位置上压力分布、速度分布和湍动能情况;分析水泵的水力损失,对发动机水泵的扬程和水力效率性能进行分析和预测,计算结果与试验结果相差不超过8％,表明利用CFD数值模拟分析具有很高的可靠性,能充分反映水泵内部流动的复杂情况,可以为水泵结构设计和性能改进提供理论依据。     

Modeling of flame-wall interaction for combustion and heat transfer in S.I. engines

A numerical combustion model was developed for an engine CFD code in spark ignition engine combustion chambers. The combustion model features the following new concepts: (1) The introduction of preheated reactants which are produced in the turbulent mixing process and consumed in the reaction process; (2) the modification of the probability of burned and unburned gas blobs meeting each other in consideration of a change in turbulence length scale, which becomes smaller in the near wall region. With the first concept, the model deals with turbulence-reaction controlled combustion in the near wall region as well as turbulence-controlled combustion in the core region. The second concept avoids the unrealistic flame shape due to the near wall acceleration of the turbulent flame propagation, which is inherently seen in combustion models based simply on the turbulent mixing time such as the Magnussen model. It is also shown that the present model gives more realistic local heat fluxes.     

Flame propagation model for a rotary Atkinson cycle SI engine

The rotary Atkinson cycle engine includes two modes of combustion: combustion initiation and propagation in ignition chamber and then flame jet entrainment and propagation in expansion chamber. The turbulent flame propagation model is a predictive model for SI engines which could be developed for this type of combustion for the rotary Atkinson engine similar to the congenital engine with pre-chamber; in split combustion chamber SI engines, small amount of fuel is burned in pre-chamber while the fuel burned in ignition chamber of rotary Atkinson cycle is considerable. In this study a mathematical modeling of spherical flame propagation inside ignition chamber and new combined conical flame and spherical flame propagation model of a new two-stroke Atkinson cycle SI engine will be presented. The mathematical modeling is carried out using two-zone combustion analysis and the model also is validated against experimental tests and compared with previous study using non-predictive Weibe function model.     

柴油机高压及微孔径下燃油雾化特性的数值研究(Ⅱ)——湍流模型对燃烧的影响

为了有效模拟燃油燃烧过程,向计算流体力学平台KIVA-3V中加入了大涡模拟程序,同时耦合了化学反应动力学软件Chemkin,建立了喷雾燃烧过程的大涡模拟燃烧平台。研究了在高压和微孔径条件下两种湍流模型对燃油雾化燃烧过程的影响,同时对1台Caterpillar 3401重型柴油发动机缸内燃油喷雾燃烧过程进行了数值研究。结果显示,大涡模拟得到的燃油的燃烧过程与试验结果较为接近,燃烧温度分布及缸内压力变化趋势都要好于雷诺平均模型。     

湍流射流点火燃烧特性的模拟研究

稀薄燃烧策略可以在提高燃料效率的同时减少污染物排放,而预燃室式湍流射流点火技术作为一种强点火方式能够有效提高燃烧稳定性.采用数值模拟手段对稀薄混合气湍流射流点火燃烧特性进行研究.结果 表明:在混合气过量空气系数(φa)为1.5的情况下,湍流射流点火相较传统火花塞点火最高燃烧压力提高66.4％,NOx排放相较当量比燃烧降...     

基于模拟计算的GDI发动机燃烧室优化设计

利用AVL Fire软件,对一款高压缩比直喷汽油机的缸内流动及喷雾过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同燃烧室设计方案对缸内流动过程的影响。结合滚流、旋流、湍动能、缸内当量比分布等8项评价指标,分析了不同方案对混合气形成的改善效果。通过分析计算结果,并引入优化率对燃烧室设计进行评估,评估结果表明,最优方案在高转速工况和低转速工况的优化率分别达到了25.3%和23.4%,发动机缸内混合气的形成过程得到了明显的改善。     

稀燃快燃点火电路研究

在电容储能点火系统的基础上,利用火花能量转换原理和能量叠加原理,提出了一种有别于传统发动机点火系的"稀燃快燃点火系"。简要介绍和分析了该点火系的组成及工作原理,对其进行了设计研究,通过试验验证了稀燃快燃点火系比传统点火系具有的优越性。结果表明:该点火系统能够提高点火线圈的次级电压,增加火花持续时间,有效提高点火能量的利用率,改善发动机点火性能。该点火系在进行适当匹配后不仅适用于现代高速、稀燃、高压缩比发动机,而且也适用于传统点燃式发动机。     

米勒循环发动机缸内气体流动与燃烧分析

在某1．6L发动机的基础上进行纵向开发,以此来实现高压缩比米勒循环发动机。利用大型三维计算流体动力学（CFD）软件STAR‐CD对采用进气门晚关策略的高压缩比米勒循环发动机进行数值模拟,对比分析了采用两种几何形状活塞的米勒循环发动机的缸内气体流动模式及燃烧过程。计算结果表明：经过结构优化的活塞方案相对于原方案可以获得较优的缸内流动及燃烧特性。计算结果将为实际开发中的高压缩比米勒循环发动机的活塞选型及燃烧室优化提供理论及数据支撑。     

Application of a thermodynamic model with a complex chemistry to a cycle resolved knock prediction on a spark ignition optical engine

A combination of experimental and numerical methodologies is proposed for the investigation of knocking in spark ignition engines to aid in better understanding the physical and chemical processes that occur and to exploit the capabilities of a developed computational tool. The latter consists of a thermo-fluid dynamics model, which is part of an advanced 1-D fluid dynamics code for the simulation of the entire engine, and a complex chemistry model, which can be embedded into the thermo-fluid dynamics model using the same integration algorithm for the conservation equations and the reacting species. Their mutual interaction in the energy balance will be considered. The experimental activity was carried out in the combustion chamber of an optically accessible, single-cylinder P.F.I. engine equipped with a commercial head. The experimental data consisted of optical measurements correlated to the combustion and auto-ignition processes within the cylinder. The optical measurements were based on 2-D digital imaging, UV visible natural emission spectroscopy and the chemiluminescence of radical species (OH and HCO). The engine parameters, the pressure signals of the related data and optical acquisition are compared on an individual cycle basis in the simulation by running the engine at a constant speed and varying the spark advance from normal combustion to heavy knock conditions.     

基于局部线性模型树的高压共轨柴油机排放模型

为研究面向闭环控制的柴油机在线排放模型,以1台高压共轨、涡轮增压中冷柴油机的转速、扭矩、空燃比、燃烧始点、燃烧重心、燃烧终点、最高燃烧温度、最大缸内压力等运转和燃烧的各项参数为基础,运用局部线性模型树对排放物HC,CO,CO2,NOx和烟度进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明,以转速、扭矩、空燃比为输入时,CO,CO2,NOx的仿真结果与试验值具有较好的一致性,以转速、扭矩、空燃比、燃烧重心为输入时,HC、烟度的仿真结果与试验值具有较好的一致性。各排放的期望响应与仿真输出的平均误差在10%以内,线性回归相关系数达到0.96以上。各个排放物的仿真过程单独进行时,可以得到较好的仿真效果。因此,局部线性模型树模型适用于高压共轨柴油机排放物的仿真。     

氨燃料汽车发动机燃烧技术研究进展

为缓解全球气候变暖，可考虑在汽车发动机上燃烧零碳氨燃料以减少碳排放。但由于氨 （NH3）的燃点高、最小点火能量高以及燃烧缓慢等劣势，需要借助氢气 （H2） 作为助燃剂，帮助改善氨燃料发动机的燃料燃烧过程。针对国内外相关文献进行综述，总结了氨氢双燃料发动机掺混燃烧调控方法的研究进展，并分析了氨催化分解制氢与氨燃料发动机耦合的研究现状，发现采用氨燃料在线重整制氢可以避免采用双燃料供给系统。研究结果表明，氢气助燃能提高氨燃料发动机的燃烧速度，降低NOx的排放量。对于氨燃料发动机依旧存在的动力性能下降和未燃氨气排放等问题，仍需在今后的研究中探索解决。     

Major sources of hydrocarbon emissions in a premixed charge compression ignition engine

Although premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion engines are praised for potentially high efficiency and clean exhaust, experimental engines built to date emit more hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) than the conventional machines. These compounds are not only strictly controlled components of the exhaust gas of road vehicles but are also an energy loss indicator. The prime objective of this study was to investigate the major sources of the HCs formed in the combustion chamber of an experimental PCCI engine in order to suggest some effective technologies for HC reduction. In this study, to explore the dominant sources of HC emissions in both operation modes, a single cylinder engine was prepared such that it could operate using either conventional diesel combustion or PCCI combustion. Specifically, the contributions of the top-ring crevice volume in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixture were investigated. To understand the influence of the shape and magnitude of the crevice on HC emissions, the engine was operated with 12 specially prepared pistons with different top-ring crevices installed one after another. The engine emitted proportionally more HCs as the depth of the crevice increased as long as the width remained narrower than the prevailing quench distance. The top-ring-crevice-originated exhaust HCs comprised approximately 31% of the total HC emissions in the baseline condition. In a series of tests to estimate the effects of bulk quench on exhaust HC emissions, intake air was heated from 300K to 400K in steps of 25K. With the intake air heated, HC and CO emissions decreased with a gradually diminishing rate to zero at 375K. In conclusion, the most dominant sources of HC emissions in PCCI engines were the crevice volumes in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixtures. The key methods for reducing HC emissions in PCCI engines are minimizing crevice volume in the combustion chamber and maximizing intake air temperature allowed based on the permissible NOx level.     

内燃机进气过程缸内湍流流场的大涡模拟

为精确描述内燃机进气过程中的缸内流场动态特性,基于非结构化动网格和有限体积法,应用大涡模拟方法对1台模型发动机进气过程进行三维瞬态数值模拟研究。计算采用动态Smagorinsky亚网格尺度模型,得到缸内速度和湍流黏度分布及其随时间的变化。大涡模拟的计算结果与试验值吻合良好,与RNAS模型相比能更精确地揭示流场的瞬变结构和流动的随机特性。